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When it comes to thinking about the Earth many may not consider that the decisions that we make have a major impact. Organizations, news, and laws have been trying to push for an informed society to try to fight the effects of global warming and its importance. 

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When it comes to thinking about the Earth many may not consider that the decisions that we make have a major impact. Organizations, news, and laws have been trying to push for an informed society to try to fight the effects of global warming and its importance. 

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3. A beginning to the fight of Climate Change

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3. A beginning to the fight of Climate Change

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2.  To fight climate change, a biotech firm has genetically engineered a very peppy poplar by Gabriel Popkin. Feb 23, 2022

3.  N/A
4.  A popular culture concept that this site shows is agency. They are trying to come up with different ways they can impact the environment. A rhetorical appeal seen is ethos because of the stance they hold as scientists. They show their credibility through the information they provide.

5.  We learn that there are many actions that can be taken to make a change even if it is in think we don't think of much.

6. "To Fight Climate Change, A Biotech Firm Has Genetically Engineered A Very Peppy Poplar". Science.Org, 2022, https://www.science.org/content/article/fight-climate-change-biotech-firm-has-genetically-engineered-very-peppy-poplar.

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2. Climate Scientists Warn of a ‘Global Wildfire Crisis’

By Raymond Zhong Published Feb. 23, 2022

3.  147 comments

4. An appeal seen here is pathos. Looking at the fire picture sets an emotion of sadness because we see fire as a bad thing. A popular culture concept would be commodity.

5.  I learned that the warming of the planet could be causing major impacts on the environment.

6. Zhong, Raymond. "Climate Scientists Warn of a ‘Global Wildfire Crisis." The New York Times, 23 Feb. 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/23/climate/climate-change-un-wildfire-report.html

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Worsening heat and dryness could lead to a 50 percent rise in off-the-charts fires, according to a United Nations report.

A wildfire near Hillville, New South Wales, Australia, in 2019. Credit... Matthew Abbott for The New York Times

A landmark United Nations report has concluded that the risk of devastating wildfires around the world will surge in coming decades as climate change further intensifies what the report described as a "global wildfire crisis."

The scientific assessment is the first by the organization's environmental authority to evaluate wildfire risks worldwide. It was inspired by a string of deadly blazes around the globe in recent years, burning the American West, vast stretches of Australia and even the Arctic.

The images from those fires - cities glowing under orange skies, smoke billowing around tourist havens and heritage sites, woodland animals badly injured and killed - have become grim icons of this era of unsettled relations between humankind and nature.

"The heating of the planet is turning landscapes into tinderboxes," said the report, which was published on Wednesday by the United Nations Environment Program.

The report, produced by more than 50 researchers from six continents, estimated that the risk worldwide of highly devastating fires could increase by up to 57 percent by the end of the century, primarily because of climate change. The risks will not be distributed equally: Some regions are likely to see more fire activity, while others may experience less.

It is a stark warning about the increased heat and dryness that human-caused global warming is bringing about. Nations and localities need to prepare better for the dangers, the report's authors said.

"There isn't the right attention to fire from governments," said Glynis Humphrey, a fire expert at the University of Cape Town and an author of the new report. More societies worldwide are learning the value of prescribed burns and other methods of preventing wildfires from raging out of control, she said. Yet public spending in developed nations is still heavily skewed toward firefighting instead of forest management.

In some regions with long histories of brush fires, such as eastern Australia and the western United States and Canada, they have become more intense over the last decade and are ravaging larger areas, the report found. But uncontrolled burning is also starting to occur in places where it had not been common before, such as Russia, northern India and Tibet. In parts of the savannas of sub-Saharan Africa, by contrast, fire activity has declined over the past two decades, partly because drought has killed off more grass.

While climate change is giving rise to more of the record warmth and dryness that have contributed to recent episodes of severe burning, the overall effect on fire risks is complex and can vary from place to place.

Foresters worked to contain a fire in a pine forest in Dharmsala, India, in 2018. Credit... Ashwini Bhatia/Associated Press

A bushfire on the slopes of Table Mountain, overlooking Cape Town, in 2021. Credit... Mike Hutchings/Reuters

Researchers have determined that the extreme heat wave in the Pacific Northwest last year almost certainly would not have occurred without planetary warming caused by greenhouse-gas emissions. Scientists have also found the fingerprints of climate change on brush fires in Australia and extreme heat and burning in Siberia.

