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Imperialism is the policy of expending power and control over other countries and people. Imperialism is often accomplished through military force, helping to reach economic and political domination. From 1890-1890, the country underwent “the age of US imperialism,” in which they acquired the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii.

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During this era the US began to extend its power & influence across the globe.

“Progressive Presidents”: Roosevelt, Taft, & Wilson… as well as McKinley —> spent much of administration dealing with foreign policy.

4 major goals of era —> protect social welfare, promote moral improvement, create economic reform, & foster efficiency

Period of widespread social activism & political reform across the US.

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Founded in Boston of 1898, this league was in opposition to the war in the Philippines and the imperialistic goals of the United States. Many powerful allies joined this league such as Mark Twain, William James, and Andrew Carnegie, who offered to buy the islands from the United States. Carnegie wrote a letter to one of McKinley’s cabinet members: “You seem to have finished your work of civilizing the Filipinos; it is thought that about 8,000 of them have been completely civilized and sent to Heaven; I hope you like it.” These anti-imperialists also argued that “the Constitution follows the flag.” This meant that the civil rights of the Constitution apply to those people in territories under the United States as well.

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Also known as the Splendid Little War, this war only lasted 6 months. It started when the battleship USS Maine blew up in Havana, Cuba, killing 200 sailors. The US did not strategize well for the war and 345 a American soldiers were killed in action while 5,000 died from disease. Eventually, The US took control of Cuba, sank a Spanish fleet in the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898. Spanish then signed the Treaty of Paris, ceding control of the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico in exchange for $20 million.

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This policy was created to ensure that the US wouldn’t lose their ability to trade with China.

The US was afraid that they would be forced out of the Chinese market by other countries.

It was created by the Secretary of State John Hay in order to protect equal privileges among countries trading with China & in support of Chinese territorial & administrative integrity.

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-became president after McKinley’s assassination
-cared about nature and conservationism
-progressive president and trustbuster
-important role in building Panama Canal
-added the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

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The corollary states that the United States could intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries if they committed flagrant and chronic wrongdoings. Roosevelt tied his policy to the Monroe Doctrine, and it was also consistent with his foreign policy included in his Big Stick Diplomacy.

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-focused on domestic affairs before WWI
-originally wanted to stay neutral in WWI
-eventually had to ask Congress to declare war and get involved in WWI
-was the first president to leave the United States during his presidency
-went to Paris for the Paris Peace Talks after WWI
-created the Fourteen Points and the League of Nations which was supposed to help preserve peace and prevent another world war

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World War I, also known as the Great War, began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.

During the conflict, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers) fought against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan and the United States (the Allied Powers).

By the time the war was over and the Allied Powers claimed victory, more than 16 million people were dead.

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The Zimmerman Telegram was a confidential communication about an alliance between Germany and Mexico, should the United States enter World War One. Mexico planned on taking back Texan territory if this happened. However, the British found out and told the United States, who used this as their motive for declaring war.

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-Signed into law by President Adams and passed by Congress
-The Sedition Act of 1918 curtailed the rights of free speech during the war
-The Act made it a crime to write ir publish abusive language about the United States Government, Constitution, the flag, or the United States military

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The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I.

On January 8, 1918, President Wilson, in his address to a joint session of the United States Congress, formulated under 14 separate heads his ideas of the essential nature of a post-World War I settlement.

Many American’s supported this treaty, but it met resistance in the Senate.

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-some Americans turned to ideals of socialism and communism after WWI after seeing the Bolshevik Rebellion in Russia
-many workers went on labor strikes after not going on strikes during the war
-many people started to persecute anarchists, socialists, and communists and blamed them for bombings

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- Proposed by congress in 1917 where it was then approved two years later on January 16, 1919.
- This amendment declared the production, transportation, and sales of intoxicating liquors illegal. Ironically, the actual consumption of Alcohol was not illegal.
- This amendment occured as a result of the Temperance movement.
- This amendment was eventually repealed by the Twenty-First Amendment; it was the first and only amendment to be repealed.

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The Treaty of Versailles, signed in June 1919 at the Palace of Versailles in Paris at the end of World War I, codified peace terms between the victorious Allies and Germany.

The Treaty of Versailles held Germany responsible for starting the war and imposed harsh penalties in terms of loss of territory, massive reparations payments and demilitarization.

Economic distress and resentment of the treaty within Germany helped fuel the ultra-nationalist sentiment that led to the rise of Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party, as well as the coming of a World War II just two decades later.

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Harlem Renaissance (late 1910s - mid-1930s)

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Harlem Renaissance (late 1910s - mid-1930s)

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-Important figures were Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston
-The Harlem Renaissance was a period of artistic and cultural activity among African Americans that led up to World War II
-The period was seen as a golden age in African American culture, literature, music, theater, dance, and art

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Also known as the National Socialist party, this political party was very conservative and emphasized anti-capitalist, pro-nationalism ideals. They were the ones who promoted the ideals of aryanism and antisemitism in Germany, and their most infamous leader was Adolf Hitler.

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- Introduced all the way back in 1878, but was never adopted until August 26, 1920.
- This Amendment granted women’s suffrage after years of begging for it.
- This was a monumental achievement for all the women fighting for equality.
- Certain states had already granted women the right to vote, but not until now was there finally an Amendment to the constitution that granted women everywhere the right to vote.

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The Scopes Trial, also known as the Scopes Monkey Trial, was the 1925 prosecution of science teacher John Scopes for teaching evolution in a Tennessee public school, which a recent bill had made illegal. The trial featured two of the best-known orators of the era, William Jennings Bryan and Clarence Darrow, as opposing attorneys. The trial was viewed as an opportunity to challenge the constitutionality of the bill, to publicly advocate for the legitimacy of Darwin’s theory of evolution, and to enhance the profile of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).

