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Theories of Adolescents-
Zone of Proximal development- the zone between assisted ability and independent ability
Stanley Hall-
"Storm and stress"- Conflict with parents, Mood disruptions, risky behavior (Not everyone does this)
Margaret Mead-
"Easy Transition"-  Not harsh and difficult but easy.
Erikson-
Identity vs. Role Confustion.
James Marcia-
Identity Diffusion- Sense of having no choices and unwilling to commit.
Identity Foreclosure- Willing to commit to some things and conform to expectations of others.
Identity Moratorium- Crisis, ready for choices, but not sure.
Identity Achievement- Commitment to an identity and you've resolved the crisis.
Future Trends-
Adolescence is lasting longer-
First marriages are occuring later
Sexual maturity and activity is becoming earlier.
-Women outlive men by 3 years.
-dementia comes on much later than Alzheimers.
-Crystallized Intelligence- One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
Fluid Intelligence- ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly.
Five Stages of Grief Model- Kubler-Ross
-Denial
-Anger
-Bargaining
-Depression
-Acceptance
Gone to the Dogs-
1. Does the case of Oxana support Nature or Nurture? Give at least 2 examples.
It supports nurture because she still cannot really communicate by speaking and moves, drinks, eats, and acts like a dog. She was born a human and basically became a dog.
2. Which language theory is supported by this view: B.F. SKinner or Noam Chomsky? What items from this case support this theory?
B.F. Skinner's theory is supported because feral children do not really have the ability to communicate using language with other humans

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Parenting Styles-
Authoritarian- Parents impose rules and expect obedience. "Because I said so"
Permissive- submit to children's desires, make few demands, use little punishment.
Authoritative- both demanding and responsive. Set rules but explain and encourage open discussion.
Uninvolved/Detached- Limited time and energy. Attachment issues and delinquency.
Punishment- immediate obedience, adult models aggression, avoid adult.
Adolescence-
Primary Sex Characteristics- body structures that make sexual reproduction possible.
Male- Ejaculation
Female- Menarche (First mentrual period)
Secondary Sex Characteristics- nonreproductive sexual characteristics (deep voice and chest development)

Adolescent Social Development
David Elkind
-Imaginary Audience
-Personal Fable

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1/26 I can continue notes from yesterday.

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1/26 I can continue notes from yesterday.

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Kohlberg Moral Development-
Pre-conventional Level- Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards.
Conventional Level- Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
Post-conventional Level- Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon right and personal ethical principles.

Gilligan Moral Development-
Level 1: Orientation of individual survival
Level 2:

Infancy + Childhood: Sociocultural Development
Why do children play?
- Self-teaching by trial and error
- Symbolic representation
Piaget says that interaction with physical world is to overcome egocentrism and learning through first-hand experiences.
Vygotsky says that culture and and education delay immediate gratification and practice self-regulation- learn to think about own world.
Social development theory: Social interaction and cognitive development through learning is enhanced with new tasks.
Scaffolding or Cognitive Apprenticeship Model-

Vygotsky's view of language- Primary method of communication between adults and children and a powerful tool of intellectual adaptation (private speech vs. inner speech)

Chomsky: Language Acquisition- Born with internal mechanism
Wharf: Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis- Language determines how we think/influences it.

Critical period- an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.
Imprinting- the process by which certain animals form attachments during the critical period.

Ainsworth: attachment styles-
-secure vs. insecure attachment
-anxious-resistant insecure attachment (rage at mom when she returns)
- Avoidant insecure attachment (may not know parent is even gone)

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1/25 I can apply Erikson's theory to my reunion activity.

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1/25 I can apply Erikson's theory to my reunion activity.

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Psychosocial Development-
Social Development: Parent and Child Relationships-

Basic Trust (Erik Erikson)
- A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy
-Major task with each stage of life
-Responsive caregivers
Self-Concept
-A sense of one's identity

Stages: Erikson
Infancy= Trust vs. Mistrust-
IF needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.
Toddler= Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt-
Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.
Preschooler= Initiative vs. Guilt-
Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent.
Elementary= Competence vs. Inferiority-
Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.
Adolescence= Identity vs. role confusion- teens into 20's
Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.
Young Adult= Intimacy vs. Isolation- 20's to early 40's
Young Adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated
Middle Adult= Generativity vs. Stagnation- 40's to 60's
The middle-aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
Late Adult= Integrity vs. Despair- 60's and up
When reflecting on your life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.

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1/24 I can... Class Reunion/Cognitive Developement

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1/24 I can... Class Reunion/Cognitive Developement

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Conservation- the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of the objects.
Egocentrism- not having the ability to think of things from another person's perspective.
Formal Operations- Emerging abstract thought and hypothetical reasoning.