# data[].attributes.body
~cyber army
~virus: a executable program that gets installed, usually unintentionally, and harms a user and their computer
~once a virus is one your computer they can steal or delete any of your files, control programs, or remotely control your computer
~bot net: digital army
~cyber criminals can send you fake spam emails and get your passwords for your banking accounts

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.

# data[].attributes.body
~The internet has a lot of private data
~We can keep these private by encryption, which is scrambling or changing a message to hide it
~decryption is unscrambling the message to make it readable
~Key: a secret message for unlocking a message
~today's secure communications are encrypted using 256 bit keys
~symmetric encryption: The same key used to encrypt and decrypt

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
(energetic music) - Hi. My name is Mia Gil Epner. I'm majoring in Computer Science at UC Berkeley and I work for the Department of Defense where I try to keep information safe. The internet is an open and public system. We all send and receive information over shared wires and connections. Even though it's an open system, we still exchange a lot of private data, things like credit card numbers, bank information, passwords, and emails. So how is all this private stuff kept secret? Data of any kind can be kept secret through a process known as encryption, descrambling or changing of the message to hide the original text. Now, decryption is the process of unscrambling that message to make it readable. This is a simple idea, and people have been doing it for centuries. One of the first well-known methods of encryption was Caesar's cipher, named after Julius Caesar, a Roman general who encrypted his military commands to make sure that if a message was intercepted by enemies, they wouldn't be able to read it. Caesar's cipher is an algorithm that substitutes each letter in the original message with a letter a certain number of steps down the alphabet. If the number is something only the sender and receiver know, then it's called the key. It allows the reader to unlock the secret message. For example, if your original message is, "Hello", then, using the Caesar's cipher algorithm with a key of five, the encrypted message would be this. (typrwriter keys clacking) (computer chime) To decrypt the message, the recipient would simply use the key to reverse the process. But there's a big problem with Caesar's cipher. Anybody can easily break or crack the encrypted message by trying every possible key. In the English alphabet, there are only 26 letters, which means you'd only need to try, at most, 26 keys to decrypt the message. Now, trying 26 possible keys isn't very hard. It would take, at most, an hour to do. So let's make it harder. Instead of shifting every letter by the same amount, let's shift each letter by a different amount. In this example, a 10 digit key shows how many positions each successive letter will be changed to encrypt a longer message. (typewriter keys clacking) Guessing this key would be really hard. Using 10 digit encryption, there could be 10 billion possible key solutions. Obviously, that's more than any human could ever solve. It would take many centuries, but an average computer today would take just a few seconds to try all 10 billion possibilities. So in a modern world, where the bad guys are armed with computers instead of pencils, how can you encrypt messages so securely that they're too hard to crack? Now, "too hard" means that there are too many possibilities to compute in a reasonable amount of time. Today's secure communications are encrypted using 256 bit keys. That means a bad guy's computer that intercepts your message, would need to try this many possible options until they discover the key and crack the message. (robot bleeps and beeps) (energetic music) Even if you had a hundred thousand super computers, and each of them was able to try a million billion keys every second, it would take trillions of trillions of trillions of years to try every option, just to crack a single message protected with 256 bit encryption. Of course, computer chips get twice as fast, then half the size every year or so. If that pace of exponential progress continues, today's impossible problems will be solvable just a few hundred years in the future, and 256 bits won't be enough to be safe. In fact, we've already had to increase the standard key length to keep up with the speed of computers. The good news is, using a longer key doesn't make encrypting messages much harder, but it exponentially increases the number of guesses that it would to crack a cipher. When the sender and the receiver share the same key to scramble and unscramble a message, it's called symmetric encryption. With symmetric encryption, like Caesar's cipher, the secret key has to be agreed on ahead of time by two people in private. That's great for people, but the internet is open and public, so it's impossible for two computers to meet in private to agree on a secret key. Instead, computers use asymmetric keys, a public key that can be exchanged with anybody and a private key that is not shared. The public key is used to encrypt data and anybody can use it to create a secret message, but the secret can only be decrypted by a computer with access to the private key. How it works is with some math that we won't get into right now. Think of it this way, imagine that you have a personal mailbox where anybody can deposit mail, but they need a key to do it. Now, you could make many copies of the deposit key, and send one to your friend or even just make it publicly available. Your friend, or even a stranger, can use the public key to access your deposit slot and drop a message in, but only you can open the mailbox with your private key to access all of the secret messages you've received. You can send a secure message back to your friend by using the public deposit key to their mailbox. This way, people can exchange secure messages without ever needing to agree on a private key. Public key cryptography is the foundation of all secure messaging on the open internet including security protocols known as SSL and TLS which protect us when we're browsing the web. Your computer uses this today. Any time you see the little lock or the letters https in your browser's address bar, this means your computer is using public key encryption to exchange data securely with the website you're on. (energetic music) As more and more people get on the internet, more and more private data will be transmitted, and the need to secure that data will be even more important. As computers become faster and faster, we'll have to develop new ways to make encryption too hard for computers to break. This is what I do with my work, and it's always changing. (energetic music)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Encryption and public keys (video) | Khan Academy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
(energetic music) - Hi. My name is Mia Gil Epner. I'm majoring in Computer Science at UC Berkeley and I work for the Department of Defense where I try to keep information safe. The internet is an open and public system. We all send and receive information over shared wires and connections.

# data[].attributes.body
~URL: uniform resource locator
~HTTP: hypertext transfer protocol
~When you look for a web browser you computer talks to a server and the server talks back to it in HTTP
~GET requests
~HTML: hyper text markup language
~You use html to tell a web browser how a page looks
~videos and pictures have a separate http address to get those
~post requests
~ cookies: what websites use to remember who you are
~THE INTERNET
-is completely open
-the connections are shared
-information is sent in plain text
~SSL and TLS are like layers of security
~certificate authorities: trusted entities that verify identities of websites and issue certificates for them
~HTTP and DNS manage the sending and receiving of web files
~TCP/IP and ROUTING break down and transport packets
~WIRES, CABLES, & WIFI are binary sequences of 1's and 0's are sent physically

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.

# data[].attributes.body
~Information on the internet goes from one computer to another in what we call a packet of information
~When you send a picture that picture can be split up into hundreds of packages just to send one picture
~TCP: transmission control protocol(manages sending and receiving all the data)
~TCP will send back packages if they are not complete

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.

# data[].attributes.body
~The internet links billions of devices together
~protocol: a well-known set of rules and standards used to communicate between machines
~all the different devices on the internet have unique addresses,  the addresses are just numbers
~every device has an IP
~traditional IP addresses have 32 bits
~The first numbers are the Country/Network, than the seconds numbers are the region/network, than the 3rd numbers are the sub network, than the 4th numbers are the device
~DNS: Domain Name System
~Dns servers are connected in a distributed hierarchy, and are divided into zones, splitting up responsibility for major domains such as .org, .com, .net, etc.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.

# data[].attributes.body
~The Internet: A tangible physical system made to move information
~The internet ships binary information, information made of bits
~8 bits=1 byte
~1000 bytes=1 kilo byte
~1000 kilo bytes=1 mega byte
~everything on the internet are represented as bits
~Today, we send bits by electricity, light, and radio waves
~bandwidth: the transmission capacity of a device
~bandwidth is measured by bitrate(the number of bits per second a system can transmit)
~latency:the amount of time it takes for one bit to travel
~we can send bits as light streams

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.