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Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O2

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Light energy is converted into chemical energy in a multiprotein complex called a photosystem. Two types of photosystems, photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII), are found in the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast . Each photosystem consists of multiple antenna proteins that contain a mixture of 300–400 chlorophyll a and b molecules, as well as other pigments like carotenoids. Cytochrome b6f complex and ATP synthase are also major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane that work with the photosystems to create ATP and NADPH.

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In the Light Independent Process, carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (or water for aquatic/marine organisms) is captured and modified by the addition of Hydrogen to form carbohydrates (general formula of carbohydrates is [CH2O]n). The incorporation of carbon dioxide into organic compounds is known as carbon fixation. The energy for this comes from the first phase of the photosynthetic process. Living systems cannot directly utilize light energy, but can, through a complicated series of reactions, convert it into C-C bond energy that can be released by glycolysis and other metabolic processes.

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six molecules of water plus six molecules of carbon dioxide produce one molecule of sugar plus six molecules of oxygen

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six molecules of water plus six molecules of carbon dioxide produce one molecule of sugar plus six molecules of oxygen

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6H2O + 6CO2 ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2

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Other names for light-independent reactions include the Calvin cycle, the Calvin-Benson cycle, and dark reactions. The most outdated name is dark reactions, which can be misleading because it implies incorrectly that the reaction only occurs at night or is independent of light, which is why most scientists and instructors no longer
use it.

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The light reactions use solar energy to make ATP and NADPH, which funcrtion as chemical energy and reducing power respectively, in the Calvin cycle.(notice that in contrast to ATP generated by cellular respiration, ATP produced in the light reactions of photosynthesis is usually dedicated to a single kind of cellular work, driving the Calvin cycle.) The Calvin cycle incorperates CO2 into organic molecules. Thylakoid membranes, especially those of the grana, are the sites of the light reactions, whereas the Calvin cycle occurs in the stoma.

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In the Calvin cycle, carbon atoms from \text {CO}_2CO
​2
​​ C, O, start subscript, 2, end subscript are fixed (incorporated into organic molecules) and used to build three-carbon sugars. This process is fueled by, and dependent on, ATP and NADPH from the light reactions. Unlike the light reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membrane, the reactions of the Calvin cycle take place in the stroma (the inner space of chloroplasts).

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Although the light-independent reactions do not use light as a reactant (and as a result can take place at day or night), they require the products of the light-dependent reactions to function. The light-independent molecules depend on the energy carrier molecules, ATP and NADPH, to drive the construction of new carbohydrate molecules. After the energy is transferred, the energy carrier molecules return to the light-dependent reactions to obtain more energized electrons. In addition, several enzymes of the light-independent reactions are activated by light.

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Light-dependent reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membrane, use light energy to make ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle, which takes place in the stroma, uses energy derived from these compounds to make GA3P from CO2.

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proteins lipids carbohydrates and nucleic acids.

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an autotroph makes its own food also known as a producer or plant.

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the calivn cycle takes place in the stroma

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in the thylakoid of the chloroplast is where the light dependent reaction is taking place

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the krebs cycle is so named to honor hans krebs. he was a german-british scientist who was largely responsible for working out the path way in the 1930's

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The overall function of light-dependent reactions, the first stage of photosynthesis, is to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP, which are used in light-independent reactions and fuel the assembly of sugar molecules.

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What role do photosynthesis and cellular respiration play in the recycling carbon

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What role do photosynthesis and cellular respiration play in the recycling carbon

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While photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, cellular respiration requires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. It is the released oxygen that is used by us and most other organisms for cellular respiration. ... The carbon cycle is the pathways through which carbon is recycled in the biosphere.

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How is energy transformed and matter utilized by living things?

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How is energy transformed and matter utilized by living things?

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They collect energy from the sun and use carbon dioxide and water in the process called photosynthesis to produce sugars

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If cells can produce chemical energy in an anaerobic environment, why do we need oxygen?

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If cells can produce chemical energy in an anaerobic environment, why do we need oxygen?

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The production of energy requires oxygen. The electron transport chain, where the majority of ATP is formed, requires a large input of oxygen. However, many organisms have developed strategies to carry out metabolism without oxygen, or can switch from aerobic to anaerobic cell respiration when oxygen is scarce.

Source: Boundless. “Anaerobic Cellular Respiration.” Boundless Biology Boundless, 26 May. 2016. Retrieved 12 Dec. 2016 from https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cellular-respiration-7/metabolism-without-oxygen-77/anaerobic-cellular-respiration-365-11591/

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 What role does photosynthesis play in altering Earth's atmosphere?

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 What role does photosynthesis play in altering Earth's atmosphere?

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In photosynthesis, plants constantly absorb and release atmospheric gases in a way that creates sugar for food. This process plays a critical role in maintaining a healthy, life-promoting atmosphere.

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How are photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration related to one another in the biosphere?

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How are photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration related to one another in the biosphere?

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Photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to make ATP. The glucose is then turned back into carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis. While water is broken down to form oxygen during photosynthesis, in cellular respiration oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water.

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Principles in Biology -chemistry of life

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Image result for co2 emissions
Global Warming Potential (100-year): 1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activities. In 2014, CO2 accounted for about 80.9% of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions from human activities.

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They use it to react carbon dioxide with water to make a sugar called glucose. The glucose is used in respiration, or converted into starch and stored. Oxygen is produced as a by-product.

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The grand total remains constant, but energy regularly changes form into matter and matter into energy.

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law of conservation of mass states that the total amount of mass remains constant in an isolated system in spite of any physical or chemical changes that may take place.

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law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant—it is said to be conserved over time. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it transforms from one form to another.

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The law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation states that for any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy, the mass of the system must remain constant over time, as system mass cannot change quantity if it is not added or removed. Hence, the quantity of mass is "conserved" over time.

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how is light energy transformed into chemical energy

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how is light energy transformed into chemical energy

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Light energy is converted to chemical energy when a photochemically excited special chlorophyll molecule of the photosynthetic reaction center loses an electron, undergoing an oxidation reaction.

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6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2.

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inputs: carbon dioxide, water, light(photon)
outputs: carbohydrate(usually glucose), oxygen, heat

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1- Inputs/ outputs (reactants vs products)
2- Chemical formula
3- Chloroplast
4- Light-Dependent Cycle
5- Calvin Cycle
6- How light energy is transformed into chemical energy