But hot weather and weak rainfall can also decrease the amount of vegetation that is available to feed fires. In other places, the decreased humidity can make vegetation more flammable, helping fires spread more easily.

After taking all these factors into account, the report still forecasts a significant increase in the global risk of extraordinary wildfires, even if nations manage to limit emissions of heat-trapping gases.

In a moderate scenario for global warming, the likelihood of extreme, catastrophic fires could increase by up to a third by 2050 and up to 52 percent by 2100, the report estimates. If emissions are not curbed and the planet heats up more, wildfire risks could rise by up to 57 percent by the end of the century.

The increase in burning is projected to be especially large in places including the Arctic, said Douglas I. Kelley, a researcher at the U.K. Center for Ecology & Hydrology who conducted the data analysis for the report. The northern reaches of Russia and North America are already warming much more quickly than the rest of the globe. The intense Arctic fires of 2020 released more polluting gases into the atmosphere that June than in any other month in 18 years of data collection.

In more temperate regions of the United States and Asia, Dr. Kelley said, wildfires could increase as emissions rise because the higher amount of carbon dioxide in the air helps plants grow, resulting in more vegetation to fuel blazes.

Understand the Latest News on Climate Change

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The prolonged drought in the American West - the region's worst, scientists say, in at least 1,200 years - has been helping to spark wildfires earlier in the year. Forecasters are expecting the warmth and dryness to continue into this spring and beyond.

The sky above Concord, Calif., was tinted by wildfire smoke in September 2020. Credit... Brittany Hosea-Small/Agence France-Presse - Getty Images

The U.N. report urges governments to become more proactive about fire hazards. Of every dollar spent in the United States on managing wildfires, almost 60 cents goes toward immediate firefighting responses, according to research cited in the report. Much less is spent on reducing fire risks in advance and helping communities recover in ways that could make them more resilient.

Peter Moore, a fire management consultant with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and an author of the report, said more countries could learn from Portugal, which drew up an ambitious national fire plan after two blazes killed more than 100 people in 2017. Decades of economic development there had caused a decrease in farmland and an expansion of poorly managed forests, making the landscape highly flammable.

"So when the wrong weather turned up, and then a series of ignitions happened, they had a series of dramatic and catastrophic fire events," Dr. Moore said. In eastern Australia, western North America, Chile and elsewhere, he said, "those same conditions are starting to occur."

Not all human development adds to fire risks. In the tropical grasslands of Africa, population density has increased, and farmers have converted more of the area into cropland and pasture. That has fragmented the savannas, making it harder for wildfires to spread. Researchers have used satellite data to estimate that, despite global warming, large decreases in Africa helped the total amount of burned land worldwide fall by a quarter between 1998 and 2015.

Many fires in Africa are set deliberately to clear away vegetation and avert wildfires that would be more severe and less controllable, said Dr. Humphrey of the University of Cape Town. Communities in many places have been managing the land this way for centuries, and the U.N. report calls for such traditional knowledge to be better integrated into fire policies.

Dr. Humphrey said more governments needed to discover, or rediscover, what fire actually is: "something really critical for our planet, but that also needs to be managed."

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Climate Scientists Warn of a 'Global Wildfire Crisis'

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Worsening heat and dryness could lead to a 50 percent rise in off-the-charts fires, according to a United Nations report. A landmark United Nations report has concluded that the risk of devastating wildfires around the world will surge in coming decades as climate change further intensifies what the report described as a "global wildfire crisis."

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2. Supreme Court Considers Limiting E.P.A.’s Ability to Address Climate Change by Adam Liptak Feb. 28, 2022

3. 462 comments

4. An appeal that I saw was pathos. The image seen seems so sad and depressing. A popular culture concept I saw was social cohesion. People are getting together to show the importance and measures taken to help with concerns.

5. This is important to my ISP because it shows the measures taken to help fight the crisis.

6. "Supreme Court Considers Limiting E.P.A.’S Ability To Address Climate Change". Nytimes.Com, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/28/us/politics/supreme-court-climate-change.html.

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Members of the court's conservative majority voiced skepticism that Congress had authorized the agency to decide what they said were major political and economic questions.

