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BrainPOP - Animated Educational Site for Kids - Science, Social Studies, English, Math, Arts & Music, Health, and Technology

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BrainPOP - Animated Educational Site for Kids - Science, Social Studies, English, Math, Arts & Music, Health, and Technology

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Unlike the on our bodies, though, this on the Earth is not all in one piece. Instead, it consists of many pieces that fit together a bit like a jigsaw .

Scientists call these pieces plates. plates differ from jigsaw pieces in that they constantly but slowly move around, sliding past and/or bumping into one another.

The edges of the plates are called boundaries. The rough boundaries occasionally get stuck, but the rest of the plates keep moving.

When a moves far enough, its edges break free along an area called a . When two plates slip past one another , the people who live in the area close to the experience an earthquake .

The spot on the of the Earth directly above where the earthquake occurs underground is called the of the earthquake . After an earthquake , there are often smaller earthquakes - called aftershocks - that occur in the same place. These aftershocks have been known to continue for weeks, months, and even years after the main earthquake .

Earthquakes can be very destructive. The sudden motion of plates can cause injuries and serious property damage, especially because there is often little or no advance warning of earthquakes.

When boundaries become stuck, their usual energy from motion is stored and builds up until, during an earthquake , it is released in the form of waves that radiate outward from a in all directions. As these waves reach the of the Earth, they shake the ground and everything on it.

If you ever experience an earthquake firsthand, it's important to remember and follow a few safety tips:

Get low and take cover under a protective object, such as a sturdy table or desk.

Hold on and try to stay as steady as possible.

Stay inside until the earthquake ends.

Stay away from windows, furniture, and other items that could fall on you.

If you're in bed, stay there and protect your head with your pillow.

If you're outside, move to a clear spot away from buildings, trees, and power lines.

If you're in a car, slow down and stop in a clear area until the earthquake stops.

Take earthquake safety seriously! Scientists estimate that there are 500,000 detectable earthquakes in the world each year. Of these, approximately 100,000 of them can be felt, and at least 100 of them cause some kind of damage.

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Unlike the on our bodies, though, this on the Earth is not all in one piece. Instead, it consists of many pieces that fit together a bit like a jigsaw . Scientists call these pieces plates. plates differ from jigsaw pieces in that they constantly but slowly move around, sliding past and/or bumping into one another.

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Whose Fault Is an Earthquake? Wonderopolis

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Whose Fault Is an Earthquake? Wonderopolis

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Today’s Wonder of the Day might really shake things up!

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A shifting of tectonic plates, an underwater earthquake, a tidal surge and then--Tsunami! Learn about these forces of nature from Tim and Moby.

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Can Humans Cause Earthquakes? Wonderopolis

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Can Humans Cause Earthquakes? Wonderopolis

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One of the of growing older is being able to look back upon your younger years and have a about some of the irrational you had. For example, when we look back upon our childhood days, we realize that quicksand hasn't been nearly the problem we thought it would be.

Perhaps it was reading all those Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew mysteries, but we really thought that quicksand was a grave that we were sure to face on as we got older. To date, however, we've yet to get stuck in a pit of quicksand.

Instead, the ground our feet has been consistently and ...except when it rumbles and shakes during an earthquake. Over the past several decades, earthquakes have been with increasing . What's going on under Earth's surface?

Some scientists have the increase in earthquakes, especially in areas not known for the presence of fault lines or past activity, to human actions. That's right. We humans are causing earthquakes more frequently than ever before.

The idea of humans causing earthquakes may seem strange at first. After all, you can run around your backyard and jump up and down all you want, and the ground isn't going to start shaking. However, scientists have identified a variety of large-scale human activities that can trigger earthquakes.

Although natural earthquakes usually occur along fault lines, human-caused earthquakes can happen in areas unassociated with previous activity. Scientists have identified over 700 places where human activity has triggered earthquakes over the last century.

While many human-induced earthquakes are mild and don't cause much damage, some of them can be serious and dangerous. In fact, scientists believe human activity has caused earthquakes with magnitudes as high as 7.9 on the Richter scale.

