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Pineal Gland: What it secretes and function

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Pineal Gland: What it secretes and function

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The Pineal gland secretes one hormone called melatonin. Melatonin is responsible for alerting and controlling the body's sleep and wake cycles.

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The Pineal gland is located a deep part of the brain called the epithalamus

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Someone suffering from insomnia.

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www.europepmc.org
www.mayoclinic.org

www.perpetualwellbeing.com.au

www.mgcub.ac.in

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www.thoughtco.com
www.mayoclinic.org
www.ninds.nih.gov

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Pineal gland: Seasonal Affective Disorder

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Pineal gland: Seasonal Affective Disorder

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Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is caused when there is excessive amount of melatonin being released.

Symptoms - anxiety, apathy, mood swings, fatigue, loneliness, loss in interest, sadness, excessive sleepiness, insomnia, sleep deprivation, loss of concentration, weight gain, etc.
Diagnosis - Doctors can perform physical exams and asking questions that may indicate underlying health problems.  They can also run a blood test by doing and complete blood count (CBC) and also checking for any abnormalities with the thyroid. Psychological evaluation for any signs of depression provided by a doctor or mental health professional
Treatments - Medication can be prescribed by doctors like antidepressants and psychotherapy that changes and cancels out the patients negative thoughts.
Research - Other obstacles that patients can face is worsening or the development of the depression or more severe types of depression.

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A disease that can occur with hyposecretion of melatonin is insomnia.

Symptoms - Difficulty sleeping at night, waking up at night, waking up too early, not feeling well-rest after a night's sleep, daytime tiredness and sleepiness, etc.
Diagnosis - Doctors could use a physical exam like taking blood to check for thyroid problems or any other underlying conditions that could relate to insomnia. A sleep study could be conducted if the cause is still unclear.
Treatments - There are many solutions to insomnia, like changing sleeping habits and eliminating any stressor that prevent someone from sleeping. There are also many different cognitive behavioral therapy treatments (CBT-I), people can use for getting better sleep. There are also different strengths and types of medicines doctors can prescribe to someone.
Research - Research is still being conducted on alternative and non drug therapies for people with insomnia, like treatments that are similar to CBT-I. Obstacles that doctors face trying to diagnose insomnia is the patient-to-doctor communication and relay to information. For example some patients may not tell their doctor about their either lack or sleep or difficulty with sleeping. And vague and non precise descriptions of what a patient is actually experiencing can cause as an obstacle for doctors.

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Thymus Gland: What it Secretes and Functions 

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Thymus Gland: What it Secretes and Functions 

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The Thymus only secretes one hormone called Thymosin. This hormone is important in developing the immune system and maturing some types of white blood cells.

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Pineal gland: Interrelationships with other glands

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Pineal gland: Interrelationships with other glands

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Melatonin has and affect on the pituitary gland and its hormones that are released. Melatonin's relationship with the pituitary gland is changing the rate and amount of hormones that are released and synthesised in the body. Though, it is unclear whether is is directly or indirectly affecting the pituitary.

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When someone is deficient in melatonin their sleep/wake cycles will become abnormal and cause someone to feel depressed. This can lead to insomnia and with aging, can lead to main mental disease.

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When someone has an increased amount of melatonin in their body they can experience headaches and fatigue. This can also cause extreme drowsiness and lower someone's body temperature, in extreme cases it can affect the human reproductive system.

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When thymosin levels in the body are too high (when hypersecretion of thymosin occurs), this causes the body's immune system to go into overdrive and lose its efficiency all together.

An example of a disorder that can result from hypersecretion of thymosin is Myasthenia Gravis (MG). Myasthenia gravis happens in the body when the thymus is abnormally large and over-produces antibodies that block or destroy the muscles receptor sites.

Symptoms: Muscles feeling weak or fatigued (trouble moving)
Diagnosis: Neurological test to test function of nerves in affected areas, or a blood test.
Treatment: No known cure, but medications are taken to relieve muscle weakness and improve the nerves' ability to send electrical pulses in affected areas.
Research :Some people's bodies don't react  well to the already available treatment options for this disorder, which usually include long-term suppression of the immune system. New drugs are being tested to see if they are more effective in targeting and stopping the disease.

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Hormones in the thymus gland work with other glands in the endocrine system like the pituitary and adrenal glands, to help with growth and sexual development.

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The Thymus gland is located posterior to the sternum.

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Hyposecretion of thymosin from the thymus gland especially when from a young age can cause  poor immune health.

An example of a disorder that is caused by this is immune deficiency disorder. Immune deficiency causes the body's immune system to be weak or even absent in severe cases.

Symptoms: Frequent infections around the body, Digestive problems, getting sick easily
Diagnosis: Immune deficiency is diagnosed through blood tests
Treatment: Boosting the immune system in the long run through medication, as well as taking medication to relieve ongoing fevers and headaches
Research: currently no official "cure" for immune deficiency disorder, so scientists are constantly researching all types of medicines to see what works best in reducing the effects of the disorder most efficiently or finding a medication that reduces its effects the longest without suppressing the immune system even more.