A coal-fired power plant in Thompsons, Texas. Last year a federal appeals court in Washington struck down the Trump administration's plan to relax restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions from power plants. Credit... Tamir Kalifa for The New York Times

WASHINGTON - Members of the Supreme Court's conservative majority on Monday questioned the scope of the Environmental Protection Agency's ability to regulate carbon emissions from power plants, suggesting that the justices could deal a sharp blow to the Biden administration's efforts to address climate change.

The questioning during the two-hour argument was mostly technical, and several conservative justices did not tip their hands. But those who did sounded skeptical that Congress had meant to give the agency what they said was vast power to set national economic policy.

Climate change was mentioned only in passing and only to buttress the point that an executive agency should not be allowed to tackle so large an issue without express congressional authorization.

A ruling against the E.P.A. would severely cut back on its ability to regulate the energy sector, limiting it to measures like emission controls at individual power plants and, absent legislation, ruling out more ambitious approaches like a cap-and-trade system at a time when experts are issuing increasingly dire warnings about the quickening pace of global warming.

But the implications of a ruling against the agency could extend well beyond environmental policy and further signal that the court's newly expanded six-justice conservative majority is deeply skeptical of the power of administrative agencies to address major issues facing the nation and the planet.

That skepticism has been evident in recent rulings arising from the coronavirus pandemic. The court ruled, for instance, that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was not authorized to impose a moratorium on evictions and that the Occupational Safety and Health Administration was powerless to tell large employers to have their workers be vaccinated or undergo frequent testing.

On Monday, similarly, Justice Samuel A. Alito Jr. told a lawyer for the E.P.A. that he questioned whether the Clean Air Act "gives you the authority to set industrial policy and energy policy and balance such things as jobs, economic impact, the potentially catastrophic effects of climate change, as well as costs."

He added a note of apparent skepticism about climate change, saying it is a phenomenon "which some people believe is a matter of civilizational survival."

Solicitor General Elizabeth B. Prelogar, representing the E.P.A., responded that the court should not deny the agency "much-needed flexibility to do common sense and commonplace and well-established limits in this industry" for things like trading emissions credits.

She noted, too, that "the power plants by and large are on our side in this case," in part because "they want that kind of flexibility because this is business as usual for them."

Some justices seemed to think that the case was harder than earlier ones.

In the eviction moratorium case, Justice Amy Coney Barrett said, the question was whether "the C.D.C. can regulate the landlord-tenant relationship."

"Here," she said, "if we're thinking about E.P.A. regulating greenhouse gases, well, there's a match between the regulation and the agency's wheelhouse, right?"

The justices appeared to have little appetite for an argument pressed by the Biden administration and environmental groups: that the four cases before the court were not ripe for decision because there is no regulation in place. They argued that the court should wait to address concrete questions rather than ruling on hypothetical ones.

Ms. Prelogar said the administration was at work on a new regulation, which the courts could consider after it was issued.

Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and Justice Stephen G. Breyer indicated that they thought the Supreme Court did not need to wait. But Justice Neil M. Gorsuch said "the solicitor general makes a strong argument that states are not harmed here because, under the current state of affairs, there is no rule in place."

Much of the argument was focused on whether the Clean Air Act allowed the agency to issue sweeping regulations across the power sector and, more broadly, on how clearly Congress must authorize executive agencies to address major political and economic questions for their regulations to be lawful.

The court has called this inquiry the "major questions doctrine." The justices seemed divided over how it applied to the cases before them.

Jacob M. Roth, a lawyer for coal companies challenging the E.P.A.'s authority, said the key distinction was between regulating individual power plants and the entire energy sector. The latter, he said, was a major question that lacked congressional authorization.

He used an analogy based on setting fuel performance standards for cars to describe the limits of the E.P. A.'s discretion.

"What we mean is, you know, I can get 30 miles a gallon, I can get 35 miles a gallon," he said. "We don't mean I can take the bus. We don't mean I could stay home."

Lindsay S. See, West Virginia's solicitor general, said the agency should not be permitted to regulate an entire industry.

"This is a major question," she said, "because it allows E.P.A. to determine what the power sector as a whole should look like and who can be in it," she said. "It transforms the statute from something that is about how a particular source can operate more efficiently."

Last year, on the last full day of Donald J. Trump's presidency, a federal appeals court in Washington struck down his administration's plan to relax restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions from power plants. The Trump administration said the Clean Air Act unambiguously limited the measures the agency could use to those "that can be put into operation at a building, structure, facility or installation."

