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A School Cafeteria With No Chicken Fingers Or Meatballs? Hmm . .

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A School Cafeteria With No Chicken Fingers Or Meatballs? Hmm . .

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Unless you are a vegetarian, the concept of a cafeteria with no meat, probably evokes images of broccoli (eww) and spinach (yuck). However, ask the kids at Active Learning Elementary School in Flushing, New York and they will tell you that it's much more than that. They would know because their school cafeteria offers only vegetarian food!

And if you think that the kids are moaning and groaning about losing all the mystery meat, think again - They are all giving it a big thumbs up! The East Coast public school, which is the first in the US to make this change, says that they began offering healthier vegetarian options about three years ago, when they noticed students avoiding the cafeteria and instead, bringing in their own vegetarian lunches.

They began by going meatless just three days a week about a year and a half ago, and then gradually shifted to four, before going all out in January 2013. However, along the way they did something most organizations making drastic changes often forget to do - Get the opinion of the kids and tweak the menu, based on the feedback.

In case you are wondering what a 'yummy' vegetarian menu comprises of, here are a few examples of what the students get to choose from - Fluffy egg omelet with melted cheese on a New York-style bagel or Waffles with warm syrup and string cheese, for breakfast, black bean and cheddar quesadilla with salsa, red roasted potatoes and broccoli or roasted organic tofu with cacciatore sauce, whole-grain pasta and roasted zucchini, for lunch.

In all fairness, the fact that Active Learning's student body which is 85% Asian and 10% Hispanic is accustomed to vegetarian and ethnic foods, made this transition a lot easier. But given the growing diversity in American schools and the push to offer healthier cuisine we would not be surprised to see the concept adopted by other public schools maybe one or two days a week.

Would you be open to at least trying it for a short period of time or would the idea of losing chicken fingers and pepperoni pizza be just inconceivable? Be sure to let us know, by adding your comments below.

Resources: CNN.com, upi.com

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A School Cafeteria With No Chicken Fingers Or Meatballs? Hmm . .

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Unless you are a vegetarian, the concept of a cafeteria with no meat, probably evokes images of broccoli (eww) and spinach (yuck). However, ask the kids at Active Learning Elementary School in Flushing, New York and they will tell you that it's much more than that.

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Curated for Grade 5: Tackling Complexity Unit

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Newsela is an Instructional Content Platform that supercharges reading engagement and learning in every subject.

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In one stride, an ostrich can cover up to 16 feet (4.9 meters)-about the length of a mid-size family car! The bird is speedy, too. It can run just over 40 miles (64 kilometers) an hour for a short distance, and can keep up a speed of more than 30 miles (48 kilometers) an hour over longer distances. The ostrich uses its short wings for balance, holding them outstretched when it runs.

Strong legs can also be used for self-defense. An ostrich will kick with a force mighty enough to kill a lion.

When danger approaches, an ostrich will often lie low to hide, stretching its neck along the ground. Its feather colors blend with the sandy soil where it lives. From far away, it looks like the ostrich has buried its head in the sand. Many people thought that was what ostriches did when they were trying to hide, but that is a myth. Ostriches live near grazing animals such as wildebeest, antelopes, and zebras. The grazers stir up insects and rodents for the ostriches to eat, and the ostriches warn the grazers to dangers such as approaching lions.

An ostrich group, called a herd, numbers about 12 individuals. Male ostriches compete for control of a group of several females. A herd has a dominant male and a dominant female. She mates only with him, though he may mate with other females as well. All the egg-laying females, called hens, lay their eggs in the nest of the dominant female. Then that female-whose eggs are positioned in the center of the nest, the most well-protected spot-and her mate take care of all the eggs in that one nest. Each egg can be up to 6 inches (15 centimeters) long and weigh 3 pounds (1.5 kilograms)!

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The ostrich is the tallest and the heaviest of all birds. While the huge ostrich is a bird, it does not fly. Instead it runs. One stride can cover up to 16 feet (4.9 meters)-about the length of a mid-size family car! The bird is speedy, too.

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Iditarod dogs

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Newsela | Iditarod dogs reach checkpoint without their dozing musher

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Linwood Fiedler has been dog mushing since 1977\. In the 45th Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race in Alaska, his team arrived at a checkpoint without him. He had fallen asleep and toppled off his sled. This has happened only a few times in his career.

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Eliud Kipchoge, of Kenya, shattered the marathon world record on September 16, in the Berlin Marathon, in Germany. He finished the annual 26.2-mile race in two hours, one minute, and 39 seconds.

Kipchoge is the first person to run a marathon in under two hours and two minutes. His time was one minute and 18 seconds faster than the previous world record, set in 2014.

Kipchoge had twice tried to break the record in Berlin. "I lack the words to describe this day," he told the Associated Press. "They say you can miss two times but you can't miss the third time."

