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1. In the chapter, 'disillusionment' means people losing faith about the liberalism which they originally thought as the best solution for the diverse global crisis. Many people thought that by giving people more liberties, we can make a better society. However, it rather generated another problems like irrlevance and biotechnology which peoplel cannot control well. So, the citizens are now in fear of getting ignored by the government as it is harder to struggle agianst irrelevance than against exploitation.

2. The phrase 'The End of History' refers to people using the liberalism to solve the global problems, in other words, ending the global crisis. But, as the unexpected flaws and problems of liberalism have risen, we should keep looking for the other alternative to end the present global crisis. In this context, ending the history is not feasible in the present situation.

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Noh Jooyeon is a rising star from South Korea, recognized for her exceptional talent and passion for baseball. She is known for her consistent performance, showcasing impressive skills in both offense and defense. Her dedication to improving her game and her ability to stay composed under pressure make her a valuable asset to her team. Many believe that Noh has the potential to become a leading figure in the sport, with a bright future ahead of her!!!!!!!

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'Disillusionment' means the feeling of disappointment when you realize something is not as good as you thought it would be. In the chapter, it could refer to a moment when a character or the narrator experiences this feeling, realizing a harsh truth or facing a reality that shatters their earlier expectations or beliefs. Look for moments in the chapter where someone feels let down or has their idealistic views challenged!

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1. Disillusionment refers to the sense of lldisappointment or dismay people feel when political, economic, or social ideologies they once believed in fail to deliver on their promises. Harari explains that ideologies like liberalism, democracy, and communism were dominant in the 20th century but have shown significant weaknesses in the 21st century, leading to widespread disillusionment.This is not just an individual feeling but a global phenomenon where existing orders are being challenged, leaving many uncertain about the future.

2.This subheading refers to Francis Fukuyama’s book The End of History and the Last Man, which argued that the Cold War’s end marked the final stage of humanity's political evolution, with liberal democracy as the ultimate system. hararichallenges this idea, highlighting how liberal systems now face crises due to factors like technological disruptions, climate change, and political polarization.

The phrase suggests that history hasn’t ended but instead has entered a new and turbulent phase, requiring us to rethink Fukuyama’s conclusion.

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I feel like the word choice 'disillusionment' itself shows how the author thinks about the 'stories'. The author views the liberal, communist and fascist stories as an illusion. We do not refer to something that exists in real life as ans illusion. The author intentionally chooses the word 'disillusionment' in order to show all those stories are just made up by humans and that they are not something that exists in real life to be obtainable. 'Disillusionment' shows how people came to realize how the one story that we thought would lead the world to a better place, contained so much flaws that pursuing the only one story is not the right way for humans to develop.

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The meaning of disillusionment in the book is about liberalism. As mentioned in this book, the advent of the global economic crisis led to the collapse of the ideal realization of liberalism, which eventually led to the system in which liberalism and globalization gave power to the small number of elites at the expense of the majority. In the midst of this confusion caused by the gap between ideals and reality, the rapid development of infotech and biotech, which we do not even understand the mechanism properly, is now destroying our mental system beyond the ideology of liberalism.

The end of history in the subheading of chapter 1 means the end of the history of liberalism, and the fact that this has been postponed is that it addresses the issue of still being stagnant and confused at a era when liberal system should be finished and a new era should be transitioned

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1. In 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, Yuval Noah Harari explores "disillusionment" in Chapter 1 as a societal shift away from traditional ideological beliefs. Harari argues that in the 21st century, people are experiencing a loss of faith in long-standing political, economic, and cultural ideologies, especially liberalism, which has historically promoted freedom, democracy, and capitalism.

This disillusionment is driven by emerging challenges, such as technological disruption, climate change, and geopolitical uncertainty, which seem unaddressed by these traditional ideologies. Harari suggests that as people lose faith in these frameworks, societies face the daunting task of finding new ways to organize and understand themselves in a rapidly changing world.

