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Formative Assignment: Presentation of Research - 20th November

Summative Assignment: 2000 word essay on researched topics. Inlcuding link to this journal - 11th December

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List of Encountered Machines - 1st hour of the Day

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List of Encountered Machines - 1st hour of the Day

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- Phone
- Electric Toothbrush
- Fridge
- Laptop
- TV

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It's there to keep things cold and fresh. Its temperature can be regulated through another device we interact with ourselves. It is being told a certain temperature.
Effecting us positively, it can only get more efficient as it gets developed. It is there to solve the issue of preserving food; instead of having to store it in bags of salt, we lower the temperature to slow down our only source of energy from naturally curdling.
We have even adapted to putting things in the fridge that don't need to go in the fridge, simply because we prefer it colder than room temperature (for example, Ketchup), or that we are in the mind set that it keeps it more fresh for longer, (another example, eggs).
This particular machine is neither animated, worshipped nor dominated. We are simply responsible for it to keep our food fresh.

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- Technology should be encouraged and embraced. Too much of a good thing can be bad, however (Wall.E, for example). There is a sweet spot that is relative to everyone.
- It should be controlled appropriately and never weaponised.
- We should focus more on developing what we NEED before what we WANT. (i.e. Too many iPhones in one year, we don't need that many)!
- Time travel should not be messed with. Our view of it comes from mostly sci-fi and that's just dodgy on so many level.
- Technology only becomes bad when we are irresponsible with it, which is a lot of the time. But learn from mistakes, I guess.

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I thought that what the author writes here is very much aligned with my own thought process about the definition of a machine.

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- Against weaponised machinery.
- Machines we need vs machines we want.
- Education with Machines.
- To Embrace it, not Abuse it. Where is the sweet spot between abusing machinery and embracing it?
- How the movie industry handle machines and what are the morals they're teaching? (Pixar Approach: Wall.E, Monster's Inc, Onward).
- Machines that save lives.
- When does reality start and science fiction begin? At what point does sci-fi no longer become sci-fi?
- How not to get taken over by A.I. "Robot Responsibly".
- Human choice must take priority over the artificial choices of machines.

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The Pen

1. My Experience: Without the pen I would have no way to show my ability as an artist. It marks whatever my brain communicates to my hand onto paper. It is a tube of ink designed to creat marks.

2. Directing Actions: Coming in many different shapes and sizes, some would mean I have to un cap it and re cap it when in use. Otherwise, they would not be properly looked after, since I use them a lot, I do not want that to happen. The pen allows me to communicate on many levels, whether in writing or in drawings. This form of communication can be very powerful; hence the phrase "the pen is mightier than the sword".

3. Other People's Behaviour: As the pen is very common, lots of people use it in different ways. History has used it to creat revolutionary papers, like the Declaration of Independence. Or DaVinci's Vitruvian Man.
Juxtaposing this, people also may use it for vandalism in bathroom stalls, or passing notes across a room.

4. Varied Interactions: As mentioned above, not everyone reacts the same way. Like everything, the pen can write history, or can hurt someone's feelings. The scale of its power and its uses are gargantuan.

5. Regulate Misbehaviour: The pen has no control as to how it is being used. Graffiti and vandalism is caused with pen but never regulated. Hurtful words on a post-it note can be caused by pen, but cannot be un-read by those reading the written words. The only thing that would stop a pen from communicating written words is if the person using it were illiterate. However, even still, it would not stop them from drawing with that same pen.

6. Breaking Down: A pen can break, dry-up, run out of ink, or get lost. But there are so many pens that it means little-to-nothing for anyone. Noone is attached to pens. Yet its power is taken for granted. The easiest thing to do is just pick up another pen. Noone bats an eye if a single pen is lost. Even today, if all the pens in the world vanished, technology is too far gone beyond the pen that people would not mourn for it. Except for maybe artists like myself. I would mourn the pen.

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From Task Fiction 1 on Week 2 Padlet - My Comment:

(In context to how the Metropolis Clips relate to the writings of the Key Thinkers)

"The idea that people are restricted by our own inventions. We are just as wound up as the clockwork we make; this alienates and de-humanises us.
Though, the difference betweem ourselves and the clockwork, is we are capable to look outside, realise we are clockwork, and have the ability to change that if we really wanted. Choice is Key.

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Key Thinker (Rene Descartes, 'A Discourse on Method' 1637 

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Key Thinker (Rene Descartes, 'A Discourse on Method' 1637 

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I think this is an interesting idea that could go further when in context to Anthropomorphism.