Conditions were ideal × ideal relatively × relatively MALCOLM P CHAPMAN/GETTY IMAGES perfect (adjective) The weather was ideal for a picnic. at this year's marathon, with mild temperatures and little wind. This gave runners an advantage over 2017, when it was hot and rainy. The last six marathon world records were broken at the Berlin Marathon. Record-seekers like the race because of its MARTIN DIEBEL/GETTY IMAGES when compared to others (adverb) The used car was relatively inexpensive. flat course.

Kipchoge has entered 11 marathons and won 10 of them. He is also the reigning Olympic marathon champ.

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Eliud Kipchoge, of Kenya, shattered the marathon world record on September 16, in the Berlin Marathon, in Germany. He finished the annual 26.2-mile race in two hours, one minute, and 39 seconds. Kipchoge is the first person to run a marathon in under two hours and two minutes.

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In March, as schools were closing to slow the spread of COVID-19, a new website was launched called Eldera. Eldera was designed to help people make connections even while practicing social distancing. It pairs kids with adults 60 and over for tutoring and conversation. "We're building what we call a virtual village," Dana Griffin, one of Eldera's founders, told TIME for Kids. "Each and every connection brings so much joy to the kids and to the elders." To learn more about Eldera, TFK Kid Reporter Nora Wilson-Hartgrove registered for the service and did a session. She writes about her experience below.
As of May 4, 72% of students around the world were out of school because of COVID-19. That means many of us are dealing with remote learning, and that we probably have some extra time on our hands.

Eldera is a new service offering help during this difficult time. The website matches kids with elders. These volunteers are 60 years old and over. Once a kid and an elder have been paired, Eldera brings them together over Zoom. It gives them a chance to connect.

Kids can choose to be tutored in math or reading, to have the elder tell them stories, or just to have a conversation. With my dad's help, I signed up so I could learn firsthand about Eldera and write about it for TIME for Kids.

The first step is to ask a parent to register with their name and email address. Then Eldera asks your parent some questions about what you're interested in and when you're available. Before long, your parent gets an email telling her or him about the elder you've been matched with. All the elders are vetted by Eldera to make sure the process is safe. Then the Eldera team schedules your first session and sends a link to a virtual meeting room.

When I met my elder partner, Jackie, we had a great time. She told me two stories, and we had a nice conversation. We talked about how stories can seem silly and distracting. But they can also remind us of how people have made it through hard times in the past.

I would recommend Eldera to kids and adults who love to interact with people and need something to look forward to right now. It's a fun way to interact with new people. After six weeks at home, Eldera was like a quarantine escape for me!

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In March, as schools were closing to slow the spread of COVID-19, a new website was launched called Eldera. Eldera was designed to help people make connections even while practicing social distancing. It pairs kids with adults 60 and over...

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Ear Snacks Podcast for Kids - Musical Time - It’s called Tempo! on Stitcher

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Come play around with the speed of music! This episode is designed for kids to experiment with the playback speed function on most podcast players, inviting them to adjust the speed of the our music & conversation from 1x to 2x to 1/2x. We introduce the basics of musical tempo, figure out how to tap…

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The fact that ocean currents, which move the waters and help mix-up varying temperatures, salinity and nutrients, are caused by tides and winds is a well-documented fact. Now some researchers from the California Institute of Technology believe that the zillions of small marine animals that live deep inside our oceans also play a big role in the churning of the waters.

Caltech's fluid dynamics expert John Dabiri, who published his findings in the October 2014 edition of the Physics of Fluids, says that while researching jellyfish in 2009, he and colleague discovered that the sticky animals drag along with them, a halo of water much larger than the size of their tiny bodies. This led him to wonder if the jellyfish and the other microscopic sea creatures, collectively known as zooplankton, are responsible for moving huge amounts of water as they swim up and down the ocean, in packs of billions.

To test the theory, he teamed up with graduate student Monica Wilhelmus, to conduct an experiment in the laboratory. While krill would have been ideal for the test, the tiny organisms don't do well in laboratory settings. Hence, the researchers had to settle for brine shrimp (sea monkeys), which while not a member of the migrating zooplankton, have swimming patterns that are similar to krill.

In order to emulate a migration, the researchers began by building an automated laser robot that beamed moving blue light through a tank filled with thousands of sea monkeys. The tiny brine shrimp, that are highly attracted to light, followed the beam all the way to the top. As they swam, they kicked back water behind them. While each tiny animal could not do much individually, together, they were able to create large enough ripples or eddies to move the tank waters.

After conducting several such trials and measuring the impact, Dabiri and his partner concluded that the billions of zooplankton that migrate up and down the ocean water each day, possibly add as much as a trillion watts of power, to drive ocean circulation. Given that the combined energy from winds and tides is estimated to add about 2 trillion watts, this means that the tiny zooplankton are an equally potent force in tide creation.

But not everyone is convinced that such is the case. Christian Noss an environmental physicist at Germany's University of Koblenz-Landau believes that the laboratory effect does not extend to the open seas. That's because thanks to the differences in temperature and salinity, ocean waters are stratified. This means that the less dense, warmer water floats on top, while the heavier, colder water tends to sink at the bottom. He asserts that this mitigates the mixing effect produced by these animals because even collectively, they do not have enough strength to drag up large amounts of the heavier water. The scientist's conviction is not just based on theory, but also on an experiment that he conducted, using a tiny crustacean called Daphnia in stratified water.