A divided three-judge panel of the court, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, ruled that the Trump administration's plan, called the Affordable Clean Energy Rule, was based on a "fundamental misconstruction" of the relevant law, prompted by a "tortured series of misreadings."

"The E.P.A. has ample discretion in carrying out its mandate," the decision concluded. "But it may not shirk its responsibility by imagining new limitations that the plain language of the statute does not clearly require."

The panel did not reinstate a 2015 Obama-era regulation, the Clean Power Plan, which would have forced utilities to move away from coal and toward renewable energy to reduce emissions. But it rejected the Trump administration's attempt to replace that rule with what critics said was a toothless one.

The appeals court's ruling also cleared the way for the Biden administration to issue stronger restrictions.

The Obama-era plan had aimed to cut emissions from the power sector by 32 percent by 2030 compared with 2005 levels. To do so, it instructed every state to draft plans to eliminate carbon emissions from power plants by phasing out coal and increasing the generation of renewable energy.

The Clean Power Plan never came into effect. It was blocked in 2016 by the Supreme Court, which effectively ruled that states did not have to comply with it until a barrage of lawsuits from conservative states and the coal industry had been resolved. That ruling, followed by changes in the Supreme Court's membership that have moved it to the right, has made environmental groups wary of what the court might do in cases on climate change.

The Supreme Court heard the four cases, including West Virginia. v. Environmental Protection Agency, No. 20-1530, on the same day that a body of experts convened by the United Nations published the most comprehensive look to date at the threats posed by global warming. The report, approved by 195 governments, found that the dangers from climate change are bigger and unfolding faster than previously expected and that humanity may struggle to adapt to the consequences unless greenhouse gas emissions are quickly reduced in the next few decades.

"Any further delay in concerted anticipatory global action," the report said, "will miss a brief and rapidly closing window of opportunity to secure a livable and sustainable future for all."

Brad Plumer contributed reporting.

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Supreme Court Considers Limiting E.P.A.'s Ability to Address Climate Change

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Members of the court's conservative majority voiced skepticism that Congress had authorized the agency to decide what they said were major political and economic questions. WASHINGTON - Members of the Supreme Court's conservative majority on Monday questioned the scope of the Environmental Protection Agency's ability to regulate carbon emissions from power plants, suggesting that the justices could deal a sharp blow to the Biden administration's efforts to address climate change.

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2. Executive Order on Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to Tackle the Climate Crisis. passed in 2021

3. Access online

4. A rhetorical appeal seen in this order is logos. It is informing about "Sec. 5 sets that accounting for the benefits of reducing climate pollution is essential." A popular culture concept seen is social cohesion. This law is addressing an ongoing issue.

5. I learned that these orders are repealing or reviewing of Trump's orders and trying to set things back to making a climate impact.

6." Executive Order On Protecti... - United States Of America - Climate Change Laws Of The World". Climate-Laws.Org, 2022, https://climate-laws.org/geographies/united-states-of-america/policies/executive-order-on-protecting-public-health-and-the-environment-and-restoring-science-to-tackle-the-climate-crisis.

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Executive Order on Protecti... - United States of America - Climate Change Laws of the World

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Passed on President Joe Biden’s first day in office, this Executive order aims to undo the most adverse decisions of the Trump administration on public health,

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2. The future we choose : surviving the climate crisis / Christiana Figueres and Tom Rivett-Carnac.

3. 210 pages

4. In this book a rhetorical appeal seen is pathos. The way that the authors describe what the world would look like in several years if there is no change tries to make the reader feel a certain way. A popular culture concept is social cohesion. These two authors have come together to address and try to make a change for a problem.

5. I learned that if a change is not made soon in sooner than expected years we may not have a lot to look forward to.

6. Figueres, Christiana, and Tom Rivett-Carnac. The Future We Choose.

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A cautionary but optimistic book about the world's changing climate and the fate of humanity, from Christiana Figueres and Tom Rivett-Carnac-who led negotiations for the United Nations during the historic Paris Agreement of 2015.

The authors outline two possible scenarios for our planet. In one, they describe what life on Earth will be like by 2050 if we fail to meet the Paris Agreement's climate targets. In the other, they lay out what it will be like to live in a regenerative world that has net-zero emissions. They argue for confronting the climate crisis head-on, with determination and optimism. The Future We Choose presents our options and tells us what governments, corporations, and each of us can, and must, do to fend off disaster.