Scientists believe most human-induced earthquakes are the result of mining. As companies drill deeper and deeper below Earth's surface to extract natural resources, holes left behind can cause instability that leads to collapses that trigger earthquakes.

Building large dams can also cause earthquakes. For example, approximately 80,000 people died in China in 2008 as a result of a 7.9-magnitude earthquake triggered by 320 million tons of water that had been collected in the Zipingpu Reservoir after a large dam was built over a known fault line.

Another human activity triggering earthquakes is hydraulic fracturing (known as "fracking") for oil and gas, including the high pressure wastewater disposal that usually accompanies fracking. In this process, water, sand, and chemicals are pumped underground under high pressure to fracture rocks to release natural resources.

As those resources, such as oil and natural gas, make their way to the surface, so do the water and chemicals that were injected to begin the process. This wastewater is collected and often injected deep underground again to dispose of it. Both the fracking process and wastewater disposal have been shown to trigger earthquakes.

These aren't the only human activities that can trigger earthquakes, though. Scientists point out that earthquakes can also be triggered by other human activities, such as construction of skyscrapers and nuclear explosions.

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One of the of growing older is being able to look back upon your younger years and have a about some of the irrational you had. For example, when we look back upon our childhood days, we realize that quicksand hasn't been nearly the problem we thought it would be.

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If you've ever taken a bath or swum in a lake or pool, you've probably enjoyed creating your own waves. Unlike solid objects, water is and easy to move around. The harder you push with your hands, the bigger the waves will be.

Now imagine what happens in the ocean when an earthquake occurs underground. If you've ever felt an earthquake or seen one on television, you know that they have the power to shake the ground and move large buildings.

When an earthquake occurs under the ocean floor, the earthquake 's massive energy is transferred to the water above it, creating a series of water waves called a . The word comes from the Japanese words tsu (harbor) and nami (wave).

In addition to earthquakes, tsunamis can be caused by other events that generate enough energy to displace a large volume of water, such as eruptions, landslides, meteors, and even underwater tests of devices. Given the frequent earthquake and activity in the Pacific Rim, tsunamis happen often in Japan.

Tragically, because of the huge amounts of water and energy involved, tsunamis can cause tremendous damage to coastal areas. On December 26, 2004, a massive earthquake in the Indian Ocean caused a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of the areas bordering the Indian Ocean. One of the deadliest natural disasters in history, waves up to 100 feet high crashed into coastal communities, killing over 230,000 people in 14 countries, including Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand.

You may recall the earthquake and that occurred in Japan on March 11, 2011. That resulted in mass destruction including a power plant that released into the Pacific Ocean.

Normal ocean waves created by the wind have an average wavelength (measured from crest to crest) of approximately 330 feet and an average height of about 6.6 feet. A , on the other hand, can have a wavelength of 120 miles or more. Traveling at up to 500 miles per hour in the deep ocean, a 's height might only be as little as 3 feet, making it almost impossible to detect, even for a ship in the area.

As a approaches a , though, things begin to change dramatically. As it approaches shallow waters, an effect known as wave shoaling compresses and slows the wave to below 50 miles per hour. Wavelength also decreases dramatically, but - the height of the wave - increases greatly, leading to the unmistakable wall of water that causes such destruction along coastlines.

Approximately 80% of tsunamis happen in the Pacific Ocean, although they're possible in any large body of water, including lakes. Tsunamis cannot be prevented and can rarely be predicted with . In the event of an earthquake , oceanographers, geologists, and seismologists often urge potentially-affected areas to issue warnings.

Regions that experience tsunamis regularly have developed warning systems to give as much advance warning as possible to people who live along the . In Japan, for example, coastal communities are well-educated about earthquakes and tsunamis. Japanese shorelines feature warning signs and warning sirens atop nearby hills.

Although tsunamis cannot be prevented, some - countries use engineering lessons learned from earthquakes to reduce shoreline damage. Many Japanese coastal communities have built walls, floodgates, and channels to block or redirect water from incoming tsunamis.

One of the best ways to make a coast -proof, though, is quite natural: plant trees! Scientists noticed that some locations in the path of the 2004 Indian Ocean suffered little damage because trees, such as coconut palms and mangroves, absorbed the 's energy. In fact, one small Indian village saw little damage because the broke against a forest of over 80,000 trees that had been planted along the shoreline just two years earlier in an attempt to set a Guinness World Record.