Dabiri and Monica, plan to continue their research by conducting further experiments in stratified water and also in the open oceans. If the researchers theory is accurate, it may help scientists model climate change more accurately. That's because the ocean is responsible for absorbing over a quarter of the carbon dioxide emitted by human activity and a lot of it may be due to the constant efficient churning by these tiny sea animals.

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Caltech Researchers Believe Tiny Sea Animals Are Big Drivers Of Ocean Currents

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The fact that ocean currents, which move the waters and help mix-up varying temperatures, salinity and nutrients, are caused by tides and winds is a well-documented fact. Now some researchers from the California Institute of Technology believe that the zillions of small marine animals that live deep inside our oceans also play a big role in the churning of the waters.

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Reading the Weather, Reading the World Unit Resources and Text Sets

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Reading the Weather, Reading the World Unit Resources and Text Sets

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Reading the Weather, Reading the World Text Sets

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What really happens to the plastic you throw away - Emma Bryce

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Think about the theme of this video

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Jeremy Lin relies on family after season-ending injury

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After suffering a season-ending injury on opening night, Jeremy Lin is looking to get back on the court for the 2018-19 season. Sports Illustrated will be following him during his recovery, and in the ‘The Life of Lin’ Episode 1, Jeremy needs to refocus for what is ahead. The best way for Jeremy to…

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Explore National Geographic. A world leader in geography, cartography and exploration.

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Inside the Tornado | National Geographic

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When Mike Ford was a kid, he dreamed of being a car designer. But when he was 11, things changed. That's when he went to a car-design program and ended up learning about architecture instead.

"As a youngster, I was lucky enough to have some conversations with the people running that summer program," he told TIME for Kids. Talking with designers there sparked Ford's interest in architecture. He went on to pursue it as a career.

Now Ford hopes to spark the same interest in other young people. Last year, he launched his own architecture program for kids ages 10 to 17. But his program has an unexpected twist. Campers base their designs on hip-hop lyrics. (Read on to learn how this works.)

Ford's goal is to inspire a new generation of architects from underrepresented communities. "Only 3% of architects are African American," he said. "Most of our buildings, most of our parks [and] public spaces, have all been designed by white males. If we can increase diversity, the entire world will now start to experience space from a totally new perspective."

JOSH BERRY-AUTODESK

Musical Connection

Ford calls his program the Hip Hop Architecture Camp. The one-week camp is offered to students around the country. This year, there were locations in 13 states. These included Maryland, Illinois, and Oregon.

At the camp, students listen to and read the lyrics of hip-hop songs. Then they use some of those lyrics to guide them in planning a city block. On graph paper, each square represents a word. Students stack Legos on each square based on the number of syllables in each word. In the end, they have what looks like a city skyline.

Kids then use a design program called Tinkercad. With it, they transform their Lego models into 3D digital versions. They are encouraged to fill their model cities with buildings and structures that they say are missing from their hometown.

Ford believes this approach helps campers learn that architecture is about more than just construction. "The architect's Number 1 job is to serve people's needs," he says. "[Architecture] plays a critical role in determining [or] challenging how people live in certain communities."

Camper Christian Adams, 9, certainly got the message. He attended the camp in Detroit, Michigan, and was the youngest in his group.

In his design, Christian added a stadium because he wishes his city were a "more exciting" place to visit. "I learned that architecture is not just about building things," he told TFK. "It's about designing."

ROLANDA MASSEY-HIP HOP ARCHITECTURE

The Power of Design

Besides learning the practical skills of 3D modeling and city planning, campers learn about the history of architecture in historically black neighborhoods. Take Detroit's Black Bottom neighborhood. It thrived from the 1930s to the 1950s. Then the city built a freeway through it. As a result, African-American businesses closed. Many residents had to move.

By teaching this history, Ford hopes to motivate campers to become architects who advocate for diverse communities.

"My ultimate goal [is] to give the entire world the ability to experience space through other people's eyes," he says. "We build buildings based on a number of cultures, so why can't we build spaces that are based on hip-hop?"

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When Mike Ford was a kid, he dreamed of being a car designer. But when he was 11, things changed. That's when he went to a car-design program and ended up learning about architecture instead. "As a youngster, I was...

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As of Monday, October 24, content that was on TweenTribune.com will now be available here on our new educational resources page and on our learning pages. While much of the content that you enjoyed will still exist, educators will unfortunately no longer be able to assign content to students. Tween Tribune has been a valued educational brand of Smithsonian magazine, and we appreciate your continued support.

Though the Girl Scouts of the USA initially declared itself a space for all girls, the reality was different for girls of color

Erin Blakemore

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As of Monday, October 24, content that was on TweenTribune.com will now be available here on our new educational resources page and on our learning pages. While much of the content that you enjoyed will still exist, educators will unfortunately no longer be able to assign content to students.

