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Comparto dos temas musicales que considero pueden ser estimulantes para acompañar algunas imágenes disparadoras en la clase.

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Este libro "Relaciones Internacionales en tiempo de Pandemia" compilado por Annabella Busso recoge varios artículos de una diversidad de autores/as que abordan la política internacional actual enfocados en el Estado como actor central y resulta úti para relacionar con la unidad dos sobre paradigma estatocéntrico.

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Este otro video nos permite ampliar algunos conceptos del feminismo que se dan por entendidos en muchos textos sobre perspectiva feminista en Relaciones Intenacionales de la unidad 5 que entran de lleno en el aspecto teórico y los estudios de caso.

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¿QUIÉN DIJO FEMINISMO? | Gretel Eunice Castorena Escalera | TEDxUniversidadMichoacana

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Este video puede ser un excelente disparador para abordar una cuestión que se ha visibilizado y recrudecido setimientos xenófobos con la pandemia como son las migraciones e interpelarnos acerca del concepto de fronteras.. que es una cuestión puntual que aparece abordada en el punto 5.

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¿Funcionan las vallas para detener la inmigración? | Dani Villanueva | TEDxVitoriaGasteiz

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Estas son algunas imágenes que pueden servirme de disparadores para abordar la política internacional en cuestiones alternas como feminismo en la unidad 5, tecnología digital y ciudades digitales que pueden relacionarse con el paradigma globalista de la unidad 3.

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Este artículo "Gendering Foreign Policy: A comparative Framework For Analysis" propone un marco de referencia para abordar desde una mirada de género la política exterior. Aunque el artículo está en inglés  a cargo de Karin Aggestam y Jacqui True es un buen ejercicio y nos permite ampliar el alcance de la unidad 5 en el punto 2 referido a la perspectiva feminista en Relaciones Internacionales.

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Abstract

This article seeks to explain the rise of pro-gender norms and feminist strategies in foreign policy, which are increasingly salient in global politics. How can this trend be theorized? In what ways is this development resisted and contested by other states and international actors? To what extent can we trace continuity and change in regard to gender and foreign policy? To address these major research questions and to spur cross-national comparative studies, this article advances a theoretical framework on gendering foreign policy. It draws on two strands of research, which rarely engage with one another: international feminist theory (IFT) and foreign policy analysis (FPA). We identify three ways in which comparative analysis of gender in foreign policy can be advanced: first, by highlighting the variations of pro-gender norms and enhancing the analytical assessment of cross-national trends; second, by generating a more robust explanation of the rise, embeddedness, and continuity of, as well as resistance to, pro-gender norms in foreign policy in similar and diverse contexts; and third, by examining both continuity and change in pro-gender norms in order to reveal the contestation around gender, which is at the heart of foreign policy.

Introduction

How are we to explain this rise of these "pro-gender equality" norms and focus on women's empowerment in foreign policy? In what ways is this development resisted and contested by states and international actors? In this article, we define "pro-gender equality norms" (shortened to "pro-gender norms") as the inclusion of one or more of the four following types of commitments in foreign policy: first, the explicit practice of "gender mainstreaming" as a policy approach to advance gender equality and women's rights as key issues within and across foreign security and defense, economic development, trade, aid, and humanitarian policies and at all levels of foreign policy-making; second, international development assistance that substantially targets (usually as a defined proportion of total aid) gender inequality and seeks to transform gender relations; third, a focus on women's security and human rights as indicators of state stability and international security as evidenced by commitment to the UN WPS agenda and the adoption of WPS National Action Plans (NAPs); and fourth, other concrete foreign policy gender equality institutional or legislative mechanisms, such as establishing global ambassadors for women and girls' empowerment or explicit commitments to promoting women's leadership within the foreign policy portfolio to achieve greater gender equality (see Goldsmith 2016).

One overarching question that this article seeks to explain is how far pro-gender norms have become embedded in foreign policy domains, such as development and humanitarian policy versus security and defense domains? To what extent can we trace continuity and change in foreign policies with respect to pro-gender norms? Given the increasingly explicit statements of feminist or pro-gender foreign policies, what difference does a gendered approach to foreign policy make compared with traditional approaches to conventional foreign policy?

The research puzzle raised in this article is set against the wider global context of liberal internationalism and the challenges to the rules-based order. For instance, UN Security Council resolution 1325 was adopted in 2000 at the peak of the liberal peacebuilding era, which was characterized by widespread optimism for exporting liberal ideas of human progress, development, and liberal democracy around the world and to the Global South. This was also a response to the growing number of internal and destructive conflicts in the 1990s. With devastating ethnic cleansing and genocide taking place in Western Balkans, Rwanda, and other regions, there were increasing public calls for the international community to take on a more proactive strategy and intervention in contemporary conflicts (e.g., Kaldor 2012; Chinkin 2019). Yet, the framing of this specific peacebuilding paradigm has largely built on what is perceived in the Global North as consensual knowledge, impartial expertise, and technocracy ( McGinty 2012). Although there are a growing number of UN-sponsored peace processes today that address and integrate gender and women rights as part of the negotiations ( Aggestam 2019; True and Riveros-Morales 2019), the actual implementation of gender clauses in peace agreements is still one of the major hurdles. Since 2016, there has actually been a decline in all areas of establishing gender-sensitive peace processes, including the participation of women and the use of gender technical advisors.

As part of that endeavor, we advance here an analytical framework on gendering foreign policy by drawing upon two strands of research, which rarely engage with one another-namely international feminist theory (IFT) and foreign policy analysis (FPA). We argue that there are a number of key intersections between the fields, which can serve to constructively bridge the divide, thereby generating new theoretical and empirical knowledge on gender and foreign policy of mutual benefit to both feminist theory, gender studies, and foreign policy analysis. There are also synergies and complementarities. For instance, feminist scholarship provides an overarching critical theoretical gaze and conceptual clarity on gender, patriarchy, power configurations, and feminist norms and principles, while FPA helps to advance multilevel and comparative approaches to systematically analyze and explain foreign policy decision-making processes and outcomes.

The article is structured in the following way. In the first part, we explore the potential for opening up a dialogue between the fields of IFT and FPA. We elaborate in what ways they constructively can engage and inform one another. Strengths and weaknesses are identified, as well as key intersections for bridging the two fields. In the second part, we advance a theoretical framework and operationalize some key concepts central for analyzing gender and foreign policy. Drawing on the empirical results from the five country case analyses (Australia, Canada, Norway, South Africa, and Sweden) included in this special issue, we elaborate how cross-national comparative studies can be enhanced to discern regional and global patterns and trends, as well as to generate policy-relevant theoretical premises. The last part identifies three ways to conduct cross-national comparison on gendering foreign policy and how to trace continuity and change.

Bridging the Divide Between IFT and FPA

Obviously, international feminist theory and foreign policy analysis are highly relevant fields of research to the study of gender in foreign policy and offer many rich theoretical and empirical entry points. Yet, there are few scholars (e.g., Hudson and Leidl 2015) until now who have pursued the task of combining these two strands of research. We argue that synthesizing them can provide opportunities to advance theory and explore new lines of empirical inquiry. We also believe that by this cross-fertilization new novel insights can be generated on the agency-structure debate in international relations (IR). In the section below, we first probe the strengths and weaknesses of these bodies of theory in explaining and understanding the dynamics of gender and foreign policy. Note that we make no claim to present a complete state-of-the-art of either field. Instead, we identify synergies and intersections, which can be used to expand and advance the theoretical framework, which is presented in the next section.

International Feminist Theory

Another reason may be a reluctance to engage and analyze accounts from within by diplomats and foreign policy leaders. Token women are often portrayed as operating and adjusting to masculine norms and scripts and co-opted by male power structures, which tend to dominate the foreign policy domain. As feminist scholars of international relations have long observed, "adding women and stirring" does not transform policy outcomes ( Peterson 1992). Instead, more emphasis has been placed by feminist scholars on "external" push factors, such as international norms, transnational networks, and restraining patriarchal power structures. Yet, we argue that the time is ripe to advance a more sophisticated gendered notion of agency in foreign policy leadership. Moreover, as this article is concerned with change and continuity in foreign policy, we believe that such an approach can generate more nuanced understandings and explanations of the rise of pro-gender norms in foreign policy.

Comparative feminist studies are also highly relevant to theorizing change and continuity in foreign policy ( McBride Stetson and Mazur 1995; McBride Stetson 2001; Outshoorn 2009). They explore the range of factors affecting the ways in which gender norms and gender-sensitive policies are diffused within and across state institutions. Htun and Weldon (2018) ask when and why do governments promote women's rights? By analyzing seventy countries across three decades, 1975-2005, they are able to show how different logics of politics operate in different policy domains: on violence against women and workplace equality policy, norms are influential because of a logic of (international) status hierarchy among states, whereas on policies regarding family law, abortion, and contraception, a logic of doctrinal politics at the domestic level dominates, given the influence of religious institutional actors.

Foreign Policy Analysis

While there are major epistemological differences between IFT and FPA, there are also a number of overlapping areas and intersections-for example, the centrality of linking the domestic to the international, addressing the interplay between agency and structure, and an openness to pursuing interdisciplinary studies and multilevel theory as well as empirical analysis. FPA has, in many ways, strived and developed in the shadow of IR. Whereas IR for a long time dominated the discipline with its reliance primarily on structural theoretical explanations, FPA has, since its establishment as a research field, centered more on foreign policy decision-making-the complexities of international politics that practitioners and decision makers are confronted with. As such, FPA has sought to open up the black box of decision-making by pursuing actor-oriented and multilevel theories of foreign policy processes, resulting in complex multifactorial analyses on a broad range of issues ( Rosenau 1974; George 1993; Hill 2015; Smith et al. 2016).

Although FPA traditionally puts a strong emphasis on behavioralism, a broad range of theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches have been advanced-for example, to highlight how psychological, individual, organizational, and bureaucratic processes impact foreign policy outcomes ( Allison 1971; Brecher 1972; Gross Stein and Pauly 1992; Hudson 2014). Ole Holsti's pathbreaking research in the 1970s on national role conceptions, societal characteristics, and their influence on policy making, state agency, and foreign policy outcomes has been instrumental in advancing the field.

A Comparative Framework for the Study of Gender and Foreign Policy

Departing from the points of intersection between IFT and FPA, we advance in this section a comparative theoretical framework on gendering foreign policy for empirical analyses. We clarify some of the metatheoretical assumptions, which the framework builds on. We then elaborate on some of the key concepts of the framework and their operationalizations for empirical analysis. Finally, we focus on the comparative and methodological application of the framework.

Foreign policy is notoriously difficult to define and often lacks precision and a common definition. However, we find Walter Carlsnaes' (2002, 335) emphasis on the purposive nature of foreign policy useful because it focuses on foreign policy that is expressed in the form of explicitly stated goals, commitments, and directives. As such, foreign policy is seen more as actor-oriented practice than simply a structured response or adaption to external factors.

As mentioned above, one of the big debates in the field of FPA relates to agency and structure ( Giddens 1979; Carlsnaes 1992), which focuses on the dualism between them. In this article, we view human agents and structures as fundamentally interrelated and mutually constituted. But again, few if any of the contributions to this debate explicitly problematize gendered structures, hierarchies, and political actors in foreign policy. Hence, one of our ambitions is to make a novel contribution to this debate by highlighting how patriarchy functions as a structuring and ordering principle of international society. As such, we want to highlight how patriarchal structures constrain feminist or pro-gender equality actions. At the same time, we seek to identify specific enabling structures that can create "window of opportunities" in the diffusion and institutionalization of pro-gender norms in foreign policy. To capture the gendered mutual constitution of agent and structure, we think it is useful to think of the interaction between agent and structure as gendered multilevel games (inspired by the work of Harding [2004] on structuration and standpoint theory, as well as Putnam [1988] on two-level games). Foreign policy actors must negotiate a complex international social world of gender symbolism and gendered practices, which affect how states and individuals present themselves and are perceived and the modes of communication and interaction among them. It thereby sensitizes our empirical analysis to the material lived experiences of people, where gender intersects and often reinforces other social categories of inequality and identity, such as race/ethnicity, sexuality, class, nationality status, and so forth, within, across, and between states.

Gender

To study continuity and change of pro-gender norms in foreign policy requires some delimitation of the scope for empirical analysis. We suggest three ways in which gendering foreign policy can be studied. First, as one of the five pillars of resolution 1325 centers on participation, descriptive and substantive representation are central. Gender representation and inclusion feature large in contemporary policy discourses, as well as in feminist political theory and activism. Gender representation is also central in the growing number of studies on diplomacy that map and analyze gendered practices of diplomats ( Towns and Niklasson 2017; Aggestam and Svensson 2018; Aggestam and Towns 2018; Cassidy 2018). The analysis should also be attentive to the reproduction of intersectional relations of class, ethnicity, and sexuality inter alia. Second, gender mainstreaming is embedded in international liberalism and has been widely adopted in the last two decades by international institutions. As such, this context has provided a window of opportunity (ripe conditions) to promote gender equality and women's rights. In this regard, it is relevant to assess to what extent gender mainstreaming has influenced the foreign policy of specific countries. Third, as gender mainstreaming tends to favor depoliticized and technocratic approaches and outcomes, it is also important that the analysis is assessed according to some feminist transformative principles. This will enable a critical scrutiny of gendered relations, which will illuminate contentious politics and patriarchal power practices, as well as the extent to which a specific country is advancing toward a more explicit feminist transformative foreign policy.

Women, Norm Entrepreneurs, and Leadership

Leadership is another contested concept where some emphasize the role played by individual actors. Others argue that it is the structural contexts that enable and constrain leadership. As such, studies on leadership put different emphases on the position, the individual, the process, and the strategy chosen. Obviously, leadership is a relational activity, and the leader-follower nexus is, therefore, central to the analysis ( Aggestam and Johansson 2017). But, yet again, there are very few studies that directly analyze the foreign policy leadership of women and men as gendered beings. For instance, we know that women leaders often seek to be more masculine and aggressive in foreign policy actions to overcome the perception of feminine weakness ( Genovese 1993). However, men leaders may also wield their masculine gender identities, whether consciously or subconsciously and with positive and negative outcomes for foreign policy.

Guided by the theoretical framework, we are interested in highlighting women's political agency, leadership, and statecraft but also the use of femininity and masculinity in foreign policy. This highlights how women and men perform and behave in gendered ways, deploying gender images, language, tropes, and actions and how gendered structures pertaining to institutions and states influence and shape foreign policy processes and decisions. But we also want to probe and unpack how the rise of women's leadership of pro-gender equality and feminist foreign policies can help us understand the relationship between agency and structure and, vice versa, how agency and structure help us explain and interpret women's leadership in foreign policy, its limits, and its possibilities? Furthermore, we seek to explore whether there is a shift in going from women's political participation to meaningful women's participation with influence and leadership where women are the decision-makers who lead a new vision for foreign policy and take action on it. There is increasing evidence that the rise of women in public life, in particular as political representatives, results in more gender-inclusive policies in government agendas and greater public service responsiveness to the concerns of female citizens ( Iyer et al. 2011; Bashevkin 2014).

Different collective leadership styles can impact the adoption of pro-gender equality and/or feminist strategies. We therefore propose the following categories of leadership, which can be applied for empirical analysis: (a) status quo-oriented, (b) gender-sensitive and inclusive, and (c) transformative by deliberately confronting gendered power structures. Yet, one central conundrum is: to what extent do individual leaders matter in the adoption of pro-gender equality and feminist foreign policy? Without a doubt, the promotion of pro-gender norms in foreign policy is strongly attached to the roles of key political figures and foreign ministers, such as Hilary Clinton, Margot Wallström, Julie Bishop, Justin Trudeau, and William Hague ( Bashevkin 2014). In this regard, the concept of norm entrepreneur in foreign policy can be useful ( Nadelmann 1990). A norm entrepreneur can be understood as a political actor who actively and consciously seeks to promote foreign policy change by integrating pro-gender equality norms ( Davies and True 2017). Of interest is also what specific foreign policy roles norm entrepreneurs are pursuing. Theories of international norm diffusion most often assume that nonstate actors are the entrepreneurial agents persuading powerful states to change their behavior. By contrast, we argue that state agents can (also) be principled norm entrepreneurs. We explicate the foreign policy acts that make them significant agents of international socialization. Unlike nonstate actors, who set the agenda by advocating for new norms, foreign policy decision-makers can take advantage of their positionality and their relative power to advance the recognition of certain underimplemented norms by redefining the "national interest," what is included in it, and what is meant by it. Hence, the gender identity and positionality of the entrepreneur or foreign policy actor matters ( Davies and True 2017). That identity may also facilitate the diffusion of the norm, particularly when it is juxtaposed to the content of the normative or policy change and when the change being sought challenges conventional foreign policy action. For example, male foreign policy leaders may be unlikely messengers of pro-gender norms leading to quite successful agendas of international socialization ( Davies and True 2017).

Practice and Foreign Policy Orientation

We also argue that it is important to identify key representations and discursive structures that legitimize foreign policies. Hence, the empirical analysis should explore whether some ideas are targeting some specific spheres and whether some domains of foreign policy, such as international aid and humanitarian policy, are more responsive to pro-gender norm diffusion than others, such as national security or international trade policy, and why this is the case? Moreover, how is resistance against such norm promotion articulated and mobilized? Are there linkages or disconnection between various foreign policy spheres, such as trade, economic policy, security, peace diplomacy, and humanitarian affairs?

It is also relevant to analyze and identify how pro-gender norms are anchored and formulated into more specific foreign policy strategies. Practices may, for instance, be expressed in coalition building with both domestic and international actors and other states; for instance, the coalition "friends of WPS" at the UN Security Council expresses such foreign policy coordination, as do the "champions" of the UK's Preventing Sexual Violence Initiative. Furthermore, in what contexts and under what conditions are pro-gender equality practices identified and launched as an important foreign policy change? Conversely, what strategies are other actors using to resist and/or contest such foreign policy change?

Finally, state feminism focuses on changing state structures by institutionalizing women's state machinery, feminist social movements, and women's rights and empowerment ( Hernes 1987). We therefore argue that states need to be taken seriously but not by privileging state actors as the main or only unit of our theoretical and empirical analysis. Instead, we challenge the domestic-international divide in foreign policy by recognizing that the state itself consists of multiple actors and is a site of diverse domestic and international structures, processes, and actors. As such, foreign policy diplomacy increasingly involves harnessing the power of global networks that cut across traditional sovereignties to address common and often intractable challenges as much as managing interstate relations.

Norm Diffusion and Transnational Networks

Networks, like norms, can also be viewed as works "in progress." They are most important in the phase after the introduction of a new norm, when the norm in question attains a level of international acceptance. At this stage, networks often become less informal and ad hoc and more professionalized and engaged with governments and intergovernmental institutions. They are distinct from the concept of norm entrepreneur-which is usually understood as an individual leader or single group, rather than a loosely connected set of individuals and groups that actively shapes a norm in progress-which unconsciously reflects the network's own changing formation ( Nadelmann 1990).

Power

Advancing Comparative Analysis

Our comparative framework guides empirical studies to analyze the degree of embeddedness of pro-gender norms in foreign policy in similar and diverse national contexts, as well as in different foreign policy domains, such as security and defense versus development and humanitarian domains. It is not surprising that the five cases (Australia, Canada, Norway, South Africa, and Sweden) featured in this special issue are all, in effect, middle powers in the international system. Though one could argue that some great powers (for example, the United Kingdom and the United States as penholders on WPS in the United Nations Security Council) have also adopted aspects of pro-gender norms in their foreign policies, it is significant that it is the states aspiring to be "middle powers" that have most consistently and explicitly prioritized pro-gender foreign policies. Our case selection reflects this intersection between middle power status in the international realm and the adoption of pro-gender foreign policies as tools of "soft power." As the authors in this issue show, all states-albeit in distinct ways-have promoted their own self-interest and quest for greater global influence through pro-gender foreign policies. For example, Skjelsbaek and Tryggestad (this issue) discuss how Norway has used its foreign policy investment in WPS to gain political access and influence with the United States. Similarly, Haastrup (this issue) highlights in her article, how South Africa has been able to elevate its regional power status and its credibility on the UN Security Council precisely through its promotion of women's mediators in African conflicts. Thus, various states from the Global North and Global South have seized the opportunity of pro-gender international norms to advance a range of foreign policy goals and their middle power status.

We can compare state foreign policies in terms of how centrally gender is articulated within a state's foreign policy orientation and practice. In this issue, we have two cases that have critically labeled their foreign policy "feminist" (Sweden, Canada) and, at least in the Swedish case analyzed by Bergmann-Rosamond (this issue), have developed a framework for promoting cosmopolitan feminist principles across foreign policy domains and two cases that have adopted strategies for mainstreaming gender across foreign policies but without the explicit feminist branding. Lee-Koo's article (this issue) argues, for instance, that Australia has consistently promoted pro-gender norms in foreign aid, humanitarian, and security policy "by stealth," avoiding the open contestation in domestic politics that would be required to credibly promote a feminist foreign policy in the international realm. Norway, by contrast with Sweden, has effectively promoted gender-inclusion in its support of peace processes, without broaching the question of feminism. Norway's foreign policy aims to generate international consensus where feminism may be seen as too provocative and undermining rather than advancing peacemaking, despite the domestic consensus on state feminism.

We can also analyze how transformative the focus on gender in foreign policy is. For example, in the Swedish case, the impetus is to transform patriarchal structures of gender inequality especially in conflict-affected countries; whereas in Canada, the adoption of a feminist international assistance policy, Parisi (this issue) argues, is informed by instrumentalized assumptions of women as agents of economic development and growth in the Global South with little attention to men or masculinities and how they might enable and/or constrain processes of development and change. Gender equality norms that highlight the socially constructed nature of masculinity and femininity are highly contested internationally. Some states reinforce essentialist understandings of gender, while others seek to challenge both the gender hierarchy between men and women and the binary conception of gender identity. For instance, as Haastrup argues, South Africa has consistently promoted the visible representation of women in foreign policy decision-making forums since the 1990s, but rarely has it addressed substantive issues of gender justice in foreign policy.

The articles in the special issue reveal the significance of leadership in the promotion of pro-gender foreign policy. We posit that we are unlikely to see foreign policy change driven by pro-gender norms without significant women's or male feminist leadership. As Bashevkin (2018) shows in her analysis of successive US administrations, not all women secretaries of state have supported pro-gender norms. In this issue, all cases of pro-gender equality foreign policy consist of some degree of individual leadership-if not the political leader or minister in the foreign policy portfolio. The agency of leaders such as Margot Wallström in Sweden, Julie Bishop in Australia, Gro-Harlem Brundtland historically in Norway, Nkozasana Dlamini-Zuma in South Africa, and Justin Trudeau/Chrystia Freeland in Canada has been critical in seizing the opportunity for pro-gender foreign policies. These leaders have all sought to mark themselves out in the political and international realm through their advocacy of pro-gender-equality or feminist foreign policy. Their leadership styles, however, can be compared both in terms of their projection of masculine and feminine power and their foreign policy approach. Some leaders (e.g., Dlamini-Zuma in South Africa) have prioritized gender-inclusion in foreign policy by advocating for diverse actors to be involved in foreign policy, while other leaders have sought to make foreign policies more "gender-sensitive," mainstreaming gender analysis into foreign aid spending and development programs (e.g., Bishop in Australia, Freeland in Canada). In a more far-reaching way, other leaders, such as Margot Wallström in Sweden, have aspired to transform the unequal, gendered structures of international politics through foreign policy. There are obvious strengths and weaknesses in the extent to which pro-gender foreign policy can be advanced through the leadership of individuals. If feminist or pro-gender foreign policies are too closely linked to the particular personalities and legacies of leaders, then they may not be sustained following a change in government or minister or adequately institutionalized within the bureaucratic structures of the foreign policy machinery. At the same time, charismatic foreign policy leaders may be able to generate a wide followership for pro-gender foreign policies that can promote both their domestic embeddedness and international influence.

In the cases of Sweden, Norway, and Canada, the advancement of pro-gender norms in foreign policy practice corresponds with their long-held self-images as "good" and/or "women-friendly" states. Gender equality has been widely institutionalized and domestically embedded in the state feminism practiced by Sweden and Norway. As such, their foreign policy role conception reflects the states' bureaucratic capacities to practically implement pro-gender norms in foreign policy. For instance, Bergman-Rosamond shows in her analysis of Sweden how the launching of a feminist foreign policy emerged from the long-held humanistic idea of "gender cosmopolitanism." Likewise, Norway has invested considerable resources over the last decade to become a "superpower" in peacemaking. Increasing professionalization of diplomats and institutionalization of pro-gender norms has made possible the advancement of gender-inclusive peace processes. In the case of Canada, Parisi shows in her analysis how the country under Trudeau's leadership has been "rebranding" itself through its practices of feminist international development assistance, which are part of broader efforts to project an image of Canada as a compassionate and generous member of the global community.

It is striking that in all the cases in this special issue, the global diffusion of pro-gender norms has been perceived as a "window of opportunity" for foreign policy change. Without a doubt, the adoption of UNCR 1325 in 2000 and the global mobilization around the WPS agenda have provided an incentive structure for states to advance pro-gender norms. Moreover, transnational networks and "women-friendly" coalition building among states have been visible in various international fora as a way to advance pro-gender norms. At the same time, norm diffusion requires both contestation and consensus-building. In this regard, Sweden and Canada stand out as driving forces in expanding the space for a "feminist" framing of foreign policy. Their public commitments have been met with praise, contestation, and resistance. In contrast, Australia and Norway have opted for consensus-building strategies and gender mainstreaming.

In the cases featured in this issue, we can observe a selective approach to the advancement of pro-gender foreign policy outcomes. The favored areas for integrating these norms have corresponded chiefly to the WPS agenda, such as promoting women's participation in peace processes and peacekeeping, supporting women's economic empowerment, and preventing and combatting gendered violence. As Haastrup reveals in her analysis of South Africa, the country's projection of pro-gender norms abroad has been a way of silencing critiques of the pervasiveness of gendered violence at home. Canada also provides an illustration of selective promotion of feminism in its international development assistance while its NATO member military expenditures are on the rise. Likewise, rhetorically, Sweden is committed to a comprehensive feminist foreign policy in all its areas, and yet, pragmatism, compromises, and trade-offs between the diplomacy and defense foreign policy domains are constantly made. It is apparent in all the cases in this issue that the advancement of pro-gender norms is framed as both "smart politics" and "smart economics" in the national interest and as integral to the liberal rule-based order and its reinforcement. Given that the multilateral world order is today being progressively undermined by an increasing number of states, we expect that the incentive structures and windows of opportunity for the advancement of pro-gender norms could easily shift.

The cross-national comparison in this issue indicates the progress that has been made in a number of countries toward pro-gender and/or feminist foreign policy. Yet, a major question is how transformative and resilient this foreign policy change is? The rise of illiberal democracies, right-wing populism, and authoritarian leaders around the world has brought with it the striking remasculinization of contemporary global politics. The attack, in particular, on women's reproductive rights and bodily autonomy suggests the possibility for significant regression in pro-gender foreign policy outcomes. Hence, in critically assessing continuity and change in pro-gender norms in foreign policy, we need to pay particular attention to the presence and dynamics of gendered multilevel games. Analyzing three interrelated and mutually constituted conditions of agency (transformative leadership), practice (degree of institutionalization), and structure (favoring conditions) enables us to explain change and continuity in foreign policy with greater precision. This special issue shows how political leaders in many cases act as critical agents for foreign policy change. At the same time, leadership rotation, as in the case of the former foreign ministers Julie Bishop and Margot Wallström, raises questions regarding the continuity of pro-gender foreign policy. If these norms and practices are not consolidated within the foreign policy bureaucracy and wider national role conception, it is most likely that pro-gender norms may rescind in significance. Yet, Norway provides a contrasting example where the integration of pro-gender norms has been "depersonalized" and less reliant on leadership. Instead, greater attention has been given to processes of institutionalization and professionalization of gender-sensitive foreign policy practices. As such, the continuity depends to a large extent on the degree of embeddedness of pro-gender norms in foreign policy practices and bureaucratic structures. As Parisi illustrates in the case of Canada, during the reign of the right-wing government of Harper, "femocrats" were able to continue their work on gender equality despite shifting government priorities.

Yet, there exist global incentive structures that provide agents and enable practices with an overarching rationale for pursuing pro-gender norms in foreign policy. As noted in all of the case analyses, the prospect of short-term gains of economic growth, security, and sustainable peace have been used as persuasive arguments for pro-gender foreign policy change. But what happens when a shifting international environment makes it increasingly difficult to pursue soft power arguments, tools, and practices? Patriarchal structures are deeply entrenched in states and global politics and take time to transform. The feminist "pragmatist" approach to smart economics and politics may be limited and vulnerable when, for instance, confronted with the rise of hypermasculine leaders. If the present rule-based liberal order is further eroded, there is a greater risk of gender backlash against transformative foreign policy and regression to traditional foreign policy. Hence, contestation through antagonistic discourses and nonimplementation as a way of resisting pro-gender norms may characterize global politics in the future (cf. True and Wiener 2019).

Conclusion

Over the last decade, a growing number of countries have adopted pro-gender norms as part of their foreign policies. Hence, we argue that the time is ripe to explore and explain this development. As theoretical and empirical knowledge is still scarce, we propose as a first step to compare cases of pro-gender equality state foreign policy. In this article, we have therefore advanced a theoretical framework gendering foreign policy as a way of spurring scholarship in the field and encouraging more systematic studies. The framework harnesses feminist international theory and foreign policy analysis to generate new conceptualizations. To facilitate explanation, it synthesizes the broader international relations scholarship on leadership and norm entrepreneurship, transnational networks, foreign policy orientation and state identity, and different conceptions and projections of power. In seeking to develop a new field of gender and comparative foreign policy, we argue that continuity and change is crucial to focus on given that gender equality and women's rights norms are among the most contested political phenomena globally. We do not expect there to be a linear, progressive trajectory wherein more and more states adopt pro-gender equality or feminist strategies in foreign policy. Rather, the theoretical framework here can be equally used to examine advances and setbacks or challenges to pro-gender norms in foreign policy. Above all, the approach we propose, which identifies and explains pro-gender norms, should transform the way foreign policymaking and foreign policy leadership have been studied in, to date, a largely "gender blind" field ( Hudson 2005).

Karin Aggestam is a professor of political science and holds the Samuel Pufendorf Endowed Chair (Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg Foundations). She is also honorary professor at the University of Queensland and an adjunct professor at Monash University, Australia. Her research interests are focused on peace diplomacy, gender, conflict analysis, foreign policy, negotiation/mediation, and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Some of her most recent publications include Gendering Diplomacy and International Negotiations (2018, Palgrave) with Ann Towns, "Feminist Foreign Policy 3.0. Advancing Ethics and Gender Equality in Global Politics" (2019, The SAIS Review of International Affairs) with Annika Bergman-Rosamond and "The Gender Turn in Diplomacy" (2019, International Feminist Journal of Politics) with Ann Towns.

Jacqui True, FASSA, is a professor of politics and international relations and director of Monash University's Centre for Gender, Peace and Security. She is a global fellow of the Peace Research Institute (PRIO), Oslo, and a global visiting chair at the University of Bath, as well as an honorary doctor at Lund University. Her research interests are focused on gender and international relations; the women, peace, and security agenda; feminist methodologies; and feminist political economy. She is the author of The Political Economy of Violence against Women, (Oxford, 2012) and coeditor of The Oxford Handbook of Women, Peace and Security with Sara E Davies and of Scandalous Economics: Gender and the Politics of Financial Crisis (Oxford, 2016) with Aida A. Hozic.

References

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Gendering Foreign Policy: A Comparative Framework for Analysis

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This article seeks to explain the rise of pro-gender norms and feminist strategies in foreign policy, which are increasingly salient in global politics. How can this trend be theorized? In what ways is this development resisted and contested by other states and international actors?

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Este libro de la Secretaría de Energía República Argentina. Conceptos sobre Hidrocarburos forma parte de la información facilitada a los alumnos para conocer la nomenclatura, propiedades físicas y usos de hidrocarburos presentes en el petróleo crudo.

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Este libro de José Luis Córdova Frunz. La Química y la cocina, contiene información que utilizo en las Actividades de Aminoácidos, proteínas, grasas y aceites, jabones y detergentes.

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Comparto música para utilizar en tutoriales referidos a como escribir compuestos orgánicos con molView.

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Comparto también  un video del Profesor Juan Antonio Llorens Molina sobre la síntesis de Nylon 10-6. Lo utilizo para trabajar la Unidad de Polímeros sintéticos.

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Comparto un video del Profesor Ernesto Brunet Romero denominado “La molécula más pequeña” La utilzo para la Unidad Hidrocarburos en Química Orgánica

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El Metano: la molécula orgánica más pequeña

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Este video nos muestra los tiempos  operatorios de las distintas técnicas adhesivas, útil para aplicar en la Unidad de ADHESIÓN

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EN 5 MINUTOS. Repaso de adhesión a Esmalte y Dentina📖

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El siguiente nos grafica técnicas para implementar en la técnica adhesiva para evitar fracasos y mejorarla. Este video es útil para repasar la Unidad de ADHESiÓN

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✅MEJORAR LA ADHESIÓN DENTAL-uso de CLORHEXIDINA o Hipoclorito de Sodio. Actualidad DENTAL

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Comparto un tema enérgico para empezar el desarrollo de una larga unidad como es la de ADHESIÓN y otro tema donde se oye de fondo el violín para que la calma que transmite este instrumente nos permita centrar la atención.

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Imagenes de Técnicas de adhesión que se utiliza para restaurar elementos dentarios utilizada en la unidad de ADHESION

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Mis imágenes, que tomé del sitio freejpg.com.ar

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Mis imágenes, que tomé del sitio freejpg.com.ar

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https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Kpf7WVfMI322XcG9Wyy8KSHTAOmQKu4V?usp=sharing

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Este Artículo informa sobre la importancia de la evolución de los sistemas adhesivos en la Odontología de minima invasión.
Sistemas adhesivos en Odontología Restauradora
Mandri María Natalia*, Aguirre Grabre de Prieto Alicia**, Zamudio María Eugenia ***

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*Facultad de Odontología. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Corrientes, Argentina.
**Profesora Titular. Cátedra Preclínica de Operatoria Dental. Facultad de Odontología. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Corrientes, Argentina.
*** Profesora Titular. Cátedra Biomateriales. Facultad de Odontología. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Corrientes, Argentina.

Fecha de recibido: 08.10.14 - Fecha de aceptado: 24.06.15

Actualmente el progreso de los biomateriales está enfocado hacia el mejoramiento de sus componentes, el funcionamiento del material y la simplificación de las técnicas en los procedimientos clínicos, con el propósito de alcanzar mejores resultados en menor tiempo Para lograr adhesión a estructuras dentarias, se pueden utilizar sistemas adhesivos con un grabado ácido de las estructuras dentarias, o actuando ellos mismos como agentes acondicionantes y adhesivos, como por ejemplo los adhesivos autograbantes La técnica de grabado total o grabado-lavado ha sido utilizada durante décadas, con excelentes y comprobados resultados clínicos en esmalte. Sin embargo, en dentina los resultados son más variables Los sistemas adhesivos son un grupo de biomateriales que constituyen uno de los puntos críticos dentro de los protocolos clínicos de restauraciones estéticas Posiblemente el primer objetivo se ha cumplido con mayor eficacia dado que la retención de las restauraciones adhesivas se produce a expensas de la traba micromecánica y química creada durante la fase de acondicionamiento de los tejidos, y no a expensas de tejido dentario sano Van Landuyt y col. Los sistemas adhesivos han evolucionado no solo en su composición y en sus mecanismos de acción sobre los tejidos dentarios, sino también desde el punto de vista de sus componentes y en el número de pasos clínicos necesarios para su aplicación. Esto último permite lograr una menor sensibilidad de la técnica y un funcionamiento equivalente en esmalte y dentina. - Por otro lado al imprimador se le han unido monómeros con grupos ácidos capaces de ejercer la acción del agente de grabado ácido y de esta forma acondicionar el tejido dentario para la adhesión. Estos sistemas tienen la ventaja de que se elimina la fase lavado y la superficie de dentina queda adecuadamente preparada para recibir el agente adhesivo. En estos sistemas adhesivos la técnica ha sido simplificada al máximo permitiendo mantener en una solución los componentes de monómeros acídicos hidrófilos, solventes orgánicos y agua, indispensables para la activación del proceso de desmineralización de la dentina y el funcionamiento del sistema
(3, 4). (5).

El acondicionamiento ácido de la superficie de esmalte inició la vía de las técnicas de grabado y lavado, en las que ambas superficies, esmalte y dentina, se acondicionan con ácido y este se elimina para permitir que la resina se adhiera a las superficies. La adhesión efectiva a dentina, considerada cuando es de 17 MPa o superior, ha constituido un desafío técnico considerablemente mayor que la adhesión a esmalte.
La determinación del contenido de humedad de dentina, puede ser una dificultad en la adhesión de la restauración. Una superficie de dentina muy húmeda puede producir emulsificación y causar huecos en la imprimación, al contrario, una superficie de dentina desecada provoca el colapso de las fibras de colágeno, reduce la penetración de la resina y crea poros debajo del material de restauración.
(9).
(13). En este sentido, los estudios sobre adhesión a los distintos sustratos dentarios constituyen gran parte de las investigaciones realizadas en odontología con el objetivo principal de alcanzar aquel sistema capaz de cumplir con los tres objetivos de la adhesión dental propuestos por Norling (14) en 2004, los cuales son:
- Conservar y preservar más estructura dentaria.
- Conseguir una retención óptima y duradera.
- Evitar microfiltraciones.

(15). Sin embargo, el segundo y tercer objetivo se constituyen en los principales ejes de la investigación en el área de biomateriales y operatoria dental.
(16), en trabajos de investigación, comparan el desempeño de los adhesivos postulados como "gold standard", llamados adhesivos convencionales de grabado y lavado de cuarta generación, debido a sus excelentes características y funcionalidad durante las pruebas de laboratorio y clínicas. En los diferentes estudios estos adhesivos reportan altos niveles de resistencia de unión, en comparación con los adhesivos autograbadores de sexta y séptima generación debido a la formación de vesículas de agua en la interfaz adhesiva creando espacios posibles de nanofiltración y fracaso de la restauración con los sistemas autograbadores. 1.- Adhesivos de tres pasos clínicos (Total Etch Systems).

Es así como pueden clasificarse en (17):

Requieren del grabado ácido (de esmalte y dentina), lavado y secado, utilización de un agente imprimador y adhesivo como pasos previos a la colocación del composite.
2.- Adhesivos de dos pasos clínicos
Básicamente el mecanismo de adhesión empleado por estos sistemas no difiere del realizado por sus precursores de tres pasos, pero son más sensibles a la técnica.
- Por un lado el imprimador y el adhesivo se presentan en un solo envase y por separado se dispensa el agente de grabado ácido. Estos sistemas tienen el inconveniente de que el ácido debe lavarse con agua y luego secar, sin embargo la dentina debe permanecer húmeda luego de este acondicionamiento ácido, lo cual es difícil de estandarizar clínicamente debido a la inestabilidad de la matriz desmineralizada.
3.- Adhesivos de un solo paso clínico (Single Step all-in-one Adhesives)

Actualmente los avances de la odontología restauradora contemporánea se enfocan hacia la evolución de los materiales, el mejoramiento de sus componentes y técnicas clínicas cada vez más simplificadas con el objetivo de alcanzar mejores resultados en menor tiempo. (22). Los solventes como acetona o alcohol son mantenidos en la solución, pero al ser dispensados se inicia la evaporación de los solventes, la cual dispara la reacción de la fase de separación, la formación de múltiples gotas de agua y la inhibición por el oxígeno, disminuye su grado de conversión, lo cual favorece la degradación hidrolítica, afectando la capacidad de unión en la interfaz adhesiva (23, 24). Van Meerbeek y col. (25) reportan valores de resistencia de unión de aproximadamente 20 MPa.

En el presente se dispone de una gran variedad de biomateriales y para el clínico la selección de cada uno de ellos implica un proceso crítico y fundamental, de manera de ofrecer al paciente la seguridad de tratamientos confiables y altamente estéticos cumpliendo con sus expectativas.
Las estrategias de adhesión involucran dos corrientes, por un lado las que se valen del grabado ácido- lavado, caracterizadas por la complejidad de sus componentes y procedimientos adhesivos, y por otro lado los sistemas de autograbado, los cuales siguen las tendencias modernas hacia la simplificación de pasos clínicos.
Por último, a pesar del esfuerzo de investigadores y todos los adelantos tecnológicos, aún no se ha logrado la técnica y el sistema adhesivo ideal que sea perdurable en el tiempo y aplicable en forma general, ya que hay muchos factores involucrados: el o los biomateriales, el sustrato dental y el factor humano del profesional que debe ejecutarla.

1.Buonocore MG. A simple method on increasing the adhesion of acrylic filling materials to enamel surfaces. J. Dent. Res. 1955; 34(6): 849-853.

6.Spencer P, Ye Q, Park J, Topp EM, Misra A, Marangos O, Wang Y, Bohaty BS, Singh V, Sene F, Eslick J, Camarda K, Katz JL.Adhesive/Dentin interface: the weak link in the composite restoration. Ann. Biomed. Eng. [en línea]. 2010; 38(6): 1989-2003. [Fecha de acceso: 5 junio 2015]. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2871971/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3425097/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21779733

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Sistemas adhesivos en Odontología Restauradora

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Facultad de Odontología. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Corrientes, Argentina. **Profesora Titular. Cátedra Preclínica de Operatoria Dental. Facultad de Odontología. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Corrientes, Argentina. *** Profesora Titular. Cátedra Biomateriales. Facultad de Odontología. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Corrientes, Argentina.

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Una última imagen que también es gratis y la use de fondo en mis presentaciones.

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Les comparto este artículo sobre el desarrollo de la enfermedad caries dental debido a la interacción de bacterias específicas, de la saliva y del esmalte dental.
Caries dental y ecología bucal, aspectos importantes a considerar
Dra. Johany Duque de Estrada Riverón,1 Dr. José Alberto Pérez Quiñonez 2 y Dra. Iliana Hidalgo-Gato Fuentes3

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Y este otro tema para la presentación de la metodología de trabajo de las aplicaciones que deben hacer en empresas, de las herramientas que aprenden durante el cursado.

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Me parece genial la posibilidad de incorporar música a nuestras presentaciones. Elegí la siguiente pista, para incorporar en un taller que estoy preparando de ABC.

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Comparto la carpeta que tiene audios para sonorizar presentaciones y uno para utilizar adivinanzas en alfabetización.

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Comparto la carpeta que tiene audios para sonorizar presentaciones y uno para utilizar adivinanzas en alfabetización.

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https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1elcaDRPJYTbdHHyOLmXPGefT5aDBYVP1?usp=sharing

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Comparto otro video que utilizamos para un taller de aplicación de la técnica ABC. También es gratis.

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Uno de los temas que damos en la cátedra es la gestión de costos en las economías regionales, siendo una de las actividades más importantes la elaboración de vinos. Este video lo obtuve a través de la búsqueda significativa.

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Una imagen más sobre explotación viñedos.

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Estas son algunas de las imágenes gratis que utilicé para elaborar una presentación de economía regionales. Más precisamente de una explotación viñedos.

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También comparto un aporte de docentes de la Facultad de Río Cuarto en relación a los recursos que utilizaron es sus clases. Es un trabajo para analizar y buscar alguna experiencia para compartir en nuestras clases.

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Les comparto el siguiente articulo referido a las emociones y el aprendizaje (unidad 4 de la guía didáctica compartida en la actividad 2).

Álvarez Montoya , W. (2007). Emociones y aprendizaje.  Disponible en: https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/handle/unal/20372/8291297.2007.Parte1.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y

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Comparto una tesis que desarrolló herramientas de Gestión de Costos para pymes Mendocinas. Es una excelente forma de mostrar a los estudiantes la forma de organizar una trabajo de investigación y además de mostrar aplicación de herramientas a pymes.

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El video que les comparto, lo utilizaré para para explicar la técnica de papel encastrado, tema que se encuentra en el módulo: objetos artesanales.
https://youtu.be/vxWhNNoRw50

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El siguiente video será utilizado como disparador e introducción al tema: técnica de Filigrana con papel en el módulo: Objetos Artísticos.
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLF1A9D13C33081A70

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Les comparto el link a la carpeta con música para utilizar en la materia Artes del Papel
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1CqVR2rswlTxE8sRDslTMYny-sok1HzQj?usp=sharing

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En la siguiente carpeta encontrarán imágenes relacionadas a la materia Artes del Papel. Serán utilizadas en el video introductorio a la materia.
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1cYxhLOND1wNESrdOEgpiWL905jDTv4pd?usp=sharing

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Aquí les dejo una tesis sobre:
Despliegue escenográfico: legado visual de las puestas en escena: el recurso Pop-Up como herramienta de representación del uso de la tridimensionalidad en montajes teatrales nacionales

Autor: Marín Muñoz Macarena.

Link:

http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/112944

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Les comparto un libro sobre recursos didácticos de Arte.

Título: Arte. Serie para la enseñanza en el modelo 1 a 1.

Autor: Mercedes Elgarte , Ana del Valle Palermo

Link:

https://openlibra.com/es/book/download/arte-serie-para-la-ensenanza-en-el-modelo-1-a-1

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Estas son imágenes para utilizar en la Unidad de Hidrocarburos.

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Imágenes sobre neurociencias y alfabetización

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Imágenes sobre neurociencias y alfabetización

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En esta carpeta hay imágenes relativas al funcionamiento cerebral involucrado en la lectura y escritura.

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Kpf7WVfMI322XcG9Wyy8KSHTAOmQKu4V?usp=sharing

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Este breve video me sirve para adentrarme en el tratamiento de la alfabetización apoyando la enseñanza en las características y funcionamiento del cerebro. En general, los videos se ven antes de mi clase y siempre solicito a los estudiantes que detecten temas polémicos a partir de su visionado para debatir en clase.

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Este breve video me sirve para adentrarme en el tratamiento de la alfabetización apoyando la enseñanza en las características y funcionamiento del cerebro. En general, los videos se ven antes de mi clase y siempre solicito a los estudiantes que detecten temas polémicos a partir de su visionado para debatir en clase.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hm5eUxiFUAg

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Este video de Emilia Ferreiro no es nuevo, sin embargo, la autora es fuente de todos los autores que consultamos en nuestra bibliografía. Lo utilizo como parte de la apertura de la unidad curricular, pidiendo a los estudiantes que lo vean antes de la clase y propongan líneas de debate sobre su contenido.

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Este video de Emilia Ferreiro no es nuevo, sin embargo, la autora es fuente de todos los autores que consultamos en nuestra bibliografía. Lo utilizo como parte de la apertura de la unidad curricular, pidiendo a los estudiantes que lo vean antes de la clase y propongan líneas de debate sobre su contenido.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUranVS8vEs

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Usaría este video que presenta la Ciudad de Río de Janeiro como disparador para el módulo ¿Cómo describir? pues dentro de este, tenemos la temática: describir ciudades y su respectivo vocabulario

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Soy del grupo Monet y utilizaría este video para hablar de la cultura de Brasil, dentro del Módulo ¿Cómo describir?

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Soy del grupo Monet y les dejo dos canciones para utilizar.

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Comparto un enlace al sitio donde se puede descargar un artículo muy interesante que propone la enseñanza de la escritura académica como taller.

Asensio Pastor, M. (2019). La lectura y la escritura académica en educación superior: el taller como estrategia didáctica.  Psychology, Society, & Education.

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El archivo PDF seleccionado se debe cargar aquí si su navegador tiene instalado un módulo de lectura de PDF (por ejemplo, una versión reciente de Adobe Acrobat Reader).

Si desea más información sobre cómo imprimir, guardar y trabajar con PDFs, Highwire Press le proporciona una guía útil de Preguntas frecuentes sobre PDFs.

Por otro lado, puede descargar el PDF directamente a su ordenador donde podrá abrirlo con un lector de PDF. Para descargar el PDF, haga clic en el enlace anterior.

No hay ningún enlace refback.

La revista se publica bajo una licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Sin Obra Derivada 4.0

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educación superior; escritura académica; lectura académica; propuesta didáctica; taller.

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La lectura y la escritura académica en educación superior: el taller como estrategia didáctica | Asensio Pastor | Psychology, Society, & Education

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El archivo PDF seleccionado se debe cargar aquí si su navegador tiene instalado un módulo de lectura de PDF (por ejemplo, una versión reciente de Adobe Acrobat Reader). Si desea más información sobre cómo imprimir, guardar y trabajar con PDFs, Highwire Press le proporciona una guía útil de Preguntas frecuentes sobre PDFs.

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Les dejo el enlace a un artículo perteneciente a la Biblioteca del Instituto Cervantes. Realiza una clara síntesis de las características de los textos explicativos y del proceso de producción textual.

Sánchez, T. (s.f). La escritura académica: pautas. Università di Salerno.

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En esta oportunidad comparto el enlace a la carpeta con imágenes relacionadas a la escritura y que utilizaré para incorporar en el aula virtual o un video.

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Aquí les dejo el enlace a la carpeta que tiene canciones para utilizar en los videos que realizaré con explicaciones o mostrando las producciones de los estudiantes.

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Comparto este video que utilizaré como complemento al tema de la escritura académica.

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Universidad a Distancia de Madrid, UDIMA

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Consejos prácticos para la escritura académica - Borja Ruiz (09 min) - UDIMA

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Comparto este video que utilizaré para presentar la escritura académica.

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Características de la escritura académica - Investigación y textos académicos

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Aquí dejo unas imágenes de Brasilia y su arquitectura;  de Joao Pessoa en Paraíba;
Y una imagen de frutas y verduras para describir.

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Audios para comprensiones auditivas o disparadores para la producción oral o escrita

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Audios para comprensiones auditivas o disparadores para la producción oral o escrita

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Los dos audios fueron descargados de bancos de audios gratuitos. Uno de ellos es un podcast sobre la historia del tango en Argentina. El segundo es una muestra de habla de una variedad de español latinoamericano (Guatemala)

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Este video lo usaré como disparador para el tema a tratar que  fue laureado con el Premio Nobel de química en 2020. Además me servirá para enseñarles a aquellos estudiantes que aún no lo saben, a colocar el subtítulo automático en español.

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Nobel Prize Lessons – Chemistry Prize 2020

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Las siguientes imágenes fueron descargadas de Flickr. Corresponden a tres ambientes de la casa. Pueden ser usados para graficar el vocabulario de la casa y sus partes y elementos.

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“El subjuntivo español como operador metalingüístico de gestión de la información”

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“El subjuntivo español como operador metalingüístico de gestión de la información”

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Artículo escrito por Francisco Matte Bon. (Acceso abierto no comercial propiedad de la academia). Buscador: Google académico

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“El subjuntivo es lógico. Una actividad de concienciación” 

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“El subjuntivo es lógico. Una actividad de concienciación” 

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Artículo escrito por José Ruiz Campillo sobre el modo subjuntivo desde la perspectiva de la Gramática Cognitiva. Buscador: Google Académico.

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O paraíso são os outros- Valter Hugo Mães

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O paraíso são os outros- Valter Hugo Mães

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#Monet Aquí les dejo un cuento maravillo del angoleño Valter Hugo Mães.
Queda a criterio del lector si es literatura infantil, o no.

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IDOCPUB

1. Home

2. Valter-hugo-maes-o-paraiso-sao-os-outros.pdf

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Como nasceram as estrelas- Clarice Lispector

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Como nasceram as estrelas- Clarice Lispector

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Dejo aquí el link para descargar este libro de la amada Clarice Lispector #monet

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Video de Charlas TED en español. Carmen Jiménez Borja cuenta su experiencia como parte de la comunidad gitana y cómo las definiciones del diccionario ELE generalizan peyorativamente a toda esta comunidad.
Tema: significados denotativos y connotativos de las palabras. Lenguaje y lengua-

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Get a daily email featuring the latest talk, plus a quick mix of trending content.

By subscribing, you understand and agree that we will store, process and manage your personal information according to our Privacy Policy

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Carmen Jiménez Borja muestra cómo las palabras que usamos pueden ser la causa de mucha discriminación y prejuicios y comparte las acciones que está llevando a cabo, como mujer gitana, para luchar contra los muros de rechazo. ​

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Seleccioné imágenes usando Google (con los filtros que aprendimos en el curso anterior); Shutterstock y Freerange. En todos los casos puse CRISPR que es uno de los temas que dictaré el cuatrimestre que viene y no tengo preparado. Les dejo la liga a la carpeta.

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Video de Pixels para ser usado como disparador en actividades ELE (Español como lengua extranjera) para producción oral o escrita. Temas: narración en presente o pasado, vocabulario de la familia, las costumbres familiares.

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Descargué la música desde Youtube Audio Library y Audionautix

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Charla sobre Cambio climático y su impacto sobre Mendoza.

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Ricardo Villalba,  investigador en IANIGLA CONICET Mendoza

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¿Cómo se evalúan los agroecosistemas? Tema de interés para ver el enfoque de los agrónomos sobre los sistemas agrícolas y cómo evaluarlos desde una perspectiva alternativa

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Seminario IRNAD a cargo de Santiago Sarandon

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Comparto algunas de las imágenes que utilizaré en las presentaciones de la asignatura de Ecología para agrónomos

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Les comparto el link a Cuadernos para el aula: Ciencias Naturales 5.
Autores: Nora Bahamonde, Marta Bulwik  y otros.
http://www.bnm.me.gov.ar/giga1/documentos/EL001101.pdf

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#grupo Millet.                     Comparto con Uds. un libro y un artículo. 

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#grupo Millet.                     Comparto con Uds. un libro y un artículo. 

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Libro: BIODIVERSIDAD, AGROECOLOGÍA Y AGRICULTURA SUSTENTABLE. Sarandón, SJ (coordinador). Comparto con Uds. el enlace de este libro publicado bajo licencia CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, del Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata
http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/109141/Documento_completo.pdf-PDFA.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Artículo: Ghiglione, C; Zumoffen, L.; Dalmazzo, M.; Strasser, R. y Attademo A. Diversidad y grupos funcionales de insectos en cultivos de arroz y sus bordes bajo manejo convencional y agroecológico en Santa Fe, Argentina

http://ojs.ecologiaaustral.com.ar/index.php/Ecologia_Austral/article/view/1110/1091

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Música para Odontogeriatría

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Les comparto link a: _Guías para enseñar y aprender Físico-Química 8°.   Autores: Prof. Aldo Javier Richter. Prof. Marcela Ortiz.

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@Elisabeth barroso
Comparto un libro digital. y un artículo.
Marés, Laura (2021). Claves y caminos para ensenar en entornos virtuales. Buenos Aires, Educ.ar. 2021 (libro digital) https://cges-infd.mendoza.edu.ar/sitio/claves-y-caminos-para-ensenar-en-entornos-virtuales/

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Les dejo el link del video, que muestra solo 4 cambios de estado, lo utilizaré en el Módulo 2, cambios de estado.

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Los cambios en los estados de la materia - Fusión, Vaporización, Condensación y Solidificación

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Les comparto el link al siguiente video a emplear en el Módulo 1 - Tema: Elementos de Matemática financiera de la Cátedra Formulación y Evaluación de Proyectos

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Tasa de interés nominal y efectiva | Matemáticas financieras

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Hola les comparto el link a este video, que deseo utilizar en el módulo 2, Teoría cinético molecular y estados de la materia.

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Teoría Cinético-Molecular para gases, sólidos y líquidos [POSTULADOS]

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Les comparto el link al siguiente video a emplear en el Módulo 1 - Tema: Costos Industriales de la Cátedra Formulación y Evaluación de Proyectos

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Instituto Mexicano de Ingeniería de Costos

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COSTOS INDUSTRIALES PARA INGENIERÍA-- Created using PowToon -- Free sign up at http://www.powtoon.com/youtube/ -- Create animated videos and animated presentations for free. PowToon is a free tool that allows you to develop cool animated clips and animated presentations for your website, office meeting, sales pitch, nonprofit fundraiser, product launch, video resume, or anything else you could use an animated explainer video.

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Les comparto el link de acceso a la carpeta Música gratis, donde encontrar 2 temas musicales de uso libre

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Les comparto el link para que pueden ver la música que seleccioné.

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Les comparto el link de acceso a la carpeta Imágenes gratis, donde encontrar 3 fotografiás de uso libre para las unidades de Proyectos de inversión y Costos Industriales (Cátedra: Formulación y Evaluación de Proyectos)

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Artículo: Curso de cálculo financiero.

Autores: Castegnaro de Pasarin, Aída Beatriz.

Link de acceso:

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Autores

Castegnaro de Pasarin, Aída Beatriz

Año de publicación

2006

Idioma

español

Tipo de recurso

informe técnico

Estado

Versión publicada

Descripción

Fil: Castegnaro de Pasarin, Aída Beatriz.

Materia

Estudios Generales de Matemática Financiera
Manuales de Matemática Financiera

Nivel de accesibilidad

Acceso abierto

Condiciones de uso

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ar/

Repositorio

Institución

Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas

OAI Identificador

libros:Castegnaro_Curso-de-calculo-financiero

Ver los metadatos del registro completo

spellingShingle

Curso de cálculo financiero
Castegnaro de Pasarin, Aída Beatriz
Estudios Generales de Matemática Financiera
Manuales de Matemática Financiera

dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv

Estudios Generales de Matemática Financiera
Manuales de Matemática Financiera

topic

Estudios Generales de Matemática Financiera
Manuales de Matemática Financiera

dc.type.none.fl_str_mv

info:eu-repo/semantics/report
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_18gh
info:ar-repo/semantics/informeTecnico

dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv

Castegnaro_Curso-de-calculo-financiero
http://bibliotecadigital.econ.uba.ar/econ/collection/libros/document/Castegnaro_Curso-de-calculo-financiero

dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv

info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ar/

dc.source.none.fl_str_mv

reponame:Biblioteca Digital (UBA-FCE)
instname:Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas
instacron:UBA-FCE

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Autores Castegnaro de Pasarin, Aída Beatriz Año de publicación 2006 Idioma español Tipo de recurso informe técnico Estado Versión publicada Descripción Fil: Castegnaro de Pasarin, Aída Beatriz. Materia Estudios Generales de Matemática Financiera Manuales de Matemática Financiera Nivel de accesibilidad Acceso abierto Condiciones de uso http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ar/ Repositorio Institución Universidad de Buenos Aires.

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Artículo: Formulación y evaluación de proyectos, una reflexión para las pymes agroindustriales de México.

Autores: Charles Leija, Humberto; Sánchez Rodríguez, Rogelio; Ramírez Jaramillo, Ana Laura.

Link de acceso:

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Autores

Charles Leija, Humberto; Sánchez Rodríguez, Rogelio; Ramírez Jaramillo, Ana Laura

Año de publicación

2020

Idioma

español

Tipo de recurso

artículo

Estado

Versión publicada

Descripción

El objetivo del presente estudio es formalizar de manera breve los elementos clave en la formulación y evaluación de proyectos. Se resaltan los componentes que involucran los pasos principales para desarrollar el plan de manera exitosa. La investigación es de corte documental y se abordan algunos ejemplos de agro emprendedores que realizaron estudios para los aspectos de mercado, técnicos o económicos. Con base en ello se destaca la importancia de considerar la mayoría de los factores presentes para lograr llevar a buen puerto los proyectos.
The objective of this paper is to briefly formalize the key elements in the formulation and evaluation of projects. The main components that include the main steps to develop projects successfully are highlighted. The work is documentary in nature, and it addresses some examples of agro-entrepreneurs who conducted market, technical or economic studies. Based on this, it is important to consider most of the factors involved to complete the projects successfully.
Facultad de Ciencias Económicas

Materia

Ciencias Económicas
Emprendedores
Evaluación de proyectos
PyMEs
Entrepreneurs
Evaluation of projects
SMEs

Nivel de accesibilidad

Acceso abierto

Condiciones de uso

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

Repositorio

Institución

Universidad Nacional de La Plata

OAI Identificador

oai:sedici.unlp.edu.ar:10915/100770

dc.title.none.fl_str_mv

Formulación y evaluación de proyectos, una reflexión para las pymes agroindustriales de México
Formulation and evaluation of projects, a reflection for the agroindustrial smes of Mexico

spellingShingle

Formulación y evaluación de proyectos, una reflexión para las pymes agroindustriales de México
Charles Leija, Humberto
Ciencias Económicas
Emprendedores
Evaluación de proyectos
PyMEs
Entrepreneurs
Evaluation of projects
SMEs

author2

Sánchez Rodríguez, Rogelio
Ramírez Jaramillo, Ana Laura

dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv

Ciencias Económicas
Emprendedores
Evaluación de proyectos
PyMEs
Entrepreneurs
Evaluation of projects
SMEs

topic

Ciencias Económicas
Emprendedores
Evaluación de proyectos
PyMEs
Entrepreneurs
Evaluation of projects
SMEs

dc.type.none.fl_str_mv

info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Articulo
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
info:ar-repo/semantics/articulo

dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv

http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/100770
issn:2314-3738

rights_invalid_str_mv

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)

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Formulación y evaluación de proyectos, una reflexión para las pymes agroindustriales de México

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Autores Charles Leija, Humberto; Sánchez Rodríguez, Rogelio; Ramírez Jaramillo, Ana Laura Año de publicación 2020 Idioma español Tipo de recurso artículo Estado Versión publicada Descripción El objetivo del presente estudio es formalizar de manera breve los elementos clave en la formulación y evaluación de proyectos.

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Les comparto los sonidos seleccionados, para las producciones propias de mi materia. utilicé 2 sitios diferentes para ver como funcionaban ya que es la primera vez que descargo música.

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Este video me pareció interesante para trabajar la temática de bullying y ciberbullying.

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Ciberbullying: Reflexionar para ser responsables

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Este segundo vídeo muestra la utilidad de la función exponencial en la vida cotidiana, también utilizado para la introducción de este tema.
Saludos
Virginia Moyano

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¿Qué son y Para que Sirven las Funciones Exponenciales?

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Por aquí les dejo un vídeo donde cuenta la historia de la trigonometría, el cual utilicé para introducir el tema en un 5º año.
Saludos
Virginia Moyano

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Historia de la Trigonometría y sus aplicaciones

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BUENAS TARDES... LES DEJO ESTAS MELODÍAS ALEGRES QUE UTILIZARE EN MIS TRABAJOS.
Saludos
Virginia Moyano

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Siguiendo la temática, les dejo el link al video sobre Motivación (en el aula).

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Comparto las imágenes e infografía que seleccioné para la Unidad de Motivación y aprendizaje. (Cátedra de sujeto, desarrollo, aprendizaje y contexto)

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Hola les comparto el link de mi carpeta con las imágenes que seleccioné, las utilizaría para el módulo II, cambios de estado.

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Enseñar a escribir textos. Desde los modelos de escritura hasta la práctica en el aula.

http://www.lecturayvida.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/numeros/a31n1/31_01_Sanchez.pdf

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https://bibliotecas.uncuyo.edu.ar/explorador3/Record/FED002364

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CAIRNEY,  T. Enseñanza de la comprensión lectora
https://bibliotecas.uncuyo.edu.ar/explorador3/Record/NOSC-000200

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Les dejo por aquí el link de las fotos que utilizo para los materiales digitales que armo para mis alumnos.
Saludos
Virginia Moyano

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A continuación los invito a leer un articulo sobre las MUJERES MATEMÁTICAS EN LA HISTORIA DE OCCIDENTE .
Autora:  ENCARNACIÓN CASTRO MARTÍNEZ
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA CURSO ACADÉMICO 2005-06

Espero que les sea de su agrado.
@elisabethbarroso
Saludos
Virginia Moyano

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Buenos días! A continuación les dejo un link sobre la Trigonometría. Es un libro que utiliza la universidad católica de Córdoba para el ingreso a Ingeniería.
Autor:  Daniel Sauchelli
Saludos
Virginia Moyano

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Les comparto el link de un video explicativo del funcionamiento de un turbidímetro. Espero emplearlo para la explicación de la unidad : Técnicas ópticas de la materia análisis instrumental.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gl2iHFcX0oM

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Les comparto el link de un video que muestra el empleo en análisis de forrajes de la técnica espectroscópica NIRS. Emplearé el video durante la explicación de dicha técnica el semestre próximo en el espacio curricular análisis instrumental.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tfrgs_yxuok

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Laboratorio de Espectroscopía de Infrarrojo Cercano (NIRS) INIA Remehue

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Les comparto algunas imágenes sobre química que pienso emplear en mis próximas presentaciones en los espacios curriculares química analítica y análisis instrumental. Las descargue de free.jpg y freerangestock y de google fotos filtrando con licencia cco.

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Les comparto un trabajo titulado: Comparación de tres técnicas de análisis para la determinación del contenido de materia orgánica del suelo. fue escrito por Kevin González Díaz y Yuner Paz Estrada. La idea para trabajar con este texto es realizar un análisis de caso junto con los estudiantes

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Comparto el articulo titulado: Investigación en Química Analítica aplicada a la Nutrición como una herramienta en docencia. Fue escrito por Rodrigo Vargas, Dulce Saldana y Lorena López-Donado.
Mi idea con este artículo es usarlo para trabajar en comisiones con los estudiantes de análisis instrumental el semestre próximo.

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Les comparto un enlace de música que planeó emplear de fondo en algún video o tutorial de química analítica.
@monet
@elisabethbarroso

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Comparto video seleccionado para última unidad del programa del Taller de Didáctica II: la reflexión sobre la práctica docente

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Reflexión sobre las prácticas de enseñanza

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Comparto video seleccionado para primera unidad del programa del Taller de Didáctica II: Didáctica clásica y Nueva agenda/ vinculación didáctica- curriculum.

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Mariana Maggio - Didáctica, Currículum y Evaluación

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Comparto la música clásica seleccionada para utilizar de fondo en comunicaciones para mis estudiantes (disfruté mucho esta búsqueda)