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2 original elements

·     What are the properties and characteristics

1.    Sulfur

1)  Looks like yellow crystals or powder

2.    Fluorine

1)  A highly toxic pale yellow diatomic gas

·     When was it discovered

1.    Sulfur

1)  Unidentified but knows to have been used since ancient times

2.    Fluorine

1)  It was first discovered in 1529 but was considered an element in 1810

·     Where is it most commonly found

1.    Sulfur is mostly found in volcanic areas

2.    Fluorine can be found everywhere along the earth’s crust, where it can be found in rocks, coal, and clay

·     How is it harvested

1.    A process called Frasch

1)  Super heated water is pumped into the bed of sulfur

2)  The sulfur is than melted

3)  Compressed air is pumped into the pocket

4)  The sulfur is pushed out and collected

2.    Fluorine is commercially made by Moissan's method. An electric current is passed through a mixture of hydrogen fluoride and potassium hydrogen fluoride.

Ionic compound

There are 2 ionic compounds that can be made via Sulfur and Fluorine

1.    Sulfur hexafluoride is an inorganic, colorless, odorless, non-flammable, extremely potent greenhouse gas, which is an excellent electrical insulator. It consists of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is generally transported as a liquefied compressed gas.

2.    Sulfur tetrafluoride is the chemical compound with the formula S F4. This species exists as a gas at standard conditions. It is a corrosive species that releases dangerous HF upon exposure to water or moisture. Despite these unwelcome characteristics, this compound is a useful reagent for the preparation of organ fluorine compounds, some of which are important in the pharmaceutical and specialty chemical industries.

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Beryllium Sulfide

Beryllium:
Properties and characteristics:
Steel grey, hard metal, easily breakable at room temperature, reasonably high                melting point at 1287 degrees celsius and also a boiling point at 2970 degrees                celsius, light weighted, and highly toxic
When it was discovered:
1798
Where its most abundant:
Really rare element found around the world; not abundant anywhere
How it is harvested:
It is very rare and It's extracted from a mineral called beryl and chrysoberyl
Sulfur:
Properties and characteristics:
Yellow, poisonous, crystal like, non-metal, and very acidic
When it was discovered:
Known since ancient times, not sure when it is actually discovered
Where its most abundant:
It's usually found near volcanoes and mostly in the ring of fire
How it is harvested:
Digging and taking it

Beryllium Sulfide
Properties and characteristics:
Beryllium Sulfide is a type of powder
Uses:
Since Beryllium Sulfide is highly soluble, it is used in water treatments

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Magnesium Sulfide

(a) Magnesium
Properties and Characteristics
Properties-Magnesium is a silvery-white, low density, reasonably strong metal that tarnishes in air to form a thin oxide coating. Magnesium and its alloys have very good corrosion resistance and good high temperature mechanical properties.

Characteristics- Melting point: 650°C, Boiling point: 1090°C

The metal reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas.

When it burns in air, magnesium produces a brilliant white light.
Discovered
1755

Where is it found?
Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust but does not occur uncombined in nature. It is found in abundance in the minerals brucite, magnesite, dolomite, and carnalite. It is also found (as the silicate) in asbestos, meerschaum, serpentine, and talc. Magnesium chloride is found in seawater, brines, and salt wells. Mineral waters often contain salts of magnesium; the magnesium ion imparts a bitter flavor. Magnesium is a constituent of the chlorophyll in green plants and is necessary in the diet of animals and humans

How is it harvested?
Thermal Reduction and electrolysis.

(b) Sulfur
Properties and characteristics
Melting point: 115.2 °C

Boiling point: 444.7 °C

Density at 20 degrees celcius: 2.07 mg / cm3

Discovered

Where is it found?

How is it harvested?

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Aluminum Chloride

A. Aluminum
Properties and Characteristics

has a dull silvery appearance due to a thin layer of oxidation forms quickly when its exposed to the air.

Non-magnetic, non-toxic and ductile metal

Easily form alloy with many elements such as copper and silicon

Discovered

Prediction: Antoine Lavoisier (1787)

First isolation: Hans Christian Ørsted (1825)

Named by Humphry Davy (1807)

Where is it found?