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Curated for Grade 4 Reading the Weather, Reading the World

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How We Can Keep Plastics Out of Our Ocean

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How We Can Keep Plastics Out of Our Ocean

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How We Can Keep Plastics Out of Our Ocean | National Geographic

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
As of Monday, October 24, content that was on TweenTribune.com will now be available here on our new educational resources page and on our learning pages. While much of the content that you enjoyed will still exist, educators will unfortunately no longer be able to assign content to students. Tween Tribune has been a valued educational brand of Smithsonian magazine, and we appreciate your continued support.

Though the Girl Scouts of the USA initially declared itself a space for all girls, the reality was different for girls of color

Erin Blakemore

Get Smithsonian Educational Resources

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As of Monday, October 24, content that was on TweenTribune.com will now be available here on our new educational resources page and on our learning pages. While much of the content that you enjoyed will still exist, educators will unfortunately no longer be able to assign content to students.

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Video, Article, and Images of the Destruction of the Great Barrier Reef

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Video, Article, and Images of the Destruction of the Great Barrier Reef

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Devastating images showing the complete destruction of coral colonies on the Great Barrier Reef have been obtained by Guardian Australia and illustrate what is happening to coral there that would fill an area the size of Scotland.

They reveal the rapid death of coral impacting much of the Great Barrier Reef, with estimates that as much as half of the coral in the northern third of the 2000km reef had this fate.

The photos were taken from around Lizard Island by Lyle Vale from Coral Watch at the University of Queensland.

Justin Marshall, a biologist at the University of Queensland, says more than 90% of the coral around Lizard island is dead or dying.

"The thing that struck me about this event is two things," Marshall said. "The severity of the bleaching in the first place. And the rapidity of the death, which I was completely blown away by. When I went up to the reef in March I was already seeing corals that were dying."

Marshall said that was going to be devastating for the tourism industry there. "Lizard Island has just rebuilt their resort after the cyclone. They spent millions of dollars. Tourists are going to go there and go: 'Where's the reef?'

"These photos show a story ... The shocking thing to think about is what you're seeing there is happening over a 1000-kilometre stretch of the reef, to at least half of it. An area of the Great Barrier Reef the size of Scotland has coral that is dying right now. Or dead - probably dead."

The four photos show the rapid effects of warm water on coral.

The first image shows healthy corals from around Lizard Island on 20 December 2015. It includes two large colonies of hard coral in the centre known as acropora. Around the top of them is a common soft coral called lobophytum and nestled in at the bottom is a spiky coral called seriatopora. There are also fish swimming around the coral that feed on plankton and use the coral as shelter.

The second image was taken on 12 March 2016 and shows all the corals becoming severely bleached. At that stage they're unlikely to be dead.

The third image shows the same colony one month later. Marshall says that, even as a biologist, it was easy to be confused by the colour that appears to be returning but was not the coral recovering but rather being taken over by seaweed. At this stage, the fish are still able to use the coral as shelter on the reef.

The final image was taken just two weeks later on 2 May. It shows the algae has taken over and the coral - including the soft coral all around the edges - is completely dead. The spiky seriatopora that was nestled in the bottom is completely gone. With that much algae covering the coral skeletons, fish aren't able to use them as shelter, Marshall said.

He said the crisis on the Great Barrier Reef, and the billions of dollars in tourism that relies on it, demands that Australia take strong immediate action on climate change, stop building new coalmines and institute strict controls on farm run-off.

"We have to grow up and actually take the COP21 plan forward at the speed of light," he said.

But with recent analyses showing that the warm conditions driving this bleaching event will be normal by the 2030s - and cooler than average after that - Marshall said he was pessimistic about the future of the reef.

"Yes, maybe it's too late. But that's not a reason not to do it. I'm not going to sit back and buy a Hummer and just let it all slide. With biology there are always things around the corner that we don't know. These things are fantastically resilient and biologically programmed for survival.

"I'd rather be pessimistic and doing something than being pessimistic and not doing anything at all."

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Great Barrier Reef: devastating images tell story of coral colonies' destruction

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Devastating images showing the complete destruction of coral colonies on the Great Barrier Reef have been obtained by Guardian Australia and illustrate what is happening to coral there that would fill an area the size of Scotland.

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Footage released by The Royal Thai Navy shows the moment the group of missing boys were finally found by British divers inside the Tham Luang cave in northern Thailand (Photo Credit: Royal Thai Navy via Facebook)

On Tuesday, July 10, 2018, the world watched with bated breath as an international team of rescuers safely extracted the two remaining members of the Moo Pa, or, Wild Boar, soccer team from a flooded cave in Thailand. The twelve boys, aged between 11 and 17, along with their coach, Ekkapol Ake Chantawong, had been trapped inside the intricate seven-mile long Tham Luang Nang Non cave system in northern Thailand's Chiang Rai Province for over two weeks.

