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system increasing a nation's wealth by government regulation

Mercantilism was an economic "system" that developed in Europe during the period of the new monarchies (c. 1500) and culminated with the rise of the absolutist states (c. 1600-1700).

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education that results in the spread of knowledge

On the surface, the most apparent cause of the Enlightenment was the Thirty Years’ War. This horribly destructive war, which lasted from 1618 to 1648, compelled German writers to pen harsh criticisms regarding the ideas of nationalism and warfare.

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the state of being confederated
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called allies. Alliances form in many settings, including political alliances, military alliances, and business alliances.

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one who loves and defends his or her country

The word patriot comes from patrios (Greek, not Latin for once), which means "of one’s father." So, despite various references to the motherland, the word patriot more or less lands us square in the fatherland arena. And if you’re a football fan, the New England Patriots is a near-Boston-based team (Boston being a major source of American patriotsin the Revolutionary War).

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a crime that undermines the offender's government; an act of deliberate betrayal;

In English law, high treason was punishable by being hanged, drawn and quartered (men) or burnt at the stake (women), although beheadingcould be substituted by royal command (usually for royalty and nobility). Those penalties were abolished in 1814, 1790 and 1973 respectively. The penalty was used by later monarchs against people who could reasonably be called traitors, although most modern jurists would call it excessive.

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form into an army unit smaller than a division

The 14th Infantry Regiment ("Golden Dragons") is a United States Army light infantry regiment. ... Two battalions of the 14th Infantry Regiment are currently active. 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry is assigned to 2nd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii.

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take away the weapons from; render harmless

To disarm is to remove a gun, knife — or any kind of weapon — from someone's hands, or from a group of people. A government might work to disarm a rebel group, for example, and police officers sometimes offer to pay money for guns in an attempt to disarm citizens.

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leave someone who needs or counts on you; leave in the lurch

The Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert, is a large, arid region in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinentthat forms a natural boundary between Indiaand Pakistan. It is the world's 17th largest desert, and the world's 9th largest subtropical desert.About 85% of the Thar Desert is in India, and the remaining part in Pakistan.In India, it covers about 320,000 km2(120,000 sq mi), of which 90% is in Rajasthanand extends into Gujarat, Punjab, and Haryana.

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a speech of violent denunciation

The noun tirade is related to the Italian word tirata, which means "volley." So imagine a very angry person lobbing harsh words and strings of profanity in your direction when you want to remember what tirade means. Although, tiradesdon't necessarily have to include bad words — any long, drawn out speech or epic declaration can be called a tirade.

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status established in order of importance or urgency
Order of precedence is a sequential hierarchy of nominal importance of items. Most often it is used in the context of people by many organizations and governments, for very formal and state occasions, especially where diplomats are present.

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stubbornly obstructive and unwilling to cooperate

The origin of cantankerous is unclear (it may be at least partly from Middle English contek'dissension'), but ever since it first appeared in plays from the 1770s, it's been a popular way to describe someone who is quarrelsome and disagreeable. It is usually applied to people, but stubborn animals like mules are also described as cantankerous.

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an extended communication dealing with some particular topic

The noun discourse comes from the Latin discursusto mean "an argument." But luckily, that kind of argument does not mean people fighting or coming to blows.

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a feeling of righteous anger

Indignation traces back to the Latin prefix in- "not" and root dignus "worthy" and means anger at something that is unfair or unjust. Another word for indignation is outrage.

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characteristic of an enemy or one eager to fight

Belligerent comes from the Latin word bellum, for "war." You can use it to talk about actual wars — the nations taking part in a war are called belligerents — but usually belligerent describes a psychological disposition. If you're running a school for aggressive boys, do plenty of arts and crafts to prevent them from becoming too belligerent.

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lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike

Contempt has nothing to do with the verb condemn, despite the similarity in sound and meaning; it is from Latin temnere "to despise," and if you despise someone, you have contempt for them.

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inequality or difference in some respect

Disparity usually refers to a difference that is unfair: economic disparities exist among ethnic groups, there is a disparity between what men and women earn in the same job.

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any entry into an area not previously occupied

Encroachment carries the sense of something slowly creeping into something else's space, either literally or figuratively. An encroachment can be of the physical variety, such as the encroachment of new development into a beautiful coastal area.

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a gradual decline (in size or strength or power or number)

You may have heard the expression "on the wane." It means a fad, or a fashion, or a disease, that is on its way out the door. "The face mask fad at school was on the wane as new reports of kids infected with a dreaded new fly virus waned."

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action taken in return for an injury or offense

The noun retaliation stems from the Latin retaliare, meaning “pay back in kind.” Notice the word kindin that definition. Retaliation used to have both good and evil connotations. Now, though, it’s important to read that kind as synonymous with type or sort because retaliation has since lost its positive sense.

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a written agreement between two states or sovereigns

Since the late 19th century, most treaties have followed a fairly consistent format. A treaty typically begins with a preamble describing the contracting parties and their joint objectives in executing the treaty, as well as summarizing any underlying events (such as a war).