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Surfers beware! Today's Wonder of the Day features a wave that you won't want to catch. Find out what happens when the Earth quakes and the oceans roar...

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What would you think if you heard Opal, Andrew, Katrina, Hugo, Camille, and Irene were coming to town? Who are they? Long- relatives flying in for a family ?

Not quite! In fact, they're not even people at all. They're past hurricanes! Let's find out how these super storms are born.

Each year, as summer turns to fall, hurricanes begin to appear. These large storms usually occur in the southern Atlantic , Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, or the eastern Pacific .

Sometimes people think hurricanes are like big tornadoes. They're actually quite different, though.

While a might cover a mile or two of ground, hurricanes are huge storms that can sometimes be as large as 600 miles across. If you look at a map of the United States, you'll see that a hurricane that large would stretch from Philadelphia to Indianapolis!

Tornadoes also usually last no more than a few minutes. Hurricanes, however, can last more than a week because they travel at speeds of only 10 to 20 miles per hour as they cross the .

Hurricanes are defined by their strong winds that can blow from 75 to 200 miles per hour. Before a becomes a hurricane, it starts out as a . storms have wind speeds between 39 and 74 miles per hour.

Even though these storms are not yet hurricanes, they can still cause damage and . Once a 's wind speeds reach or exceed 75 miles per hour, the becomes classified as a hurricane.

Not all storms become hurricanes. Wonder why? The key ingredient to forming a hurricane is warm water.

During the warmer months of hurricane season, the waters in the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico are the perfect temperature to create hurricanes. As warm, moist air rises from the water into the atmosphere, it creates an area of low pressure underneath.

This causes air from the surrounding areas to flow into the low pressure area. Eventually this air becomes heated and rises into the atmosphere, and the repeats itself.

In this way, hurricanes are kind of like a big engine with a constant supply of and . The "" is the cooler air that keeps the going. The "" is the warm air rising into the atmosphere.

As this continues, clouds and storms form, creating a giant, spinning .

When you look at satellite images of a hurricane, you may notice a hole at the center of the . This hole is called the " eye" of the hurricane.

As the eye passes over land, the weather becomes very calm. Once the eye passes, though, the winds begin again as the second part of the passes over.

Unfortunately, there is no way to stop a hurricane. They do tend to lose strength once they move over land.

Without warm water to continue fueling them, hurricanes will eventually diminish in size and speed until they disappear.

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There's a storm a-comin' today in Wonderopolis. Hang onto your hat!

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How Do Hurricanes Get Their Names? Wonderopolis

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How Do Hurricanes Get Their Names? Wonderopolis

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Each year, as the summer comes to a close, hurricanes begin to appear. Hurricanes are huge storms that can sometimes be as large as 600 miles across.

Hurricanes are defined by their extremely strong winds that can blow from 75 to 200 miles per hour. Unlike tornadoes, which usually last just a few minutes or less, hurricanes can last longer than a week.

They usually travel slowly at speeds of only 10 to 20 miles per hour as they cross the oceans. These storms usually occur in the southern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico or the eastern Pacific Ocean.

Hurricanes occur in many parts of the world, but they're not always called "hurricanes." For those of you who like words, you may be interested to know that hurricanes that form in the western Pacific Ocean are called "typhoons."

In the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal and Australia, these storms are called "cyclones." They're all the same type of storm, though.

Hurricanes only form over very warm ocean water (80° F or warmer). As their winds blow in the same direction at the same speed, hurricanes gather heat and energy from warm ocean waters. As warm seawater evaporates, it feeds the 's growing winds.

winds rotate in a counter-clockwise direction around a calm center, known as the "eye" of the . Even though the winds of a may be raging at its farthest reaches, the "eye" has only light winds and fair weather.

At sea, hurricanes present a real danger to boats. Their most destructive effects occur, however, when they reach land. Heavy rain, strong winds and huge waves have been known to cause catastrophic damage to buildings, trees and cars.