The 18-day ordeal began after soccer practice on June 23, 2018, when the team headed to the cavern to celebrate player Peerapat Sompiangjai's birthday. While the 2.5-mile trek to their destination was easy enough, a sudden downpour of heavy monsoon rains flooded the subterranean labyrinth, making it impossible to leave. That night, the boys were reported missing, and their bicycles were found outside of the mouth of the cave system. However, any attempt to locate them was hampered by heavy rains that kept the water levels high, blocking access to the chambers where rescuers hoped the group may have found refuge.

Photo Credit: The botnews.com

Miraculously, on Monday, July 2, two British rescue divers found all 13 individuals alive on a muddy ledge in a dry air pocket deep inside the cave. While the boys had lost weight, they were alert and calm and had managed to sustain themselves on the treats brought to celebrate Peerapat's birthday. Though the news was met with much joy, the rescuers knew that extracting all 13 safely was a tricky endeavor, given that about 1.5 miles of the narrow passage to the exit was flooded with water, as deep as 15 feet in some areas. While the Thai Navy SEALs team strategized on the best way to bring the trapped players home, rescue divers brought in food, light, and supplies, and kept the boys' spirits lifted by delivering letters to and from their families.

Rescuers emerge with the players (Photo Credit: Thai Navy SEALs)

The most obvious solution to free the boys was to pump water out of the cave system. However, that effort was abandoned after officials realized that the 35 million gallons extracted seemed to make little difference. Another idea was to drill a hole into the cave and lift the boys to safety. However, the team was trapped 0.5 miles underground in an area covered by dense jungle, and even if their exact location could be determined, it would take several weeks to bore a hole. An effort to find a back entrance to the cave also proved futile in the dense vegetation.

After much debate, it was decided that the only feasible solution was to have the boys swim to freedom. However, given that the journey was arduous for even advanced divers, and the fact that a number of the boys could not swim, this was a risky proposition. The fear was exacerbated by the unfortunate demise of 38-year-old Saman Gunan, a retired Thai Navy SEAL who suffocated while placing oxygen tanks along the underwater route. But with the threat of heavy rainfall, which could increase cave flooding and delay rescue until as late as October, as well as the cave's rapidly dropping oxygen levels, the officials had no other choice.

Boys soccer team found in the cave (Photo Credit; Thai Navy SEALs)

The tricky mission began on Wednesday, July 4 when thirteen specialist divers and five Thai Navy SEALs entered the cave, installed a static, 8mm safety rope, and began teaching the boys and the coach how to dive and swim. The rescue attempt started at 5:40 p.m. local time on Sunday, July 8. Each boy, equipped with a diving suit, boots, gloves, helmet, and a full-face diving mask, was tethered to a lead diver, who also carried an oxygen tank for him, with another diver following. While navigating the dry areas, rescuers carried each boy on a stretcher. It took eight hours for the first boy to emerge and two more for the next three. Four more boys were rescued on Monday, while the final four and the coach were safely retrieved early Tuesday evening.

All 13 Wild Boars were transported to the hospital by ambulance for treatment. Hopefully, they will be able to recover quickly from the ordeal and return to playing their favorite sport. "I'm happy for Thais all over the country, for the people of Mae Sai, and actually just everyone in the world because every news channel has presented this story and this is what we have been waiting for," said Payap Maiming, who provided supplies to volunteers and journalists. "It's really a miracle. It's hope and faith that has brought us this success."

Resources: CNN.com, BBC.co.uk,vox.com, guardian.com

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Youth Soccer Team And Coach Trapped In Thailand Cave For 18 Days Safely Rescued

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On Tuesday, July 10, 2018, the world watched with bated breath as an international team of rescuers safely extracted the two remaining members of the Moo Pa, or, Wild Boar, soccer team from a flooded cave in Thailand.

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William Kamkwamba: 'How I Harnessed the Wind' 

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William Kamkwamba: 'How I Harnessed the Wind' 

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Start 2:08 until the end

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William Kamkwamba: 'How I Harnessed the Wind' (TED Talks, 2009)

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Imagine coming down for breakfast and, instead of popping a piece of toast in the toaster and boiling an egg, you stick a cartridge in a printer. A minute or two later, you've got a freshly printed banana and flaxseed muffin.

Thanks to a new kind of 3D food printer, the printed breakfast is several steps closer to reality for the average consumer.

"Food printing may be the 'killer app' of 3D printing," says Hod Lipson, who's led the creation of the new printer. "It's completely uncharted territory."

Lipson, a professor of mechanical engineering at Columbia University, has been studying 3D printing for nearly 20 years, working on printing things like plastics, metals, electronics and biomaterials. His work on 3D food printing came out of his research on printing complete 3D robots that could, in theory, "walk off the printer."

To achieve something like this, a printer must be able to print with many materials at the same time. While experimenting with making multi-material printers, Lipson noticed the students in his lab were beginning to use food as a test material.

"They were using cookie dough, cheese, chocolate, all kinds of food materials you might find around an engineering lab," he says. "In the beginning, it was sort of a frivolous thing. But when people came to the lab and looked at it, they actually got really excited by the food printing."