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-began with the Stock Market crash in 1929
-caused unemployment for many Americans
-when FDR becomes president, he creates his New Deal to help America recover after the Great Depression
-The New Deal was aimed at stabilizing the economy and providing jobs to the unemployed and it created Social Security
-The New Deal didn’t actually end the Great Depression, it was ended when the United States began to prepare for World War II

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A belief that the US should keep clear of nearly all involvement with the rest of the world, stay neutral & out of any foreign affairs.

Reasons for isolationism —>

1000s of American soldiers killed in the Great War died for no reason.

Wilson’s dream of a generation of peace sustained by the League of Nations was a failure.

The Europeans were fighting again.

Isolationism was strongest in the Midwest, but many people agreed with it everywhere.

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A protest movement of WWI veterans demanding early payment of service bonuses not due until 1945 to help them through the Great Depression & to provide a stimulus for the economy.

Herbert Hoover was the President at this time when the stock market crashed.

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An electrical company, the TVA was stationed in Tennessee and covered several states, primarily Alabama, Mississippi, and Kentucky. The company was founded to provide jobs for poor Americans in this area, and included itself in Roosevelt’s New Deal. It reshaped the way electricity and power were used in this area.

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Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Presidency (1933-1945)

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Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Presidency (1933-1945)

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-was elected for 4 terms
-elected during the Great Depression
-began his presidency with the first hundred days to help with unemployment and economic recovery
-created the New Deal to try to end the Great Depression with financial programs to help with unemployment, and he also created social security
-spoke to the public with his fireside chats
-had to deal more with foreign policy as WWII started and wanted to keep the US neutral at first, but entered war after Pearl Harbor
-was president through WWII and died in office shortly after

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-Organized by President Franklin D. Roosevelt
-The New Deal was a collection of programs and projects that were created during the Great Depression to bring prosperity to Americans
-The New Deal was significant because it improved the lives of the unemployed and farmers during the Depression

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-Roosevelt signed the Neutrality Acts and Congress passed the laws
-The Neutrality Acts tried to keep the United States out of war by limiting the U.S. involvement and making it illegal for Americans to sell or transport war materials
-The Acts were put into place to keep the United States from interfering in European wars

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The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 29 U.S.C. § 203 is a United States labor law that creates the right to a minimum wage, and "time-and-a-half" overtime pay when people work over forty hours a week. It also prohibits employment of minors in "oppressive child labor".

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Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nazi Party, rearmed the nation and signed strategic treaties with Italy and Japan to further his ambitions of world domination.

The unfairness created from the Treaty of Versailles in WWI was what eventually led Germany to elect someone as radical as Adolf Hitler.

Hitler’s invasion of Poland in September 1939 drove Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany, marking the beginning of World War II.

Among the estimated 45-60 million people killed were 6 million Jews murdered in Nazi concentration camps as part of Hitler’s diabolical “Final Solution,” now known as the Holocaust.

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The Great Migration was the mass movement that the African Americans of the rural South went through. Their lifestyles were changed as they adapted to the conditions and ways of the urban North. They began moving North as job opportunities opened up and awaited during World War I. It brought something new to the United States: A black middle class. The migration brought around 6 million African Americans new opportunities.

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During the Second World War, this was a program passed by the United States as a way of getting necessary aid to the UK, France, China, and eventually the Soviet Union. They gave necessary supplies such as food and oil between 1941 and 1945. After the war, it was no longer necessary.

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FDR articulated a powerful vision for a world in which all people had freedom of speech and of religion, and freedom from want and fear. It was delivered on January 6, 1941 and it helped change the world.

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The Pearl Harbor attack took place on December 7, 1941 in Honolulu, Hawaii. The attack killed 2,403 people. Hideki Tojo became the prime minister of Japan and was ready to go to war. He joined forces with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, and then attacked the United States. This prompted many Americans to want to go to war.

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Camps established by Roosevelt during WWI.

Japanese-Americans were forced into these camps because Americans worried that the Japanese people would act as spies or saboteurs for the Japanese government.

The attack on Pearl Harbor is what led to these camps because it created fear for the American citizens & hostility towards the Japanese-Americans.

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- US government research project that led to the production of the first atomic bombs
- Led by the US, Canada and Britain and produced the very first nuclear weapons that.
The major significance is that it led to the atomic bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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D Day, also called Operation Neptune, happened during World War Two when Allied Troops stormed Normandy Beach in France. Several raids failed, but this raid led to the victory of the allied troops eventually. It was the largest sea invasion in history.

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- Hiroshima took place on August 6th while Nagasaki took place on August 9th.
- Initiated by the United States on the Japanese to end the Second World War.
- Over 300k people, mostly civilians were killed as a result of the nuclear bombing.
- This occurred as a result of the Manhattan project which was established by the US just a few years prior.

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The Yalta and Potsdam Conferences were called to help the Allied Forces decide what should happen to Germany and the rest of Europe – once  WWII had basically ended.

Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and American President Franklin D. Roosevelt all met up to have some serious talks about Europe during the conference.

It was decided upon at Potsdam that Germany needed to be completely demilitarized, de-Nazified and democratized.

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- Important people include President Harry Truman and Secretary of State George C. Marshall.
- Formally called the European Recovery Program
- US plan designed to help the European counties post war recover form their losses in WWII.
- goal was to create stable conditions so that the institutions in Europe could survive post war.

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-Introduced to Congress by Senator Orville H. Platt
-Amendment that declared treaties with Cuba had to be approved by the United States Senate and the U.S. had the right to interfere in Cuba’s affairs
-The Amendment restricted the independence of Cuba’s government