The huge waves that hurricanes push toward land are called a "storm ." Storm surges are extremely dangerous and often cause major flooding in coastal regions.

Even though hurricanes have existed for thousands of years, scientists have only studied them for about the last 100 years. Because of their massive size, only modern technology has allowed scientists to get a grasp on how hurricanes form and how they move.

Meteorologists classify hurricanes based on their wind speeds and potential for damage:

Category 1: 74 to 95 mph winds

Category 2: 96 to 110 mph winds

Category 3: 111 to 130 mph winds

Category 4: 131 to 155 mph winds

Category 5: 155+ mph winds

Recent hurricanes that have caused major damage in the United States include Ike and Katrina. Other past hurricanes have had names like Opal, Andrew and Fran. How do they get these names?

Hurricanes are given names so that meteorologists can identify them and track them across the oceans. Since there are sometimes multiple hurricanes at a particular time, naming them helps to avoid confusion.

Since 1979, the World Meteorological Organization has used six lists of names - both male and female - in rotation. Each list contains a name for each letter of the alphabet, except for Q, U and Z. The same lists are reused every six years.

Every once in a while, a will cause so much damage that its name goes down in the history books. Katrina is a recent example of such a destructive storm. When a storm is particularly bad, its name is retired, and a new name is added to the list.

Although hurricanes can form at any time, the season in the Atlantic Ocean is usually June 1 to November 30, with most hurricanes occurring in the fall months. The eastern Pacific Ocean season runs from about May 15 to November 30.

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Each year, as the summer comes to a close, hurricanes begin to appear. Hurricanes are huge storms that can sometimes be as large as 600 miles across. Hurricanes are defined by their extremely strong winds that can blow from 75 to 200 miles per hour.

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Where Is the Eye of the Hurricane? Wonderopolis

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Where Is the Eye of the Hurricane? Wonderopolis

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When you wake up in the morning and see that it's raining outside, how do you feel? Are you for rain that will help the grass grow and plants ?

Or are you because you will likely get wet on your walk to the bus stop? You might also be that your soccer practice after school might get .

Some people don't mind rainy days, while others wish for sunshine. There's no that we need rain, but many people would like to control how much falls and when.

If it were up to many people, it would only rain in the middle of the night. Plus, it would only rain enough to enough water for plants to and water supplies to .

Unfortunately, we can't control the weather. Sometimes it'll rain all day long and cancel our plans. At other times, it'll rain so much that we might be threatened by floods.

A flood occurs when normally dry land is by water. They're the most common natural disaster, occurring in every state and threatening any part of the world that receives rain. In fact, floods kill more people in the United States each year than lightning, hurricanes, or tornadoes.

Sometimes floods occur slowly over a number of days, weeks, or months, as precipitation levels across hundreds of miles cause river levels to rise slowly. At other times, however, floods can happen in a matter of hours. We call these events flash floods.

Flash floods are defined as floods that occur within six hours of heavy rainfall or another cause. However, flash floods can sometimes happen within minutes or just a few hours of a heavy rain.

Flash floods are particularly because they combine a flood's normal for damage with unpredictability and a time frame. During a flash flood, normally dry creeks and river beds can fill with water and overflow before people have time to .

Heavy rainfall isn't the only cause of a flash flood. Melting snow and ice jams in mountain streams can send torrents of water unexpectedly into low-lying areas. Likewise, dam failures can send walls of water downstream without warning.

Certain areas are prone to flash flooding because of a variety of conditions. For example, areas can be because the construction of buildings, highways, and large parking lots reduces the amount of soil available to absorb heavy rains.

Areas near rivers and large streams are also prone to flash flooding, since heavy rains will naturally find their way to established waterways. Deep canyons and other areas near mountains and steep hills can be deadly when the surrounding topography produces runoff that can flood normally dry areas in a matter of minutes.

Thanks to modern technology, the National Weather Service is able to issue alerts when flash floods may be likely to occur. A flash flood watch indicates that conditions are favorable for a flash flood. A flash flood warning, on the other hand, advises that a flash flood is either imminent or already occurring.

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When you wake up in the morning and see that it's raining outside, how do you feel? Are you for rain that will help the grass grow and plants ? Or are you because you will likely get wet on your walk to the bus stop?