2. Harari critiques the idea that liberal democracy marked the final stage of human progress. He argues that rising challenges like nationalism, populism, and technological disruption prove that humanity’s political and ideological evolution is ongoing, not finished.

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1)Disillusionment in this chapter refers to the global loss of faith in liberalism following its failure to address major issues after the 2008 financial crisis. As democracy and free markets were increasingly seen as inadequate, people began seeking new alternatives. This disillusionment shocked liberal elites and exposed liberalism’s vulnerabilities to challenges like globalization, technological change, and inequality.

2)The text argues that the optimistic view of liberalism's triumph in the 20th century was misguided. While the 1990s saw declarations of "the end of history," recent challenges like Brexit and Trump, along with nihilistic and post-ideological movements, have questioned liberalism's inevitability. The author highlights that such declarations were premature and uses "postponed" to stress liberalism's uncertain future.

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Disillusionment reflects the collapse of the liberalism illusion. While ideologies like fascism and communism once seemed promising, their flaws are now clear. The absence of a new ideology has postponed the end of liberalism.

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Humans think in stories rather than in facts. The author say the disillusionment, described the loss of truth and belief in human minds. Even though people found and chase the liveralism, it had the problems in liveralism. Then we should find the way to end this situations. So the author suggests the solutions of ending the systems of "disillusionment".

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아름다운 내용을 적어보세요…

-> 주연쌤

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Disillusionment is a confusion from the unknown. Many new technologies are developing and these techs can make various futures. People cannot predict how the future would be so disillusionment occurs and make a confusion.

End of history I think is an end of record. History is a document that helps us to communicate with our ancestors. To learn the lesson from the past effectively, document is playing a significant role and many debates with various ideas will maintain the history and keep going on.

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Disillusionment refers to the shattering of dreams. From the perspective of this book, I think it represents the breaking of the illusion of liberalism. In the past, when fascism and communism were the focus, these ideologies may have been seen as good. But now, it is clear that it has some problems.

The author chose that subheading because we don't have an ideology after liberalism yet. The failure to find a better ideology has led to postponement of the end of liberalism.

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The word disillusionment refers to people finding flaws of current ideologies or stories that they haven't seen at first. The book mentions how liberalism nowadays is facing a criticism; this so-seemed perfect idea wasn't perfect at all. Even though people call for change in the current liberal story, there are no perfect alternatives available, making the end of history postponed.

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"Disillusionment" refers to a loss of faith in the grand narrative that once promised certainty and progress, such as liberalism. The term arouses disappointment and a stark realization that liberalism, once seen as the solution to humanity’s challenges, may no longer hold the answers in an increasingly complex and chaotic world.

This subheading critiques the notion that the triumph of liberal democracy marked the peak of humanity's ideological evolution, essentially the "end of history." By stating that this conclusion "has been postponed," the author underscores that history remains alive, as the world faces unresolved ideological, political, and social struggles. The phrase conveys a sense of irony and unpredictability, suggesting that humanity’s march toward a definitive ideological endpoint is incomplete and fraught with new challenges that defy simplistic solutions.

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Yuval Noah Harari examines how liberalism and AI technology are reshaping society. He highlights that liberalism, rooted in individual freedom and democracy, faces challenges from AI, which can predict and manipulate human behavior, potentially undermining personal autonomy. While AI offers opportunities in fields like healthcare and education, it also raises ethical and social concerns, questioning the future of human agency in an increasingly data-driven world.

We have thought that liberalism is ideal, but with the emergence of ai, the problem of liberalism is being discovered. We need to find these problems and think about how we can live in harmony with AI

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Disillusionment is a single word that comprehend the overall story of the chapter. liberalism seemed such a perfect system with no default however, the reality of the system does not live up to people's expectations which caused disappointment.