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Narrowing down my ideas to further my reasearch:

1. Machines in movies; Pixar - the Pixar theory - machines in Pixar - good and bad morals that Pixar portray.

2. Machines within a hospital - they can save lives - make lives better - give hope.

3. The pen - the invention and history of the pen - the tool that wrote the calculations to creat machines themselves - if we have all of this tech that could easily replace a pen then why is it even still around.

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As an animation company that put most of their effort into the stories they show, their take on the technology of the world has taken many varied forms; to Monster's Inc in 2001, Wall.E in 2008 and Onward in 2020. The list goes on.

I want to explore each of these stories individually and then together (through the Pixar Theory) to see exaclty what message Pixar may be telling us through each of these movies. They all end well, but they all have a clear warning; despite the movies being fictional, they are still based off the real world in some way.

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- Look into the Pixar Theory, how it gives a timeline of the world they've created.
- Research into the brainstorming ideas that Pixar go through to send messages and morals through their stories. How their stories are aimed at a specific audience for a purpose. What might the purposes be.
- Is Pixar concerned that our world may not listen to their intended messages? Or is it all just a nice story?

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From Week 3 Padlet - Anthropomophism Task

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This video will really help anchor an idea as to why people are able to pick out human behaviour in inorganic/man-made machines.

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Jaguar Land Rover's prototype driverless car makes eye contact with pedestrians

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What roles does Anthropomorphism play in Pixar's Wall.E, Cars and Luxo Jr?

- Wall.E, human behaviour vs A.I.
- Cars, not a single human.
- Luxo Jr. The objects have no physical human features, yet we recognise them as living.
- Focus on mechanical parts.

- Pixar Theory and technology.

- Toy Story. Sid re-structuring the toys.
- Onward, message about how tech stole the spotlight from magic.
- Toy Story, literally giving toys life and purpose.
- The Good Dinosaur, the role of human and dinosaur have swapped.

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A video, made by Pixar Theorists, where they talk about how it is possible for all Pixar movies to be connected on the same timeline, whether it's in the past present or future.

Time Stamps:
Wall.E: 11.50
Cars: 12.13
(They are ajacent in the theory)!
Ends at 16:50.

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Illustrator visualises Cars with Organs.

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Illustrator visualises Cars with Organs.

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Concept Art for the Tractors in Pixar's Cars

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Concept Art for the Tractors in Pixar's Cars

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Pixar's very first award winning short film.
And they decided to make a lamp childish...

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Article from Psychilogy Today

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Attributing human intent to non-human animals, spirits, robots, or other entities, real or imagined, is one way that people make sense of the behaviors and events that they encounter. Humans are a social species with a brain that evolved to quickly process social information. The tendency to view non-humans in terms of human-like characteristics has been theorized to be a product of that evolution.

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Attributing human intent to non-human animals, spirits, robots, or other entities, real or imagined, is one way that people make sense of the behaviors and events that they encounter. Humans are a social species with a brain that evolved to quickly process social information.

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Essay about Anthropomorphism

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Technological Animism: The Uncanny Personhood of Humanoid Machines

Published By: Berghahn Books

https://www. jstor .org/stable/24718341

This article analyzes the role of animism in the creation and production of humanoid robots. In Japan and the United States, robotic science has emerged from fictional sources and is enmeshed with fictional models, even when developed in advanced technoscientific facilities. Drawing on the work of Sigmund Freud and Masahiro Mori, I explore the robot as an 'uncanny' doppelgänger that is liminally situated between the human and non-human. Cultural depictions of robots, particularly in written and visual fiction, reflect Freudian fears of the 'double' as the annihilating other. I propose the concept of 'technological animism' to explore how fiction and technoscience co-construct each other, with roboticists drawing inspiration from positive fictional models, as among Japanese scientists, or frequently rejecting such models, as among their North American colleagues.

Social Analysis has long been at the forefront of anthropology's engagement with the humanities and other social sciences. In forming a critical, concerned, and empirical perspective, Social Analysis encourages contributions that break away from the disciplinary bounds of anthropology and suggest innovative ways of challenging hegemonic paradigms through 'grounded theory', analysis based in original empirical research. The journal invites contributions directed toward a critical and theoretical understanding of cultural, political, and social processes. It is available for the publication of information and discussion by active ethnographic researchers into the forces involved in the production of human suffering, poverty, prejudice, war, and violence. The main thrust of the journal is toward publishing material that presents a critical and concerned anthropology.

Berghahn Books is an award-winning independent scholarly publisher of distinguished books and journals in the humanities and social sciences, headed by a mother (books) and daughter (journals) team. Its program, which includes 35 journals to date and 100 new titles a year, is focused on History, Sociology & Anthropology, International Politics & Policy Studies, Cultural and Media Studies, Jewish Studies, and Migration & Refugee Studies. A peer-reviewed press, Berghahn is committed to the highest academic standards; its publishing program is widely recognized for the quality both of its lists and of the production of its books and journals.