So Lipson and his team began to take a more serious look at just what they could do with food. There are two basic approaches to 3D food printing, Lipson explains. The first involves using powders, which are bound together during the printing process with a liquid such as water. The second-the approach used by Lipson's lab-is extrusion-based, using syringes that deposit gels or pastes in specific locations determined by the software's "recipe."

Lipson's prototype involves an infrared cooking element, which cooks various parts of the printed product at specific times.

"We've used all kinds of materials, with different levels of success," Lipson says. "Sometimes the materials are conventional-eggs, flour, cookie dough, cheese, pesto, jam. Cream cheese is something students like to work with a lot."

They've also recently collaborated with a New York culinary school, letting chefs play around with the prototype to see what they'd come up with.

"They kind of broke the machine by really pushing it to its limits," Lipson says. "One thing we've learned is printing in cream cheese is very easy, but printing in polenta and beets is very hard. It has these granules in it, so from an engineering standpoint it's much more challenging.

It's also difficult to predict how different foods will fare when combined. It's easy enough to create recipes based on single items like chocolate, whose properties are well-established. But when you start to mix things together-mixing, of course, being fundamental to cooking-the mixtures may have much more complex behaviors. Another challenge is figuring out when to cook what during the printing process. If you're printing a pyramid of salmon and mashed potatoes, the salmon and the potatoes will need very different cooking times and temperatures. The team is tackling this problem with software design, working with computer scientists to create software that will predict what the final product will look like after cooking.

The printer Lipson's team has made is not the only food printer to be developed in recent years. But while products like Hershey's chocolate-printing CocoJet or the Magic Candy Factory's 3D gummy printer are single-ingredient, limiting their use for the general public, Lipson's printer is unique for being able to handle many ingredients at once, and cook them as it goes.

Lipson sees the printer as having two main uses for consumers. First, it could be a specialty appliance for cooking novel foods difficult to achieve by any other process. You could print, say, a complex pastry designed by someone in Japan, a recipe you'd never have the expertise or equipment to make by hand. Lipson says he could imagine digital recipes going viral, spreading across the globe. The second use is about health and targeted nutrition. People are already increasingly interested in personal biometrics, tracking their blood pressure, pulse, calorie burn and more using cell phones and computers. In the future, it may be possible to track your own health in much greater detail-your blood sugar, your calcium needs or your current vitamin D level. The printer could then respond to those details with a customized meal, produced from a cartridge of ingredients.

"Imagine a world where the breakfast that you eat has exactly what you need that day," Lipson says. "Your muffin has, say, a little less sugar, a little more calcium."

As for when the printer might be available to consumers, Lipson says it's more a business challenge than a technology one.

"How do you get FDA approval? How do you sell the cartridges? Who owns the recipe? How do you make money off this?" he says. "It's a completely new way of thinking about food. It's very radical."

A recent redesign of the prototype may bring the product closer to being something the average consumer would accept. Previous versions of the printer were very high-tech, full of tubes and sticking-out nozzles. People had a hard time imagining it on their kitchen counters.

Then, one of Lipson's students named Drim Stokhuijzen, an industrial designer, completely redesigned the machine, giving it the sleek look of a high-end coffee maker.

"His design is so beautiful people are saying for the first time, 'oh, I can see the appeal of food printing, this is something I might actually use,'" Lipson says.

Although Lipson doesn't think 3D food printing will replace other cooking techniques, he does think it will revolutionize the kitchen.

"For millennia we've been cooking the same way," he says. "Cooking is one of the things that hasn't changed for eternity. We still cook over an open flame like cavemen. Software has permeated almost every aspect of our lives except cooking. The moment software enters any field-from manufacturing to communications to music, you name it-it takes off and usually transforms it. I think that food printing is one of the ways software is going to enter our kitchen."

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Imagine coming down for breakfast and, instead of popping a piece of toast in the toaster and boiling an egg, you stick a cartridge in a printer. A minute or two later, you've got a freshly printed banana and flaxseed muffin.

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Short Article about the Great Barrier Reef

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Short Article about the Great Barrier Reef

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Great Barrier Reef in danger again - Kiwi Kids News

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Another mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef has been confirmed. Warmer water temperatures can result in coral bleaching. When water is too warm, corals will expel the algae living in their tissues causing the coral to turn completely white. This is called coral bleaching. The bleaching was found after...

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Find out about the delicious science behind your favorite foods.

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John F. Kennedy (May 29, 1917-November 22, 1963) was the 35th president of the United States. While in office, he led the country though several international crises. He also worked to achieve major civil rights . But Kennedy's presidency was cut short when he was assassinated.

On November 8, 1960, John Fitzgerald Kennedy became the youngest person to be elected president of the United States. He was 43 years old. Kennedy served for only 1,037 days. But in that short time, he changed the way Americans viewed themselves and the world.

Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917. He was the second of nine children in a wealthy Irish-American family. His father, Joseph P. Kennedy, expected his children to be the best at school and sports.

Kennedy graduated from Harvard University in 1940. A year later, he joined the U.S. Navy. During World War II, Kennedy commanded a small patrol boat in the South Pacific. His job was to search for enemy ships. One night, a Japanese warship hit his boat. Kennedy was seriously injured. But he swam through dangerous waters to lead his men to safety. For his heroism, Kennedy was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal.