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1. In 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, Yuval Noah Harari explores "disillusionment" in Chapter 1 as a societal shift away from traditional ideological beliefs. Harari argues that in the 21st century, people are experiencing a loss of faith in long-standing political, economic, and cultural ideologies, especially liberalism, which has historically promoted freedom, democracy, and capitalism. This disillusionment is driven by emerging challenges, such as technological disruption, climate change, and geopolitical uncertainty, which seem unaddressed by these traditional ideologies. Harari suggests that as people lose faith in these frameworks, societies face the daunting task of finding new ways to organize and understand themselves in a rapidly changing world.

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I think the title of this chapter 'Disillusionment' refers to a stressing condition nowadays. In the past, there were communism or nationalism. But it came out with lots of flaws, so liberalism became good. By the time passing by, some problems occured with liberalism. It means we should discover a new story or liberalism should adapt to the new world.

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1. Belief that liberalism will bring prosperity and progress of human society is collapsing. Populists encourage discrimination and suppression. People face a lot of bad things. This situation is different from the belief. Liberalism is losing power, but there is no alternative ideology that present right way. People lose not only past belief but hope.

2. That liberalism is not the idea that bring ideal society was revealed. Advent of ideal society is postponed. The end of history has been postponed.

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Even if something looks like it's going to end, a small flame rises and it becomes start point of something again. So we can‘t sure when this will be end.

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Disillusionment is defined as 'a feeling of disappointment resulting from the discovery that something is not as good as one believed it to be' in the dictionary. When we apply this meaning to the topic of this chapter, it means that while the liberalism seemed like the perfect ideology for world peace and prosperity, it did not live up to our expectations. From the global financial crisis in 2008 to the Brexit vote and the rise of Trump, we have experienced disappointment in the liberal world.

The subheading is related to Fukuyama's quote about 'the end of history'. While the world's history seemed to end with liberalism as the correct answer, there are endless debates on whether liberalism is the best option. Thus, Harari says that the end of history is postponed since we haven't decided on a ultimate answer yet.

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Even the people found the liberalism has a problem and we should find another way to solve it, no one knows how the future will be continue and also know we are growing faster so they feel difficult to come up with an alternative

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Disillusionment refers to the breaking of the conviction we once had. Liberalism doesn’t have obvious answers to our biggest problems right now. With the continuous advancement, new challenges have emerged in modern society, leading people to question and doubt the current ideologies.

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1. I think the meaning of ‘disillusionment’ refers to the chaos from unexpected situations in the future. Because ideology and technology are more and more develop in various ways, but no one knows what situations whether is positive or negative are caused by them. And it makes us confused . So we can call this disillusionment.

2. It means that history is not the end and that history will be made by us. The more ideology and technology are developed, the more unexpected future will come to us.

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Once there was a belief that the liberal story is the ultimate answer for the world. But now the liberal story is facing crisis due to the Brexit, rise of Trump, and technological advances which made the disillusionment and consusion to the people who strongly believed the liberal story. For now, even if its side effects are clear and harmful, liberalism is the optimal ideology.

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1. I think 'Disillusionment' can be interpreted in two ways. One can be interpreted as disillusionment towards 'liberalism' or 'democracy'. In the text, Harari says that 'since global financial crisis of 2008 people all over the world have become increasingly disillusioned with the liberal story'. Different from the romantic thoughts on liberalism in the 1990s and 2000s, this liberal story revealed to have some flaws. Poor became poorer while the rich became richer and the global financial crisis made the democratic system worse. In addition, technology made the fear of mass people that they are disconnected from society but liberalism couldn't fix that. The second meaning can be interpreted as disillusionment towards the government and society fighting with different ideologies. People might now just realize that the governments and elites controlling them are always saying hypocritical things to monopolize power and money. And that could be why people feel tired of the power and elites playing with their 'stories'.

2. I think the 'End of History' means that a particular ideology wins and dominates the world. But as the problems of liberalism became revealed, China and Russia with communist story arise, people began to question is the liberal story end of history. The match between the liberal story and the communist story came back again and the end of history has been postponed.