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The Future We Choose: Surviving the Climate Crisis

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Buy The Future We Choose: Surviving the Climate Crisis: Read Books Reviews - Amazon.com

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2. TACKLING THE CLIMATE CRISIS by website climatenetwork.org

3. Online access

4. A rhetorical appeal seen in this organization is pathos. I also see logos. Pathos is seen in the images giving a feeling of sadness. They also have descriptions which provides information about what they do and how to join.

5. I learned that "more than 1,500 civil society organizations in over 130 countries driving collective and sustainable action to fight the climate crisis."

6. "Climate Action Network – Home". Climate Action Network, 2022, https://climatenetwork.org/.

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Skip to content

Climate Action Network (CAN) is a global network of more than 1,900 civil society organisations in over 130 countries driving collective and sustainable action to fight the climate crisis and to achieve social and racial justice. CAN convenes and coordinates civil society at the UN climate talks and other international fora.
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The political will to change the world will come through local communities and grassroots movements fighting together in solidarity to bring about a climate just and equitable world. CAN aspires to strengthen our regional and national civil society networks to ensure that all global advocacy and strategies are informed from the bottom-up.
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Climate Action Network (CAN) is a powerful global network of more than 1,800 civil society organisations in over 130 countries driving collective and sustainable action to fight the climate crisis and to achieve social and racial justice. CAN convenes and coordinates civil society at the UN climate talks and other international fora.

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2. "Climate Change a Critical Challenge for DOD, Hicks Says" March 8, 2022, by Terri Moon Cronk, DOD NEWS

3. Access online on U.S. Department of Defense News

4. Rhetorical appeals seen on the news site are pathos. The pictures give a sense of curiosity and a bit of worry because we see people wearing a mask and soldier-like people. A popular culture concept seen is agency.

5. I learned that besides what I have been hearing on the news, the article also confirmed many more wildfires throughout the whole year.

6. "Climate Change A Critical Challenge For DOD, Hicks Says". U.S. Department Of Defense, 2022, https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/2959693/climate-change-a-critical-challenge-for-dod-hicks-says/.

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Virtually every person and organization across the globe is impacted by climate change, including the Defense Department, Deputy Secretary of Defense Kathleen H. Hicks said.

The deputy secretary made her remarks virtually before the Worldwide Logistics Symposium 2022, today.

"Climate change is altering our planet right now - from contributing to severe weather events to sparking wildfires and driving drought conditions," she said, adding it creates conditions that are challenging nation states and proving catastrophic for communities around the world.

The DOD Climate Risk Analysis makes clear that "'Climate change is reshaping the geostrategic, operational and tactical environments with significant implications for U.S. national security and defense,'" Hicks said. "We are rapidly learning that it will increasingly set the context for our operations, with implications for readiness, resourcing and mission demand."

Hicks outlined some examples:

In the United States, "fire season has gotten progressively worse and has become a fire year," according to National Guard Bureau Chief Army Gen. Dan R. Hokanson. From Fiscal Year 2016 to 2021, the number of personnel days the National Guard has dedicated to fire fighting has grown from 14,000 to more than 176,000.

Hicks visited Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, last year. The base was hit by Hurricane Sally in September 2020 and Hicks saw how climate-induced extreme weather is impacting Defense capabilities and critical missions.

In the Arctic, the changing climate affects ice melt, and it is opening the region to new geopolitical competition.

Because of sea-level rise, low elevation areas like the Marshall Islands, home to the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site, are at risk of disappearing altogether.

"The science is clear," she noted. "As a nation and as a department, we must do our part to mitigate climate change. As [President Joe Biden] announced in November of last year, this means reaching net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050," Hicks said, adding that 75% of total federal greenhouse gas emissions come from DOD. "[Doing] our part to make significant changes to our energy use and increase our investments in energy technology will create substantial effects for the whole U.S. government."

DOD must be able to simultaneously mitigate against climate change while ensuring our security, she said. "China's military is on pace to become a peer competitor to the United States. Russia's aggression threatens Europe's stability. We also face advanced and persistent threats from Iran, North Korea and other nonstate actors," Hicks said.

While there is sometimes an inclination to see our climate objectives as somehow detracting from our warfighting objectives, in reality the two are well-aligned, and there is no better example of that alignment than logistics, she emphasized.

