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1917 - When Bolshevik revolutionaries overthrew the regime of Czar Nicholas II in 1917 they established a new government based on communist principles.

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1917 - When Bolshevik revolutionaries overthrew the regime of Czar Nicholas II in 1917 they established a new government based on communist principles.

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1918- Hence, in 1918, the United States and several other European states sent a small expeditionary force to help Russian monarchist, counterrevolutionary forces trying to topple the Bolsheviks and restore the czarist regime. 

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1918- Hence, in 1918, the United States and several other European states sent a small expeditionary force to help Russian monarchist, counterrevolutionary forces trying to topple the Bolsheviks and restore the czarist regime. 

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1920-This effort was unsuccessful, however, and the foreign troops had left Russia.

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1920-This effort was unsuccessful, however, and the foreign troops had left Russia.

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1933-Americans established a climate of mistrust between the two nations that prevented them from establishing diplomatic relations until 1933.

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1933-Americans established a climate of mistrust between the two nations that prevented them from establishing diplomatic relations until 1933.

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1939- WWII starts when Germany invaded Poland. Great Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. The war between the U.S.S.R. and Germany began on June 22, 1941, with Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. 

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1939- WWII starts when Germany invaded Poland. Great Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. The war between the U.S.S.R. and Germany began on June 22, 1941, with Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. 

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1939- The British and Americans never entirely trusted the Soviets, who had actually cooperated with Nazi leader Adolf Hitler between 1939 and 1941 until Germany repudiated their agreement and invaded Russia.

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1939- The British and Americans never entirely trusted the Soviets, who had actually cooperated with Nazi leader Adolf Hitler between 1939 and 1941 until Germany repudiated their agreement and invaded Russia.

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1945-As the war ground to a close in the spring of 1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt died, and his successor, Harry Truman, emerged as a more determined opponent of communism

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1945-As the war ground to a close in the spring of 1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt died, and his successor, Harry Truman, emerged as a more determined opponent of communism

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March 5 1946: These actions alarm the United States and other Western governments. Winston Churchill, the wartime leader of Great Britain, gave one of his most famous speeches at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri 

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March 5 1946: These actions alarm the United States and other Western governments. Winston Churchill, the wartime leader of Great Britain, gave one of his most famous speeches at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri 

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1947- speech by Bernard Baruch: coined the term that would come to define the open struggle for power and influence between the Soviet Union and the United States in the decades after World War II.

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1947- speech by Bernard Baruch: coined the term that would come to define the open struggle for power and influence between the Soviet Union and the United States in the decades after World War II.

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1947-The second major U.S. initiative of this period was the Marshall Plan, which Secretary of State George C. Marshall proposed in a commencement address at Harvard University on June 5, 1947

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1947-The second major U.S. initiative of this period was the Marshall Plan, which Secretary of State George C. Marshall proposed in a commencement address at Harvard University on June 5, 1947

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1948-The situation came to a head in 1948, when Stalin responded to what he viewed as increasing provocation from the West by setting up a blockade of the western half of Berlin.

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1948-The situation came to a head in 1948, when Stalin responded to what he viewed as increasing provocation from the West by setting up a blockade of the western half of Berlin.

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1948-Stalin's actions in Berlin had been in response to the increasingly tense nature of the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union. By 1948

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1948-Stalin's actions in Berlin had been in response to the increasingly tense nature of the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union. By 1948

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1949- Stalin had lifted the blockade, but Germany remained definitively divided into two separate nations, while Berlin remained a divided city.

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1949- Stalin had lifted the blockade, but Germany remained definitively divided into two separate nations, while Berlin remained a divided city.

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1950-This new level of intensity was reflected in the Truman administration's response to developments on the Korean peninsula in the spring

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1950-This new level of intensity was reflected in the Truman administration's response to developments on the Korean peninsula in the spring

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1953-The new American president, Dwight D. Eisenhower, ended the war in 1953, with the peninsula still divided into two nations maintaining an uneasy peace. 

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1953-The new American president, Dwight D. Eisenhower, ended the war in 1953, with the peninsula still divided into two nations maintaining an uneasy peace. 

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1953- Stalin died. Also, with Eisenhower scaling back American military spending and relying more on nuclear weapons for defense, the Cold War seemed to be stabilizing

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1953- Stalin died. Also, with Eisenhower scaling back American military spending and relying more on nuclear weapons for defense, the Cold War seemed to be stabilizing

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1954-When the French were defeated in the Indochina War in 1954, Vietnam was divided into a communist North and a U.S.-supported South

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1954-When the French were defeated in the Indochina War in 1954, Vietnam was divided into a communist North and a U.S.-supported South

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1954- Many lives and reputations were ruined, often unjustly, and some Americans even went to jail for their beliefs. The hysteria died down in 1954, but the atmosphere of paranoia and fear was deeply destabilizing for the American public.