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A1. In this chapter, the meaning of ‘disillusionment’ explores how humanity has become disillusioned with traditional stories and ideologies that once guided societies(such as nationalism, religion, and ideologies like liberalism or communism.) The author argues that while these narratives shaped human history, recent crises have undermined their power. By showing the parts of modern challenges like technological disruption, that have left many people feeling adrift without clear, guiding stories to navigate the complexities of the 21st century.

A2. The subtitle of Chapter 1, “The End of History Has Been Postponed,” refers to political scientist Francis Fukuyama in the early 1990s that humanity had reached the “end of history” with the global triumph of liberal democracy after the Cold War.

The word “postponed” refers to history remains very much in flux, with the rise of new forms of nationalism, authoritarianism, and global tensions that contradict the idea of an inevitable.

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1) Author presents us three grand stories in recent history: Fascist story, Liberal story, communist story. And he argues that only Liberal story remains, so people think if we continue to liberate and globalize our systems, we'll achieve peace and prosperity. However, liberal ideas(21st belief) confront many obstacles and failed. Then illusion of liberal ideas vanished away and people felt disillusionment too.

2) I think 'end of history' means 'completion of history' since if something is achieved, nothing will happen next(so it's called 'end of something'). In early 20th century, people thought liberalism was a completion of history, because it seemed perfect idea. However, it wasn't perfect and completion of history got postponed. Completion of history(aka 'end of history') was just an illusion!! So I think this is why Yuval mentioned 'end of history has been postponed'

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Disillusionment reveals disappointment with liberalism and the existing system, skepticism in modern society. In short, humans start to recognize the regression of liberalism and find new values. And 'The end of history has been post-poned', shows that new social problems such as extremism, nationalism, and technological threats denied from the regressed liberalism make changes and confusion in human society. To solve this problem, it is emphasized the need to move to the next step of liberalism.

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1. The ‘disillusionment‘ means that people are losing there belief in current system. It also mean that the system no longer provide the solution which is needed to address challenges.

2. The phrase means that history is continuing with new ideological challenges and people are facing uncertainites that disrupt the idea of settled political order.

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<Answer for Q1>

The chapter title “Disillusionment” suggests that traditional beliefs like liberalism, nationalism, and religion no longer fully apply in the modern world. Harari argues that these ideologies, once relied upon to provide meaning and order, are increasingly outdated due to technology and globalization. Liberalism’s emphasis on personal freedom, for instance, is challenged by AI and data-driven decision-making, which threaten individual autonomy. Similarly, nationalism and religion, which once unified people, struggle to address global issues like climate change and scientific progress.

In using the title “Disillusionment,” Harari calls for us to recognize these beliefs as limited, encouraging us to seek new values that better suit the realities of the 21st century.

<Answer for Q2>

The ideologies of the past are still alive and have not yet reached a complete resolution. Harari suggests that traditional belief systems such as liberalism, nationalism, and religion are still facing challenges in the 21st century, under pressure from technological advancements and globalization. He argues that humanity must adapt to this new reality and find new values to navigate it. So the author named the subheading "The end of history has been postponed".

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It seems that ‘disillusionment’ represents the flaws of liberalism and technology development . Liberalism is considered an appropriate ideology in our contemporary society. However, it also brings about significant problems, which the author is warning in this book. He said that liberalization and globalization can empower a tiny elite at the expense of the masses. The author also notes that the control of the world outside us is much bigger than our control over the world inside us in terms of economy and AI. Therefore, Harari suggests the world is disillusioned with the liberal theory.

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The world has turned sour. As time goes by, our society is now pursuing something other than liberalism as the name of liberalism. Thus I think that all we have left now is disillusionment.