After the war, Kennedy entered politics in Massachusetts. In 1946, he won a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. He then made a successful run for the Senate, serving from 1953 to 1960. In 1961, Kennedy was elected president.

A Warrior for Peace

President Kennedy took office on January 20, 1961. He often said he wanted "He Kept the Peace" engraved on his tombstone. In his inaugural address, he asked America's enemies to "begin the quest for peace." That wish was put to the test early in his presidency.

Since the end of World War II, Americans had feared the growing military strength of the Soviet Union. It had a communist government that limited people's freedoms. (In 1991, the Soviet Union broke up into 15 countries; one of those is Russia.) The U.S. and the Soviet Union were locked in conflict. It was known as the Cold War. Both nations wanted to be the world's biggest political, economic, and military power. The stakes were high. Both countries had nuclear weapons.

In 1961, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev authorized the building of a wall in Berlin, Germany. At the time, Berlin was a divided city. East Berlin was controlled by the communist Soviet Union. West Berlin was democratic. Khrushchev wanted to keep people in East Berlin from traveling to West Berlin.

At first, Kennedy did not challenge the building of the Berlin Wall. But in 1963, he visited West Berlin. There, Kennedy pledged his opposition to . He also promised to support the city's residents.

NATIONAL ARCHIVE/GETTY IMAGES

Communism had also spread to Cuba. The island is located just 90 miles of the coast of Florida. For that reason, the U.S. saw Cuba as a national security threat. Tensions rose in 1962. The Soviets placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. The weapons could have reached the U.S. mainland.

President Kennedy was determined to avoid a nuclear war. For 13 days, he worked to find a solution to the . Kennedy ordered U.S. ships to form a ring around Cuba. The ships prevented the island from receiving outside aid and weapons. He also with Khrushchev. Eventually, the Soviets agreed to remove the missiles. Then the U.S. and the Soviet Union signed a treaty banning nuclear-weapons testing.

A President's Legacy

Not all of President Kennedy's time was spent on international matters. He also inspired change and dedication at home.

President Kennedy encouraged space exploration. He pledged that an American would stand on the moon before the end of the 1960s. In addition, he pushed for equality for all Americans by asking Congress to pass a civil rights bill. "This nation, for all its boasts, will not be fully free until all its citizens are free," he said in a televised speech.

Kennedy was looking to the future when he visited Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. He hoped to build support for his reelection campaign. Cheering crowds lined the streets. They wanted to see the president and his wife, Jacqueline Kennedy. The Kennedys sat in an open car. They smiled and waved. Suddenly, shots rang out. The president slumped over. He was rushed to Parkland Memorial Hospital. But he was pronounced dead at 1:00 p.m. About an hour later, the police arrested Lee Harvey Oswald.

In the years since Kennedy's assassination, some critics have said that he cannot be called one of the country's greatest presidents. Their reason is that he did not accomplish enough during his three years in office. But to many, Kennedy is a hero.

Kennedy challenged a nation. "Ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country," he said in his inauguration speech. His words and deeds inspired Americans to become involved in public service. That, his daughter, Caroline Kennedy, wrote in TIME, is one of her father's greatest achievements.

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John F. Kennedy (May 29, 1917-November 22, 1963) was the 35th president of the United States. While in office, he led the country though several international crises. He also worked to achieve major civil rights reforms. But Kennedy's presidency was...

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Derek Redmond's Emotional Olympic Story - Injury Mid-Race | Barcelona 1992 Olympics

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Video of the Great Barrier Reef Dying Fast than Scientist Thought

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Video of the Great Barrier Reef Dying Fast than Scientist Thought

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43-Year-Old Gymnast Oksana Chusovitina Proves Age Is Just A Number

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43-Year-Old Gymnast Oksana Chusovitina Proves Age Is Just A Number

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Oksana Chusovitina (Photo Credit: YouTube screen capture via thegymter.net)

While elite athletes, like Simone Biles and McKayla Maroney, make it look easy, gymnastics is one of the hardest sports on the planet - both physically and mentally. It is, therefore, not surprising to hear that most gymnasts retire in their late teens or early 20's. But don't tell that to Oksana Chusovitina. The veteran gymnast, who has been in the limelight since winning her first major competition - the USSR's junior national championships - at age 13, is still going strong at the ripe "old" age of 43!

Chusovitina has been competing for almost 30 years
(Photo Credit: ighof.com)

On August 23, 2018, Chusovitina made headlines again, this time for winning the silver medal in the vault at the 2018 Asian Games held in Indonesia from August 18 to September 2. What's even more impressive is that the gymnast, who shared the podium with women younger than her 19-year-old son Alisher Kurpanov, missed the gold by one-tenth of a point.

Over the last 30 years, the elite athlete has won a total of 32 medals, including 2 Olympic and 11 world championship medals. She is not only the oldest female Olympic gymnast but also, the only gymnast ever to compete in seven consecutive Olympic Games.