The third most abundant element in the Earth's crust

Found in the form of ore bauxite (aluminum ore)

Australia is the largest producer

How is it harvested?

Mining

B. Chloride
Properties and Characteristic

A yellowy-green dense gas

choking smell.

Discovered

First discovered as Hydrochloric acid by Carl Wilhelm Scheele. (1774)

Then he did further experiment and found out that when they burn Hydrochloric acid they produce yellowish-green gas.

A scientist named Humphry Davy took further investigation and found out that it is not a simple substance but an element itself. (1807)

It is 10 years after his research that scientist accepts chlorine as element.

Where is it found?

found mostly in several salt bed or lakes that are evaporated from ancient times, leaving the mineral behind

How is it harvested?

mining

C. Aluminum Chloride

Uses

used in petroleum refining (a chemical engineering processors that transform crude oil into products such as gasoline)

Used in producing synthetic rubber and polymers

Properties and characteristic

it exists in solid state

when it contacts with water, it become explosive

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Clarinsa and Susannah - Calcium Phosphide

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Clarinsa and Susannah - Calcium Phosphide

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A. Calcium
Properties and Characteristics

In it’s elemental form, calcium is a solid, shiny, silver metal.

Fairly soft and is the lightest of the alkaline earth metals due to its low density

When exposed to air it releases gray oxide. When exposed to water, it creates  hydrogen.

Discovery

1808 by Humphry Davy

Where is it found?

Fifth most abundant element in the Earth

Commonly found in the consituent of leaves, bones, teeth, shells and different rocks and minerals like limestones.

How is it Harvested?

It is never found free in nature since it easily forms compounds by reacting with oxygen and water

Found in calcium minerals and compounds

B. Phosphorous

Properties and Characteristics

Highly reactive mineral

Highly toxic

Two forms:

White waxy transparent solid (sometimes slightly yellow), luminous in oxygen

Dark red powder (can also be violet, scarlet, or black) which is the product of heating the white waxy form

Atomic number 15

Only soluble in carbon disulfide

Discovery

1669 by Hennig Brand

Hamburg, Germany

Where is it found?

Not found in pure elemental form on Earth

Phosphate Minerals

Urine - naturally contains dissolved phosphates

How is it Harvested?

Mining and heating Calcium Phosphate

C. Calcium Phosphate

Properties and Characteristics

Physical Appearance : red-brown crystalline powder or grey lumps

Uses

Chemical used in incendiary bombs

Vermin pesticide - to kill rodents etc

Fireworks, torpedoes, water activated ammunition

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Fluoride
Atomic number: 9
Atomic mass: 18.998403
Melting point: -219.6 °C
Boiling point: -188 °C

Isotopes: 2
Discovered by: Moissan in 1886
It is the lightest halogen and exists as a highly toxic pale yellow diatomic gas at standard conditions. As the most electronegative element, it is extremely reactive: almost all other elements, including some noble gases, form compounds with fluorine

Potassium
K= symbol number
Atomic mass:39.0983
Found at 1702, and proven in 1802 by electrolysis

Characteristics:
Potassium is silvery-white, low melting, metal soft enough to be easily cut with a knife. It tarnishes rapidly in air, forming a dull oxide coating.

Potassium burns with a lilac colored flame. It is extremely reactive, reacting violently with water, for example, to produce hydrogen gas and potassium hydroxide.
eighth most abundant element on earth and comprises about 2.1% of the earth's crust, it is a very reactive element and is never found free in nature.

Uses: plant growth

Potassium Fluoride
In organic chemistry, KF can be used for the conversion of chlorocarbons into fluorocarbons, via the Finkelstein reaction. Such reactions usually employ polar solvents such as dimethyl formamide, ethylene glycol, and dimethyl sulfoxide.
Other sources of the fluoride ion, F−, KF is poisonous, although lethal doses approach gram levels for humans. It is harmful by inhalation and ingestion. It is highly corrosive, and skin contact may cause severe burns.
Uses= generally for synthetical organic chemistry (tin plating and soldering fluxes).