"From Sun Tzu and Alexander the Great to Gen. Bradley and Gen. Eisenhower, some of the greatest military thinkers and strategists throughout history have remarked on the importance of logistics," Hicks said, adding that logistics remains as important today as at any point in history.

Logistics is particularly vital in contested environments, Hicks said. And DOD's Joint Warfighting Concept focuses on contested logistics as one of its four functional concepts.

"Energy underpins our warfighting capabilities and in contested environments, getting critical supplies such as fuel to our installations and platforms will be increasingly challenging," she said.

Reducing the demand for energy in the forward-deployed force is critical to DOD's ability to sustain distributed operations, she added.

"As an example, many islands in the Indo-Pacific have virtually no local fossil fuel resources," the deputy secretary said, citing Guam, Hawaii and Kwajalein. "Nearly all of their energy needs, including those of U.S. military installations that are located on those islands, are met by imported petroleum."

And while getting fuel to these locations is often difficult as it is, it would be incredibly challenging in a contested battlespace, she added.

"Reducing our energy demand will be so important," Hicks said. "After all, you can't sink efficiency. Distributed resources like solar panels and batteries can also reduce fuel demand and mitigate logistics challenges."

DOD is moving aggressively to cut energy demand that's critical to the mission and good for the climate, she said, adding that mission alignment is at the heart of DOD's climate objectives. And there is a lot of activity across DOD to advance those objectives, she said:

In the forthcoming DOD strategy and planning documents, such as the National Defense Strategy, climate change is setting the context for operations - DOD's and those of its competitors, Hicks said. "The nations and alliances that are more resilient to the impacts of climate [change] will have an advantage," she added.

"And, in the next several weeks, I'll be issuing a department-wide memorandum that will emphasize energy supportability and demand reduction. These will be priority attributes in any upgrades to current programs and the development of all new capabilities," she said.

"There's too much at stake for the planet and our mission for us to stand pat while the world changes around us," the deputy secretary said. "We at DOD intend to act."

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Climate Change a Critical Challenge for DOD, Hicks Says

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Virtually every person and organization across the globe is impacted by climate change, including the Defense Department, Deputy Secretary of Defense Kathleen H. Hicks said. The deputy secretary made her remarks virtually before the Worldwide Logistics Symposium 2022, today.

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2. The Causes of Climate Change by Judith Lean, Holly Shaftel, Mike Lockwood and Naomi Oreskes.

3. Access Online

4. The video gives a brief explanation of what causes climate change. From which a rhetorical appeal will be logos. There is also ethos because the people giving the information are scientist and know what they are talking about. A popular culture concept seen is social cohesion and agency because there is a problem and others are informing and trying to make a difference to address the problem.

5. I learned a little more about climate change by comparing and informing about other planets and how their atmosphere is different and how it affects the planet.

6. "The Causes Of Climate Change". Climate Change: Vital Signs Of The Planet, 2022, https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/.

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Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet

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The Greenhouse Effect

Increasing Greenhouses Gases Are Warming the Planet

Scientists attribute the global warming trend observed since the mid-20 th century to the human expansion of the "greenhouse effect" ¹ - warming that results when the atmosphere traps heat radiating from Earth toward space.

Life on Earth depends on energy coming from the Sun. About half the light energy reaching Earth's atmosphere passes through the air and clouds to the surface, where it is absorbed and radiated in the form of infrared heat. About 90% of this heat is then absorbed by greenhouse gases and re-radiated, slowing heat loss to space.

Gases that Contribute

The Role of Humans

Human Activity Is the Cause of Increased Greenhouse Gas Concentrations

Over the last century, burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil has increased the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO ₂). This increase happens because the coal or oil burning process combines carbon with oxygen in the air to make CO ₂. To a lesser extent, clearing of land for agriculture, industry, and other human activities has increased concentrations of greenhouse gases.

How do we know what greenhouse gas and temperature levels were in the distant past?

Ice cores are scientists' best source for historical climate data. Other tools for learning about Earth's ancient atmosphere include growth rings in trees, which keep a rough record of each growing season's temperature, moisture and cloudiness going back about 2,000 years. Corals also form growth rings that provide information about temperature and nutrients in the tropical ocean. Other proxies, such as benthic cores, extend our knowledge of past climate back about a billion years.

detailed answer

The industrial activities that our modern civilization depends upon have raised atmospheric carbon dioxide levels by nearly 50% since 1750 ². This increase is due to human activities, because scientists can see a distinctive isotopic fingerprint in the atmosphere.