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I think disillusionment is talking of the breaking the illusionment that people saw. People thought that liberalism is perfect and it was proved by a lot of development. However, nowadays, even though many countries used liberalism, not all of them succeed. Also, developing process has slowed down a lot and people are finding a lot of disadvantages of liberalism. To represent these things, author used a word disillusionment.

For the sub heading, I think author is seeing the possibility of new era. There were a lot of different thoughts in the past such as fascism and communism. After WWII, fascism has gone. Liberalism won against communism and until now, liberalism has been dominating. Like this past situation, author is seeing possibility of coming new era that can replace liberalism and leap out again for the better future.

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It seems to have expressed disillusionment with the question and frustration of whether the ideologies, which I thought developed over time in the pursuit of freedom and peace, truly freed humans

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1. The chapter provides the readers with the changes that we have undergone, and continued. Most of those changes are disadvantageous to us. For example, Ideology, which leads us to a certain destination, does not work as well, and people feel the gap between the politic and the technology development. So, I think the chapter is named 'disillusionment' in the aspect of the hardship of the common people.

2. As I mentioned, we lost our destinations in 21 century. What seemed perfect has many inconsistencies that it can't explain, and we feel disconnected to the world. I think the history is a story of our following our goal, but we lost our goal. In this aspect, as we lost our goal, the end of our following our goal has been postponed.

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Disillusionment refers to the shattering of dreams or expectations. From the perspective of this book, I believe it represents the breaking of the illusion of liberalism. In the past, when fascism and communism were the focus, these ideologies may have been seen as good. But now, it is clear that they are wrong. Liberalism may be considered the best system at present, but its flaws are now becoming apparent. In this situation, a new ideology, distinct from liberalism, may be needed—one that takes into account the impact of technological innovation, including life technology.

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The belief that liberalism is the ultimate answer to mankind was being shaken, and liberalism was once considered the end of ideological development, but the perception that modern problems may not be completely solved due to recent crises such as economic inequality, nationalism, and technological threats is growing, and it seems to be talking about the need for a new ideology or adaptation to current and future problems.

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The reason why the bame of this chapter is disillusionment is that the world is now facing the phase of ideology change.

Historically, there have been many political and economical ideologies. As one ideology considered to be the truth, it was always replaced by other ideologies. For example, in the past, monarchy was the truth and natural, and it was replaced by imperialism and liberalism. Since 1950's, or even earlier, liberalism and capitalism were considered to be the perfect form of ideologies with the power of the US. However, liberalism and capitalism are causing many problems of nowadays-MAGA of America, environmental problems, extreme individualism, etc-. Therefore, the author of the book is asking the question "Are ideologies of now are the complete truth?". That is why the author named the chapter disillusionment, showing the antagonism against the idea believing that liberalism and capitalism are the complete ideologies. To add my own argument, I think that capitalism is the enemy of climate. I fuess we need another type of political ideology or belief in order to solve the problem of now caused by liberalism and capitalism.

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People firstly sought the liberalism, and tried to make it come tru. However, seeing the examples of today’s society in politics and the other fields, the hope is thwarted, and no one is now looking for the liberal society. Everyone is one the state of disillusionment of the liberalism.

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It seems to represent the sense of disillusionment that arises as one’s vision of an ideal life repeatedly collides with the many unpredictable forces in our complex society

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The meaning of "disillusion" in this chapter has changed to liberalism through fascism and communism, and I thought liberalism was right, but I think I'm talking about the despair of being liberal and having to think about what is true freedom by causing a number of problems even liberalism.

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1) What does 'disillusionment(the end of history has been postponed)' mean in this chapter?

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When a problem is revealed in an ideology, we have changed and experienced a lot, but at a time when science develops and liberal problems arise, we become socially disillusioned

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no one knows what the future will look like, and people have constantly been left down over and over against their beliefs

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While the idea of liberalism seemed to be the ultimate settlement to all problems globally, people are now questioning liberalism due to its struggle with rapid technological changes. Thus, we are currently left with the task of finding a new story to explain the world.