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I. Calcium
Properties and characteristics:
-Atomic number 20 in group 2 and period 4 in the periodic table.
-Its state at 20 degrees Celsius is Solid.
-Silvery-white metallic color.
- Relatively soft metal.
-It has a melting point of 842 degrees Celsius and a boiling point of 1484 degrees Celsius.

When is it Used:
- Life forms for bones and shells.

When discovered:
-1808 by Sir Humphrey Davy.
-From the latin word "calcis".
- Means lime.

Where is it most abundant:
- The Earth's crust but is originally discovered in England.
-4.2% of the Earth's crust is composed of calcium.

How is harvested:
- Metallic calcium nowadays is found by displacing calcium atoms in lime with atoms of aluminum in hot, low pressure containers.

II.
Properties and characteristics: Iodide
- Atomic number 62 in group 17 and period 5 in the periodic table.
-Its state at 20 degrees Celsius is Solid.
-Black, shiny, crystalline solid. When heated, iodine sublimes to form a purple vapor.
- It has a melting point of 113.7 degrees Calsius and boiling point of 184.4 degrees Celsius.

When discovered:
- 1811 by Bernard Courtois in France.
- From the Greek word "iodes".
- Means violet.

When is it used:
- Its single main use is to kill germs and is used in antiseptics.

Where is it most abundant:
-Iodine is a very rare chemical.
- Brines often contain little iodide and 0.3% of chilean nitrate.
-Also can be found in seaweed.
- Element occurs primarily in seawater and in solids form when seawater evaporates.

How is harvested:
-Sea kelp over time absorbs iodine from the seawater and later on, has a higher concentration of iodine than the seawater.
- It is harvested, dried and burned to collect iodine.

Ionic Compound: Calcium Iodide
New characteristics and uses:

-It is now a white solid.
- It now has a melting point of 779 degrees Celsius and a boiling point of 1,100 degrees Celsius.
- At this state, it is considered a hazardous substance and cannot make contact with any part of a human.

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Oxygen
1. Characteristics/Properties:
-highly reactive nonmetallic element
-forms O2 at Standard Temperature and Pressure
-capable of combining with most other elements

2. When discovered:
Joseph Priestley and Carl Wilhelm Scheele both independently discovered oxygen          on 1774

3. Where it is most abundant:
Oxygen is the 3rd most abundant element in the universe, which makes up nearly        21% of the earth's atmosphere

4. How it is harvested:
cryogenic distillation: An air separation plant separates atmospheric air into its              primary components

Rubidium
1. Characteristics/Properties:

Very soft, silvery-white metal

Could ignite the air

Reacts violently with water

2. When it is discovered:
Robert Bunsen and Gustab Kirchhoff discovered rubidium in 1861.

3. Where it is most abundant:

Relatively rare

Most abundant in the Earth's crust

Commonly found in lepidolite as a by-product from extracting lithium

4. How it is harvested:

The main ore of rubidium is lepidolite (contains 1.5% rubidium)

Obtained as a by product of litihium production

Rubidium metal can be produced by reducing rubidium chloride with calcium

Rubidium Oxide (Rb2O)
1. Characteristics/Properties:

highly reactive towards most liquid, including water

Yellowish-white at room temperature

when heated turns bright yellow

Sensitive to light

darkens and decomposes

Non-flammable

2. Uses

Usually people mix rubidium immediately with water, so it becomes rubidium hydroxide (R2HO)

People hardly use it because it is corrosive (can burn the skin when in contact) and there are other compounds to use, such as potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide, which is more safe and perform nearly all the industrial functions of rubidium hydroxide

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POTASSIUM
Properties and Characteristics:

Melting Point  336.53 K
Boiling Point  1032 K
Electronegativity  0.82
Density  856 kg/m³
Conductivity  100 W/mK
Heat  757 J/kgK
Potassium is silvery-white, low melting, metal soft enough to be easily cut with a knife. It tarnishes rapidly in air, forming a dull oxide coating.

