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Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied to public education.

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The Supreme Court ruled that school-sponsored nondenominational prayer in public schools violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

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In the United States, payment of a poll tax was a prerequisite to the registration for voting in a number of states. The tax emerged in some states of the United States in the late 19th century as part of the Jim Crow laws.

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Symbolic speech is a legal term in United States law used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it.

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Probable cause is a requirement found in the Fourth Amendment that must usually be met before police make an arrest, conduct a search, or receive a warrant.  Courts usually find probable cause when there is a reasonable basis for believing that a crime may have been committed or when evidence of the crime is present in the place to be searched.

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A class of individuals that have been historically subject to discrimination. Any statute that makes a distinction between individuals based on any of the suspect classifications will be subject to a strict scrutiny standard of review before the Supreme Court.

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Double jeopardy is a procedural defense that forbids a defendant from being tried again on the same charges in the same case following a legitimate acquittal or conviction.

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Due process is the legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it. When a government harms a person without following the exact course of the law, this constitutes a due process violation, which offends the rule of law. (courts have to treat everyone fairly)

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The First Amendment's Establishment Clause prohibits the government from making any law “respecting an establishment of religion.” This clause not only forbids the government from establishing an official religion, but also prohibits government actions that unduly favor one religion over another.

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The exclusionary rule prevents the government from using most evidence gathered in violation of the United States Constitution.  The exclusionary rule applies to evidence gained from an unreasonable search or seizure in violation of the Fourth Amendment.

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Dred Scott escaped from slavery and was living in Illinois for many years, he tried to gain his freedom but was unsuccessful.  The Court had ruled that African Americans had no claim to freedom or citizenship. Since they were not citizens, they did not possess the legal standing to bring suit in a federal court.

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Congress can't make a law respecting an establishment of religion, and they can't prohibit the free exercise of a religion.

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When a court concludes that there is no fundamental liberty interest or suspect classification at stake, the law is presumed to be Constitutional unless it fails the rational basis test. Under the rational basis test, the courts will uphold a law if it is rationally related to a legitimate government purpose.

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The Supreme Court ruled that anyone on trial has the right to an attorney, because it is a fundamental right to ensure a fair trial.

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Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark constitutional law case of the US Supreme Court. It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal".

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Roe v. Wade ruled unconstitutional a state law that banned abortions except to save the life of the mother. The Court ruled that the states were forbidden from outlawing or regulating any aspect of abortion.

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Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

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Southern state legislatures employed literacy tests as part of the voter registration process starting in the late 19th century. Literacy tests, along with poll taxes and extra-legal intimidation, were used to deny suffrage to African Americans.

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all evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Constitution is, by [the Fourth Amendment], inadmissible in a state court.

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The constitutional guarantee that no person or class of persons shall be denied the same protection of the laws that is enjoyed by other persons or other classes in like circumstances in their lives, liberty, property, and pursuit of happiness. The Declaration of Independence states

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Speech that is advocating to overthrow the government.

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Libel is a written or published defamatory statement, while slander is defamation that is spoken by the defendant.

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Right to be free from discrimination in states to have due process of law, to have equal protection of the law.

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Prohibits excessive fines and excessive bail, as well as cruel and unusual punishment.

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Provides for the right to trial by jury in certain civil cases, according to common law.

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Protects the right to a fair and speedy public trial by jury, including the rights to be notified of the accusations, to confront the accuser, to obtain witnesses and to retain counsel.

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Sets out rules for indictment by grand jury and eminent domain, protects the right to due process, and prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy.

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Prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and sets out requirements for search warrants based on probable cause as determined by a neutral judge or magistrate.

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Protects the right to keep and bear arms.

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Prohibits Congress from making any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances.