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Definition (Bewley and Black, 2013; Bareke, 2018)

The Seed is mainly composed of embryo with food reserves contained inside the seed coat. The survivability of the embryo during its early stage of development is increased with the nutrition provided by the surrounding food reserve.

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Phases of Seed Development
(Bareke, 2018)

From Ovule development to maturity, seed development is divided into four (4) phases

Phase I and II : Cell Division and Expansion

Phase III : Reserve Accumulation

Phase IV : Seed Moisture intensifies

The result of cell division, expansion and differentiation would be the formation of the seed's structure, primodia.  This phase of development would allow the seed to increase in size as it forms embryonic cells that would receive signals from the parent plant. Seed Moisture content would remain constant up until changes in the cell membrane structure occur.

Pollination and Fertilization (Bareke, 2018)
Pollination is the event where the pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma. Within this pollen grain, there are two cells the tube nuclei and the generative cell. In particular, the generative cell divides mitotically resulting to the formation of two sperm nuclei.

In the sexual reproduction cycle,  the germinated pollen grain would have a pollen tube which would carry two sperm nuclei. This would travel down the style and it would reach the embryo sac, where fertilization occurs.

Ovule Development (Bareke, 2018)

An Ovule is an unfertilized, immature seed precursor. It is a mega sporangium surrounded by an integument, and this outer layer would eventually become the seed coat.

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Monocot contains only one cotyledon whereas Dicot possess two cotyledons. In the process of their development, there are a few key points that sets their developmental stages apart. In fact the first two steps to their development

Embryogenesis in Monocots :
1.) proembryo
2.) globular
3.) scutellar
4.) coleoptilar stages.

Embryogenesis in Dicots :
1. ) proembryo
2. ) globular
3,) heart,
4.) torpedo
5,) cotyledon stages

Hormones and Genes involved in establishing axial patterning in plants

Auxin hormone was found to play a major role in the formation of axial patterning, as this hormone facilitates the formation of important embryonic structures and shoot and root apical meristems of the plant (Harada & Kwong, 2010). Cytokinin is another important plant hormone that targets genes involved in the formation of shoot meristem (Mok & Mok, 2001)

Expression of Genes PIN7 and WOX2 were deemed significant in  establishing the apical cell identity of the plant (Laux et al., 2004).

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Stages of Seed Germination (Bareke, 2018)

1.)  Imbibition and Activation of Metabolism: Initial absorption of water in order to hydrate the seed. This stage is also where there is an increased respiration and protein synthesis.
2.)  Digestion and Translocation : The food which is stored will be digested (ex. starch -> sugars ), This stage is also where the digested food would go to the embryo in order for it to grow.
3. Cell Division and Growth
There are multiples highlights to this stage including this activation of respiration processes and energy metabolism. In addition to this, the cell cycle may also commence.

Hormone involved (Bareke, 2018)

Gibberellic acid takes part in regulating seed gemination. This hormone is promotes growth through increasing the overall plasticity of the cell walls. This is followed by the process of hydrolysis, resulting into the reduction of potential in the cell. When this occurs, water enters the cell, allowing it to elongate, finally resulting in germination.

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Definition (Gao & Ayele, 2014)

Seed Dormancy is a tendency of the seed to prevent itself to germinate when the conditions are not optimal for its growth and development.

Types of Seed Dormancy (Bareke, 2018)
A.) Quiescent seed dormancy: a quiescent seed's ability to go back to dormancy when exposed to a stressful environmental circumstances
B.) Structural dormancy: involves seed coat that acts as a protective barriers that prohibits the entry of water, air, and inhibitors, to prevent germination
C.) Physiological dormancy: embryo of the seed requires a certain treatment to germinate.

Breaking Seed Dormancy (Bareke, 2018)
A.) Natural means: involves natural events like wild fire and rainfall, seed ingestion of wild animals
B.) Artificial means: includes scarification, damaging the seed covering, removing chemicals that prevent germination, etc.

Examples of Plants
A.) in several Acacia species, seed coat scarification is needed to loosen the seed covering

B.) Pinus halepensis requires fire to render the pinecones open, releasing seeds that are ready to germinate

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Definition (Bossuyt & Honnay, 2008)
Seed bank is an importance place where seeds are preserved and conserved for future use. A time will come, extreme events may drive the plant community into extinction. This thinking lead in the establishment of seed bank, for the future rehabilitation of plant diversity.

10 native species with their local names and current status:

Vulnerable

Dispyros blancoi (Kamagong),
Pterocaprus indicus (Narra),
Aglaia edulis (Malasaging)

Endangered

Cubilia cubili (Kubili),
Dispyros pyrrhocarpa (Anang),
Litchi chinensis philippinensis (Alupag),

Critically Endangered

Shorea contorta (White Lauan),
Syzygium nitidum (Makaasim),
Parashorea malaanonan (Bagtikan),
Shorea guiso (Guijo),

In the chosen species native to Los Baños, Laguna, three are vulnerable, three are endangered, and four are critically endangered (Malabrigo et al., 2016). These were chosen with the consideration of their IUCN status. With this, reforestation efforts must be push through and native species must be planted, in order to promote greater biodiversity and ecological integrity (Subiakto et al., 2016; Almas & Conway, 2016).

Organizations that helped in Establishing Seed Banks in the Philippines
- Last 2015, the Friends of ENCA Farm, an organization based from U.S., was reported in helping the farmers based in the Northern part of the Philippines on having their own source of organic seeds.
- In the year 2018, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN-FAO) and the Jaime V. Ongpin Foundation, Inc. (JVOFI) joined together in constructing 17 seed banks in several communities of South Cotabato and Ifugao. This is to greatly decrease poverty and malnutrition by strengthening the food security.

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Los Baños, Laguna is home to Mount Makiling. This volcano is home to approximately 2,038 plant and tree species (Malabrigo et al., 2016).

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Journals
Almas, A. D., & Conway, T. M. (2016). The role of native species in urban forest planning and practice: A case study of Carolinian Canada. Urban forestry & urban greening, ¹⁷, 54-62.

Bareke, T. (2018). Biology of seed development and germination physiology. Adv. Plants Agric. Res, ⁸(4), 336-46.

Bewley, J. D., & Black, M. (2013). Seeds: physiology of development and germination. Springer Science & Business Media.

Bossuyt, B., & Honnay, O. (2008). Can the seed bank be used for ecological restoration? An overview of seed bank characteristics in European communities. Journal of Vegetation Science, ¹⁹(6), 875-884.

Gao, F., & Ayele, B. T. (2014). Functional genomics of seed dormancy in wheat: advances and prospects. Frontiers in Plant Science, ⁵, 458.

Goldberg, R. B.; de Paiva, G.; Yadegari, R. (1994). Plant Embryogenesis: Zygote to Seed. Science, 266(5185), 605–614. doi:10.1126/science.266.5185.605

Harada, J. J., & Kwong, R. W. (2001). Plant embryogenesis (zygotic and somatic). e LS.

Laux, T., Würschum, T., & Breuninger, H. (2004). Genetic regulation of embryonic pattern formation. The Plant Cell, ¹⁶(suppl 1), S190-S202.

Malabrigo Jr, P. L., Umali, A. G. A., Tiburan Jr, C. L., Pampolina, N. M., Balatibat, J. B., Tinio, C. E., Abasolo, W.P., Luna, A.C. & Boncodin, J. C. (2016). Tree diversity and stand structure of permanent biodiversity monitoring area in Mount Makiling. Asian Journal of Biodiversity, ⁷(1).

Mok, D. W., & Mok, M. C. (2001). Cytokinin metabolism and action. Annual review of plant biology, ⁵²(1), 89-118.

SUBIAKTO, A., RACHMAT, H. H., & SAKAI, C. (2016). Choosing native tree species for establishing man-made forest: A new perspective for sustainable forest management in changing world. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, ¹⁷(2).

Websites
17 Community Seed Banks Turned Over in South Cotabato and Ifugao – Jaime V. Ongpin Foundation, Inc. (jvofi.org)

Images
Mount Makiling: Legend of Maria Makiling | Tourist Spots Finder
https://journals.ashs.org/horttech/view/journals/horttech/24/3/article-p403.xml
https://www.sciencefacts.net/seed-germination.html