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BrainPOP - Animated Educational Site for Kids - Science, Social Studies, English, Math, Arts & Music, Health, and Technology

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Stop! The ground is hot ! Have you ever shouted those words on the playground? Many kids love to pretend that the ground is covered in hot , forcing them to hop around or swing through the air on the monkey bars to avoid a certain death from falling into the .

While it's fun to pretend, real hot is fairly easy to avoid, since it usually moves quite slowly. It is very hot, though. If you were to fall into hot , it would not be a pleasant experience. Your skin would be melted and burned by that can approach temperatures well over 2,000º F!

is molten . It is created deep beneath Earth's surface (often 100 miles or more underground), where temperatures get hot enough to . Scientists call this molten when it's underground.

Eventually, some makes its way to Earth's surface and escapes via a volcanic eruption. When erupts onto Earth's surface and begins to , scientists then call it . Explosive eruptions can throw great distances. Most eruptions, however, create slow-moving flows that might cover only a few yards per minute at the most.

Deep below Earth's surface, the most common type of produced is . makes up much of the ocean floor, and it's also the substance most often seen when Hawaiian volcanoes . When it reaches Earth's surface, it erupts as basaltic .

If you were a in a cartoon and you wanted to take over the world, hot might be a good weapon to have in your . However, it can be very difficult to the power of a . Is there any way that you could create your own ?

It's not like you could throw some rocks in your and them into . The in your kitchen at home simply doesn't produce enough heat. Of course, if you were a in a cartoon, you might have lasers or some other trick up your sleeve.

Though it might sound far-fetched, humans have actually made their own without the assistance of a . Scientists and students at Syracuse University, who are part of the Syracuse University Project (and NOT villains of any sort!), have successfully used industrial furnaces to chunks of crushed from Wisconsin to create their own !

Once created, the is poured onto a thick slab of solid ice to create a up to a few yards long. Faculty, students, and even interested members of the public are invited to enjoy the up close.

The main goal of making the is to conduct scientific experiments to study basaltic . Usually, scientists can only eruptions, which happen only occasionally and usually without warning. Creating allows them to conduct controlled experiments like never before.

In between experiments, however, kids are often allowed to roast hot dogs and marshmallows over the hot . Beyond the scientific purposes of the , art students have also been allowed to use molds to create fascinating sculptures.

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Today's Wonder of the Day is too hot to handle!

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We're about to erupt with excitement. Join us in Wonderopolis today for a Wonder of the Day that will blow your top!

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Volcanoes are like huge valves that from deep inside Earth. When they , they remind us of how the forces are that continually reshape Earth.

Deep inside Earth (90 miles or more), temperatures get hot enough to melt rock. This rock is called . When it , it begins to float toward the surface of Earth.

If it breaks through Earth's surface, it is then called lava. Although lava can be into the air through a volcanic eruption, it's more common for lava to flow from a through cracks called fissures.

Lava is made up of mostly silicon and oxygen. As lava escapes and travels before cooling, it often mixes with other elements, such as iron, magnesium, potassium, and calcium.

When lava first breaks through Earth's surface, it is an hot . On average, fresh lava can be between 1,300° F and 2,200° F (700° and 1,200° C)! Depending on its exact temperature , fresh lava usually glows either orange/red (cooler) or white (hotter).

Eventually, lava cools and returns to solid rock again. However, some forms of lava can flow great distances before cooling enough to . The word lava comes from the Italian word for "stream."

Although popular movies may make you worry about the deadly power of lava flows, they usually move slowly enough to give people plenty of time to get out of the way. It's for anyone to die as a direct result of a lava flow, but it can be to land and property in its path.

Active lava flows at volcanoes might move several feet per minute when hot. As the lava flows cool, they slow down to a rate of only a few feet per day.

Geologists in Hawaii keep a close watch on active lava flows. They use handheld global positioning system (GPS) receivers to map lava flows as accurately as possible.

The GPS receivers use radio waves from satellites orbiting Earth to pinpoint locations within 15 feet. In this way, geologists can monitor lava flows that may be advancing toward areas where people live.