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1954- Many lives and reputations were ruined, often unjustly, and some Americans even went to jail for their beliefs. The hysteria died down in 1954, but the atmosphere of paranoia and fear was deeply destabilizing for the American public.

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1959-The most alarming development for Americans, however, was the Cuban Revolution in 1959, when revolutionary Fidel Castro established a communist government a mere 90 miles from the coast of Florida and promptly signed an alliance with the Soviet Union. 

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1959-The most alarming development for Americans, however, was the Cuban Revolution in 1959, when revolutionary Fidel Castro established a communist government a mere 90 miles from the coast of Florida and promptly signed an alliance with the Soviet Union. 

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October 1962- Americans discovered that the Soviets were installing nuclear missiles on Cuban soil, posing a direct threat to American cities.

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October 1962- Americans discovered that the Soviets were installing nuclear missiles on Cuban soil, posing a direct threat to American cities.

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1964-At first, American soldiers were in Vietnam in very small numbers in a merely advisory role, but by 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson was beginning to commit even larger numbers of combat troops.

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1964-At first, American soldiers were in Vietnam in very small numbers in a merely advisory role, but by 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson was beginning to commit even larger numbers of combat troops.

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1967-1968-The war quickly became unpopular among the American public, provoking large protests on the home front by 1967 that reached phenomenal proportions by 1968.

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1967-1968-The war quickly became unpopular among the American public, provoking large protests on the home front by 1967 that reached phenomenal proportions by 1968.

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1972 - In early 1972, Nixon visited China in a bid to normalize relations with that nation's communist government.

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1972 - In early 1972, Nixon visited China in a bid to normalize relations with that nation's communist government.

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1972 - The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (1972) placed limits on the number of nuclear warheads and weapons systems that each country could maintain, thus reining in somewhat the costly arms race that had characterized Soviet-American relations since the invention of the atomic bomb.

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1972 - The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (1972) placed limits on the number of nuclear warheads and weapons systems that each country could maintain, thus reining in somewhat the costly arms race that had characterized Soviet-American relations since the invention of the atomic bomb.

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1973-Johnson's presidency was ruined by his commitment to Vietnam, and by the time President Richard Nixon ended U.S. involvement in the conflict in 1973, nearly 60,000 American soldiers had died, along with millions of Vietnamese.

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1973-Johnson's presidency was ruined by his commitment to Vietnam, and by the time President Richard Nixon ended U.S. involvement in the conflict in 1973, nearly 60,000 American soldiers had died, along with millions of Vietnamese.

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 1975-North Vietnamese forces finally overran the South, ending a conflict that was deeply humiliating for the United States and that had bitterly divided the nation.

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 1975-North Vietnamese forces finally overran the South, ending a conflict that was deeply humiliating for the United States and that had bitterly divided the nation.

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1979 - Despite a second treaty signed by Brezhnev and President Jimmy Carter, the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (1979), the end of the decade brought renewed tensions.

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1979 - Despite a second treaty signed by Brezhnev and President Jimmy Carter, the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (1979), the end of the decade brought renewed tensions.

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1979 - The two superpowers clashed in various areas of the world as they tried to influence revolutionary movements. Particularly disturbing to the United States was Soviet and Cuban support for communist revolutionaries in Nicaragua and Brezhnev's 1979 invasion of Afghanistan to prop up a pro-Soviet regime there.

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1979 - The two superpowers clashed in various areas of the world as they tried to influence revolutionary movements. Particularly disturbing to the United States was Soviet and Cuban support for communist revolutionaries in Nicaragua and Brezhnev's 1979 invasion of Afghanistan to prop up a pro-Soviet regime there.

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1980- The 1980s saw an escalation of tensions that equaled those of the early Cold War. After ascending to the presidency in 1980, Ronald Reagan pledged to stand firm against what he termed "the evil empire" of the Soviet Union

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1980- The 1980s saw an escalation of tensions that equaled those of the early Cold War. After ascending to the presidency in 1980, Ronald Reagan pledged to stand firm against what he termed "the evil empire" of the Soviet Union

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1985- Yet despite this environment of fear and mistrust, the Cold War was nearing its end. Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union, pledging thoroughgoing reforms of the entire communist system.

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1985- Yet despite this environment of fear and mistrust, the Cold War was nearing its end. Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union, pledging thoroughgoing reforms of the entire communist system.

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1989- They began to give way to popular democratic revolutions, mostly nonviolent, such as Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution.

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1989- They began to give way to popular democratic revolutions, mostly nonviolent, such as Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution.

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1990- East and West Germany were reunited under a liberal democratic regime.

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1990- East and West Germany were reunited under a liberal democratic regime.