Potassium burns with a lilac colored flame. It is extremely reactive, reacting violently with water, for example, to produce hydrogen gas and potassium hydroxide.
uses: vital for plant growth since the plant takes it for protein
When was it discovered: Sir Humphry Davy discovered potassium in 1807
Where is it more abundant: K is the radioisotope with the largest abundance in the body (0.00030%) it is never found in free nature.
Abundance earth's crust: 2.1 % by weight, 1.6 % by moles
Abundance solar system: 4 parts per million by weight, 100 parts per billion by moles
eight most abundant element
OXYGEN
Properties and Characteristics: it is a Chalcogen
State at 273 K Gas
Melting Point 54.8 K
Boiling Point  90.2k
Oxygen is a highly reactive nonmetallic element
When was it discovered:1774
Where is it more abundant:Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe and makes up nearly 21% of the earth's atmosphere.
How is it harvested: Through air separation plants.
There are a number of ways that gases can be harvested, but the most common is known as cryogenic distillation. Gases are only gases because they’re too hot. Air separation plants cool the atmosphere until it turns into liquid air.
POTASSIUM OXIDE
Properties and Characteristics:
Compound Formula K2O
Molecular Weight 94.2
Appearance Crystalline Solid
Melting Point >350 °C (>662 °F) decomp.
Boiling Point N/A
Density N/A
Monoisotopic Mass 94.9302
Exact Mass 94.9302
Charge 1
Uses: The chemical formula K2O (or simply 'K') is used in several industrial contexts: the N-P-K numbers for fertilizers, in cement formulas, and in glassmaking formulas.

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A. BERYLLIUM
1. Properties and Characteristics:
- Uniquely strong and light
- Used to make cell phones, missiles and aircrafts
- Beryllium is known to be highly toxic
- A relatively rare element
- The element is originally known as glucinium, named by the Greeks meaning sweet to reflect its characteristic taste. But chemists later discovered that it is very toxic and therefore should never be tasted.
2. When discovered: In 1978 by Louis Nocolas Vauquelin, who found it in the oxide form in beryl and a green coloured variety of beryl, emerald.
3. Where is it most abundant: United States, China and Kazakhstan.
4. How is it harvested: Extracted from the mineral beryl which is either sintered using an extraction agent or melted into a soluble mixture

B. NITROGEN
- Properties and Characteristics: Colourless and odourless unreactive gas that forms about 78% of the earth's atmosphere.
- When discovered: Discovered in 1772 by Daniel Rutherford.
- Where is it most abundant: Common element found in the universe, estimated at about seventh in total abundance in Milky Way and Solar System.
- How is it harvested: Obtained from liquefied air through a process known as fractional distillation.

C. BERYLLIUM NITRIDE
1. Properties and Characteristics:
- Appears as yellow or white powder
- Hazardous
- Prepared by heating beryllium metal powder with dry nitrogen in an oxygen-free atmosphere in temperatures between 700 and 1400 degree Celsius

-  Beryllium nitride reacts with mineral acidic producing ammonia
2. Uses: Refractory ceramics, nuclear reactors, and radioactive carbon-14 for tracer applications.

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2 Original Elements:
Aluminium
1. Properties & Characteristics

Light, low density 2700 kg/m3, high strength

second most widely known metal in the world

Strength between 70 - 700 MPa

Super maleable

2. When was it discovered?

1825

3.  Where is it most abundant?

Most abundant in the earth's crust, never found free in nature

4. How it's harvested:

The core, bauxite, is purified to yield a white powder called aluminium oxide

Aluminium is extracted from it

Done by electrolysis

Fluorine:
1. Characteristics:

most reactive and the most electronegative of all the elements.

pale yellow, diatomic, highly corrosive, flammable gas, with a pungent odor. It is the lightest halogen.

It reacts violently with water to produce oxygen and the extremely corrosive hydrofluoric acid.

2. Discovered: 1886
3. Abundance:

Fluorine occurs naturally in the earth's crust where it can be found in rocks, coal and clay. Fluorides are released into the air in wind-blown soil. Fluorine is the 13th most abundant element in the Earth's crust: 950 ppm are contained in it.

4. Harvested:

Mined

Ionic Compound:
1. Properties & Characteristics

appearance: white, crystalline solid

odourless

2. Uses

Used by aluminium producers

to lower melting point of electrolytes in smelting process

increases production efficiency

Used as flux ingredient for removal of magnesium in refining aluminium scrap