In its Sixth Assessment Report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, composed of scientific experts from countries all over the world, concluded thatit is unequivocal that the increase of CO ₂, methane, and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere over the industrial era is the result of human activities and that human influence is the principal driver of many changes observed across the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and biosphere.

"Since systematic scientific assessments began in the 1970s, the influence of human activity on the warming of the climate system has evolved from theory to established fact."

- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

The panel's AR6 Working Group I (WGI) Summary for Policymakers report is online at https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/.

Is the Sun to Blame?

Evidence Shows That Current Global Warming Cannot Be Explained by Solar Irradiance

Scientists use a metric called Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) to measure the changes in energy the Earth receives from the Sun. TSI incorporates the 11-year solar cycle and solar flares/storms from the Sun's surface.

Studies show that solar variability has played a role in past climate changes. For example, a decrease in solar activity coupled with increased volcanic activity helped trigger the Little Ice Age.

The above graph compares global surface temperature changes (red line) and the Sun's energy that Earth receives (yellow line) in watts (units of energy) per square meter since 1880. The lighter/thinner lines show the yearly levels while the heavier/thicker lines show the 11-year average trends. Eleven-year averages are used to reduce the year-to-year natural noise in the data, making the underlying trends more obvious.

The amount of solar energy that Earth receives has followed the Sun's natural 11-year cycle of small ups and downs with no net increase since 1880. Over the same period, global temperature has risen markedly. It is therefore extremely unlikely that the Sun has caused the observed global temperature warming trend over the past half-century. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

But several lines of evidence show that current global warming cannot be explained by changes in energy from the Sun:

Since 1750, the average amount of energy from the Sun either remained constant or decreased slightly³.

If a more active Sun caused the warming, scientists would expect warmer temperatures in all layers of the atmosphere. Instead, they have observed a cooling in the upper atmosphere and a warming at the surface and lower parts of the atmosphere. That's because greenhouse gases are slowing heat loss from the lower atmosphere.

Climate models that include solar irradiance changes can't reproduce the observed temperature trend over the past century or more without including a rise in greenhouse gases.
References
References

1. IPCC 6 th Assessment Report, WG1, Summary for Policy Makers, Sections A, " The Current State of the Climate "

IPCC 6 th Assessment Report, WG1, Technical Summary, Sections TS.1.2, TS.2.1 and TS.3.1

2. P. Friedlingstein, et al., 2022: "Global Carbon Budget 2022", Earth System Science Data ( 11 Nov 2022): 4811-4900. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022

3. IPCC 6 th Assessment Report, WG1, Chapter 2, Section 2.2.1, " Solar and Orbital Forcing"

IPCC 6 th Assessment Report, WG1, Chapter 7, Sections 7.3.4.4, 7.3.5.2, Figure 7.6, " Solar"

M. Lockwood and W.T. Ball, Placing limits on long-term variations in quiet-Sun irradiance and their contribution to total solar irradiance and solar radiative forcing of climate," Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 476, issue 2228 (24 June 2020): https://doi 10.1098/rspa.2020.0077

Header image credit: Pixabay/stevepb

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Vital Signs of the Planet: Global Climate Change and Global Warming. What is the "greenhouse effect"? What is causing it? Are humans to blame? What does solar irradiance have to do with it? Answers here.

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2. Voices of Change: Climate change is about the people by United Nations

3. 3,421 views/ posted Feb 9, 2022

4. I see pathos through the person talking she really tries to put into prospect how it affects. A popular Culture I see in this is agency and social cohesion.

5. I learned that females will feel the side effects of climate change first due to what they do in their daily routines.

6. "Voices Of Change: Climate Change Is About The People".  YouTube, 2022.

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Voices of Change: Climate change is about the people | United Nations #COP27

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2. SCIENCE-BASED DECISIONS FOR SOCIETY. James Verdier.

3.  Access online

4.  Pathos is seen through the pictures of diversity. It is also ethos seen people who write and suggest are scientists that participate in activities and are concerned. Popular culture concepts I believe that this website gives are social cohesion and identity.

5.  The ISP learned in this website is mostly directed toward helping others get informed about science and how it affects others. There are many actions that the organization pushes for such as laws that will provide a change or push towards a positive direction.

6. "Science-Based Decisions For Society". AIBS, 2022, https://www.aibs.org/index.html.

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