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Mutation can take shape in many forms whether it's missense (A nucleotide being changed resulting in a different amino acid) silent (which is the same as missense, but no change in amino acid) insertion or deletion (which are just what the name suggests), or nonsense, (where there is a stop codon before there should be, and production cannot continue). These can cause a complete change in the amino acids used and causes the wrong protein to be made, and mess with the entire process.

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The ribosome is made up of a larger unit, and a smaller subunit. But what's inside it? An A,P, & E site. The A site is where the first tRNA enters, if its anti-codons don't match with the codons, it rejects the tRNA. Site P is the second binding site, where the polypeptide separates from the tRNA and attaches bond to the amino acid carried by the tRNA through the A site. The E site is where the tRNA leaves the Ribosome.

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Codons are a sequence of three nucleotides in the mRNA that code for a specific amino acid. Anti-codons are also a sequence of three nucleotides, BUT they are complementary to the codons.

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How does the RNA and Ribosome know when to stop?

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How does the RNA and Ribosome know when to stop?

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In both transcription and translation there is a very specific set/sequence of nucleotides that RNA polymerase or Ribosome recognize as the beginning and end of coding. In Transcription, the starting sequence is called a promoter, within the promoter there is something that called a TATA box that helps indicate where a genetic sequence can be read/decoded, and the ending sequence is called the terminator. In translation these are just called the start and stop codons

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The DNA template from the nucleus is unwound from its chromosome form (only one strand is used),
the RNA nucleotides place themselves along the line of the DNA template where they fit and bond with hydrogen. The RNA nucleotides are then linked together (just like the DNA) using RNA polymerase during the second phase of transcription, elongation. after the RNA polymerase gets a certain distance from the now linked nucleotides, they start peel from the DNA template allowing the DNA to reform.

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Exons are the coding part of the RNA. The Introns have no function, before the mRNA leaves the cell the introns are cut out. And the exons are stitched together to make a single piece of RNA.

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Translation takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Translation is when the ribosomes (workers) in the cell take action and they attache to the mRNA and moves along the line while tRNA (an RNA strand folded on itself that has a small site used for amino acid attachment and a small sequence of "anti-codons") with the corresponding anti-codon and amino acid. Translation is the actual process of taking the code and making the protein (a chain of amino acids that the DNA codes for.

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In order to protect the mRNA from being destroyed, a 5' cap and 3' tail must be added to the beginning and end of the strand, to protect from the enzymes in the cytoplasm. The mRNA is now able to safely travel around the cell so it can be used for protein synthesis.

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The nucleotide is what makes up the structure of the DNA. they are the ladder rungs of the DNA seen at the left.
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Transcription takes place inside of the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, but in prokaryotic cells it takes place anywhere in the cytoplasm. Transcribing takes place so that the DNA of the cell is not damaging during protein synthesis. In order for transcription to take place, the DNA has to unwind from its chromosome form so that the RNA polymerase can copy it and produce the mRNA used in translation.