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When looking at representing "the other", whether in wildlife or ethnographic documentaries, spectacle in the narrative is a widely used tool to keep the high audience engagement. This comes with some risks. It can cause misrepresentation in the name of dramatic tension and, when paired with  strong evidence, voice of God narration can give the narrator  a leading hierarchical power.

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Uploaded by Reliance Entertainment on 2012-07-18.

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The representation of 'truth' the Direct Cinema movement aimed for has many controversies. The narrative still has a role and touches upon the observational shots. We see reality through a specific angle, the protagonist (often accustomed to media presence) is aware of the camera and postproduction elements, such as editing and music, influence what we see and how we perceive it.

One solution could be identified in the use of surveillance cameras, bringing up different issues, such as ethical consent and audience emgagement.

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John F. Kennedy rallies the crowd in PRIMARY

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Unlike films, documentaries aren't scripted more than the narrative's underlying structure is. They rely on the excitement of real-life and add elements to it. Something that might be worth considering is the way dramatic elements that are characteristic of fiction films are adapted to non-fiction narrative feature films.

Nostalgia for the Light's narration connects seemingly unrelated non-human issues to ones that concern humans deeply. By moving humans' matters and lives to the centre of the frame, the chance of receiving empathy from the audience is increased.

The aim for spectacle and the influence of postproduction (music and editing) contribute to creating, and at times imposing, a narrative with dramatic tension in the name of audience participation.

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Evidence-based expository documentaries aim to present the audience unbiased facts for them to make their own informed assumption. But what happens when we are only aware of one side of the story? Is that an ethical representation?
In this example, Moore presents us with the evidence supporting his beliefs and, even when interviewing others, he doesn't allow them much space to talk. By doing so, he detains the power and he is helped by the narration to maintain it throughout it.

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Watch Fahrenheit 11/9 Trailer Original - adorocinema on Dailymotion

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Ethical issues can arise on multiple occasions.
When looking at the observational presentation of "truth", surveillance becomes controversial in terms of participants' consent.
Spectacle, on the other hand, can portray participants and their opinions in different ways thanks to editing and adding drama through the use of music.
Overall, these elements can lead to misrepresentation and have real consequences.
In the link used as an example, the issue is with a casting that sees an underrepresentation of women and the only woman involved being an artist instead of a specialist like the others, as it could have been.

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