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Technological Animism: The Uncanny Personhood of Humanoid Machines on JSTOR

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Technological Animism: The Uncanny Personhood of Humanoid Machines Published By: Berghahn Books https://www. jstor .org/stable/24718341 This article analyzes the role of animism in the creation and production of humanoid robots. In Japan and the United States, robotic science has emerged from fictional sources and is enmeshed with fictional models, even when developed in advanced technoscientific facilities.

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Why do children activate anthropomorphism more vividly?

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Why Anthropomorphism in Children's Literature?

https://www. jstor .org/stable/41592646

The National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE), a not-for-profit professional association of educators, is dedicated to improving the teaching and learning of English and the language arts at all levels of education. Since 1911, NCTE has provided a forum for the profession, an array of opportunities for teachers to continue their professional growth throughout their careers, and a framework for cooperation to deal with issues that affect the teaching of English. For more information, please visit www.ncte.org.

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Why Anthropomorphism in Children's Literature? on JSTOR

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Why Anthropomorphism in Children's Literature? https://www. jstor .org/stable/41592646 The National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE), a not-for-profit professional association of educators, is dedicated to improving the teaching and learning of English and the language arts at all levels of education.

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(Why we anthropomorphise)
- it is "one way that people make sense of the behaviours and events they encounter."
- "a brain that evolved to quickly process social information. [Anthropomorphism] has been theorised to be a product of that evolution."

(Misunderstanding Anthropomorphism)
- "The tendenct to read animals based on human ways of thinking and behaving could lead people to... misunderstand the meaning of animal behaviour - or even project their own personality characteristics onto animals."

- Tendency to see human faces everywhere is called "pareidolia".

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(The role of animism in the creation and production pf humanoid robots)
- "I propose the term 'Technological Animism' to describe the conceptual model of personhood that emerges in the interaction between fiction, robotics, and culturally specific modles of personhood, which may already include non-human persons." pg 2
- "American robotics distinguish their technoscientific practice from mainstream (Judeo-Christian) religion, but they rely on fiction as a context for making, designing, and imbuing robots with animistic qualities." pg 3

- "He explained that the design and utilisation of child development models for his group's robots was effectively a reaction to the threatening images of robots popularised through fiction and film." pg 6
- "Roboticists anticipate that a robot designed to look like an infant or young child, or otherwise to look cute, will be less threatening and will elicit more engagement." pg 6
- "At the former Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT, roboticist Cynthia Breazeal imaginatively employed the techniques of Disney animators to make her robots cute." pg 6
- "...encourage adults to interact with them, even if the interaction requires extra effort on the part of the adult to maintain it." pg 6/7

- "...the expectation is that the more human-like the robot appears, the more it should behave in human-like ways." pg 8
- "Behaviour and appearance nnet to connect; otherwise...the entity is frightning." pg 8
- Uncanny: "It can be consequence of the difficulty in judging 'whether something is animate or inanimate' (ibid.: 141) or the confusion when something not alive 'bears an excessive likeness to the living' (ibid.)." pg 9
- "In Freud's View: 'The fairy tale is quite openly comitted to the animistic view that thoughts and wishes are all-powerful, but I cannot cite one genuine fairy tale in which anything uncanny occurs. We are told that it is highly uncanny when inanimate objects...come to life, but in Hans Amdersen's stories of household utensils, the furniture and the tin soldier are alive, and perhaps nothing is farther removed from the uncanny. Even when Pygmalion's beautiful statue comes to life, this is hardly felt to be uncanny.' (ibid.: 153)." pg 9
- "...the animation and inanimation in a specific type of context." pg 9

- "The making of automatons raised questions about the boundaries between human and machine" pg 9

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(Specifically Anthropomorphised Animals)
- "Enable younge readers to identify with the animals" pg 1
- "identify with an animal that has human atributes." pg 1
- "for the flight of the fantasy itself... on another world which we may not be able to see without their help" pg 2
- "all humans, not only children need to participate in an occasional flight into fantasy" pg 2
- "Inanimate objects can do what people are not able to, or cannot. (Derby, 1970)" pg 2
- "An author can develop a great variety of characters... with few words." pg 2
- "Animals who are charicatures of certain types of people are funny to adults and children alike." pg 2
- "Anthropomorphism will probably always be with us as mankind, increasingly dependant on technology, will find enjoyment in nature and will be creative in projecting his humanity onto it. Small children will probably continue to find delight in their pets, in wild creatures, and in animals in zoos, and also in the world of fantasy inhabited by talking animals." Pg 3