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Volcanoes are like huge valves that from deep inside Earth. When they , they remind us of how the forces are that continually reshape Earth. Deep inside Earth (90 miles or more), temperatures get hot enough to melt rock. This rock is called . When it , it begins to float toward the surface of Earth.

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Do You Need Lava to Make a Lava Lamp? Wonderopolis

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Do You Need Lava to Make a Lava Lamp? Wonderopolis

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Do you have a Lava Lamp®? If not, you've probably seen one at a friend's house, on television, or in a movie. There's something mesmerizing about watching those float around in that colored liquid!

These super-cool lights are generically known as liquid motion lamps. The first one was created in England in 1963 by Edward Craven-Walker. He called his the Astro lamp.

United States entrepreneurs Adolph Wertheimer and William M. Rubinstein brought Craven-Walker's to the U.S. several years later. Their Lava Manufacturing Corporation in Chicago began to make liquid motion lamps and called them Lava Lites®. They soon became quite popular.

In the 1960s and 1970s, many young people bought liquid motion lamps. They were also popular in counterculture movements, such as the hippies. Today, they're still a popular item. They can be seen in many dorm rooms on college around the country.

Is it real lava floating in liquid motion lamps? No, of course not! Instead, it's a special type of wax. It sure does look like lava, though, doesn't it?

How exactly do liquid motion lamps work? They use basic scientific principles. When you flip the switch to "on," the light bulb starts to heat up. As this happens, the special wax inside the lamp expands. Eventually, it becomes a liquid less than the water above it.

That's when the wax stretches and rises. It breaks into smaller along the way. When it gets to the top of the lamp, it cools again, since it's farther away from the light bulb. As it cools, it sinks back to the bottom. Then, the process repeats.

The science behind liquid motion lamps is simple, but making them is not. The wax and the water are made up of special secret ingredients. This ensures that they provide the best effect possible.

Sure, the "lava" inside the lamps isn't real. But that doesn't make them any less fun to watch! Would you like a lava lamp in your room? Do you think you could make your own?

NGSS.PS1.A, NGSS.PS1.B, CCRA.L.3, CCRA.L.6, CCRA.R.1, CCRA.R.2, CCRA.R.4, CCRA.R.10, CCRA.SL.1, CCRA.W.2, CCRA.L.1, CCRA.L.2

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Do you have a Lava Lamp®? If not, you've probably seen one at a friend's house, on television, or in a movie. There's something mesmerizing about watching those float around in that colored liquid! These super-cool lights are generically known as liquid motion lamps. The first one was created in England in 1963 by Edward Craven-Walker.

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Have you ever seen a explode? If so, we hope you weren't anywhere near it! Volcanic eruptions can be catastrophic events that cover the landscape for miles in hot and . If you're like most people, you've probably only seen video of previous volcanic eruptions.

If you had the chance to explore the inside of a , would you do it? What do you think you'd find? Not all volcanoes are active. In fact, most of them are and present no particular danger of eruption anytime in the near future.

Seismologists and other scientists often study these volcanoes in order to learn more about how they work. For example, scientists in Iceland have descended into the of some volcanoes to explore their chambers to see what they're made of and how they contributed to past eruptions.

When escapes through a onto Earth's surface, scientists call it . When it cools enough to turn back into a , scientists call it . When it's under Earth's surface, it exists as a dynamic, substance that ranges in temperature from approximately 1,300º F to almost 2,400º F.

tends to be less dense than the layers of it forms in. As a result, it moves upward toward Earth's surface via any path it can find. When it reaches an area where layers don't allow an upward path, it will collect in a large pool that scientists call a .

Many chambers exist deep under Earth's surface, making them extremely hard to detect. Most of the chambers scientists have identified are very close to Earth's surface. For example, chambers under active volcanoes might be as close as 1-5 miles below Earth's surface. While this sounds very deep, it's extremely close in geological terms, especially when you think about the distance to Earth's core.

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Have you ever seen a explode? If so, we hope you weren't anywhere near it! Volcanic eruptions can be catastrophic events that cover the landscape for miles in hot and . If you're like most people, you've probably only seen video of previous volcanic eruptions.