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Chinese Communist leader and theorist. A founder of the Chinese Communist Party (1921), he commanded troops in the Chinese Civil War (1927–1949) and proclaimed the People's Republic of China in 1949.

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Vietnamese communist statesman, president of North Vietnam 1954–69; born Nguyen That Thanh.

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was a leading member of the African National Congress (ANC), which opposed South Africa's white minority government and its policy of racial separation, known as apartheid. The government outlawed the ANC in 1960.

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an American general who commanded the Southwest Pacific in World War II (1939-1945), oversaw the successful Allied occupation of postwar Japan and led United Nations forces in the Korean War (1950-1953).

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Soviet statesman and premier who denounced Stalin (1894-1971)

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A Democratic party political leader of the twentieth century; he was president from 1961 to 1963. His election began a period of great optimism in the United States.

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Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms.

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An English political leader and author of the twentieth century; he became prime minister shortly after World War II began and served through the end of the war in Europe. Churchill symbolized the fierce determination of the British to resist conquest by the Germans under Adolf Hitler.

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Cuban revolutionary and politician who governed the Republic of Cuba as Prime Minister from 1959 to 1976 and then as President from 1976 to 2008.

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a movement for (originally) the re-establishment and (now) the development and protection of a Jewish nation in what is now Israel. It was established as a political organization in 1897 under Theodor Herzl, and was later led by Chaim Weizmann.

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The Yalta Conference was a meeting of British prime minister Winston Churchill, Soviet premier Joseph Stalin, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt early in February 1945 as World War II was winding down.

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A military alliance of communist nations in eastern Europe. Organized in 1955 in answer to NATO, the Warsaw Pact included Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union.

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The United Nations (UN) is an international organization formed in 1945 to increase political and economic cooperation among member countries. The organization works on economic and social development programs, improving human rights and reducing global conflicts.

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the principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by US President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the communists as an open declaration of the Cold War.

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a very powerful and influential nation (used especially with reference to the US and the former Soviet Union when these were perceived as the two most powerful nations in the world).

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a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

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the policy or practice of restructuring or reforming the economic and political system. First proposed by Leonid Brezhnev in 1979 and actively promoted by Mikhail Gorbachev, perestroika originally referred to increased automation and labor efficiency, but came to entail greater awareness of economic markets and the ending of central planning.

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Deterrence theory holds that nuclearweapons are intended to deter other states from attacking with their nuclear weapons, through the promise of retaliation and possibly mutually assured destruction

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a small area or region with a relatively hot temperature in comparison to its surroundings.

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1964 Congressional resolution that authorized president Johnson to commit U.S. troops to South Vietnam and fight war against Vietnam

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Nontraditional combat methods

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Russian term for "openness," a policy in the Soviet Union in the 1980s calling for open discussion of national problems.

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an economic system in which private business operates in competition and largely free of state control.

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Idea that if a nation falls to communism, its closest neighbors will also fall under communist control.

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Policy of keeping communism contained within its existing borders.

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Program in which U.S. and British pilots flew supplies to West Berlin during a Soviet blockade

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1961 failed invasion of Cuba by a CIA-led force of Cuban exhiles.

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the Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain tradition the principle of nonviolence toward all living things.

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The 38th parallel north formed the border between North and South Korea prior to the Korean War.