The Gymnastics Hall of Famer has five moves named after her - two on vault, two on uneven bars, and one on floor exercise - in the International Gymnastics' Code of Points. Chusovitina is one of only two female gymnasts to compete at the Olympics under three different national teams: the Soviet Union, Germany - where she moved for a few years to get her son treatment for leukemia - and her native Uzbekistan.

The incredible gymnast, who now focuses exclusively on the vault, is constantly trying to achieve more. At the 2016 Rio Olympics, Chusovitina attempted the "vault of death," a challenging routine that involves a handspring followed by a double somersault. While she was unable to join the small group of female gymnasts who have successfully completed the exercise, her effort was reflective of the grit and competitive spirit Chusovitina has demonstrated throughout her distinguished gymnastics career.

Chusovitina attempts the "vault of death" at the 2016 Rio Olympics (Photo Credit: ighof.com)

Not surprisingly, the amazing athlete, who says, "gymnastics keeps me young," has no plans to retire yet! When asked by a reporter if the 2018 Asian Games would be her final tournament, Chusovitina instantly responded, "No! I want to go to Tokyo." If she qualifies for the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo, Japan - and we have little doubt she will - Chusovitina, who will be 45, will become the oldest Olympic gymnast in 100 years. She will, however, not be the oldest athlete ever to compete at the Games. That honor belongs to Oscar Swahn of Sweden who was 72 years, 281 days old when he competed at the 1920 Olympics in the sport of shooting.

Resources: Topendsports.com, csmonitor.com, sports.yahoo.com

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43-Year-Old Gymnast Oksana Chusovitina Proves Age Is Just A Number

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While elite athletes like Simone Biles and McKayla Maroney make it look easy, gymnastics is one of the hardest sports on the planet - both physically and mentally. It is, therefore, not surprising to hear that most gymnasts retire in their late teens or early 20's. But don't tell that to Oksana Chusovitina.

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Grade 3 Unit 2 Bend III- Narrative Nonfiction

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Grade 3 Unit 2 Bend III- Narrative Nonfiction

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NASA entry, descent and landing systems engineers Brooke Harper (right) and Gene Bonfiglio (left) celebrate NASA's successful InSight landing on Mars with a touchdown dance in the mission control center of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory on Nov. 26, 2018 in Pasadena, California. (Credit: Bill Ingalls/NASA)

On November 26, 2018, scientists at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California held their breath as the InSight spacecraft attempted the most challenging part of its 300 million-mile-long journey to Mars - landing. At 2:53 p.m. EST, following a few nail-biting moments, the room erupted in joy at the sound of the official "beep," and the grainy photo of the Red Planet which confirmed that the lander had not only touched down safely but was functioning as expected.

"The hairs on the back of my neck would start rising a little bit higher, a little bit higher," said Tom Hoffman, the mission's project manager. As InSight completed each task toward the goal of landing, the engineers' anxiety level would drop just a little bit more. "And then when we finally got the confirmation of touchdown, it was completely amazing. The whole room went crazy. My inner four-year-old came out."

Image of Mars captured by InSight on November 30 (Credit: NASA/JPL)

The researcher says the landing is challenging due to the combination of Mars' relatively strong gravitational pull and its wispy atmosphere, which is just 1 percent as thick as that of Earth's. The gravitational pull causes approaching spacecraft to accelerate to high speeds, while the latter does little to help dissipate the energy and slow it down as it approaches the surface. Hence, the scientists had to devise a series of tricky maneuvers to reduce InSight's blazing 13,000 miles-per-hour speed as it pierced through the atmosphere to a safe landing speed of less than five mph - in just six and a half minutes. The target entry angle also had to be a precise 12 degrees - any steeper, and the spacecraft would burn up; any flatter, and it would bounce off the atmosphere and get lost in space. It is no wonder that the final approach is often referred to as the "seven minutes of terror."

InSight's tricky landing process (Credit: NASA/JPL)

InSight will spend the next two Earth years (about the length of one Mars year) studying the interior of the Red Planet using a suite of instruments. These include seismometers to record any Mars-quakes, as well as heat probes to determine its underground temperatures. The researchers believe the international mission, which cost $850 million, will provide insight into the formation of Mars and other rocky, terrestrial planets, such as Earth, Venus and Mercury. NASA also hopes to find out what makes the Red Planet and Earth - probably formed by similar processes 4.5 billion years ago - so different. "How we get from a ball of featureless rock into a planet that may or may not support life is a key question in planetary science," said Bruce Banerdt, InSight principal investigator at Nasa's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. "We'd like to be able to understand what happened."

The researcher says that on Earth, the processes have been obscured over billions of years by earthquakes and the movement of molten rock in the mantle. However, since Mars is geologically less active, it may be able to yield more clues.

InSight's mission is to investigate the Mar's interior (Credit: NASA/JPL)

However, before the ambitious project begins, NASA engineers have to first determine the lander's exact location and find the optimal place to deploy the deep sensor underground to obtain temperature readings. They also have to ensure the robotic arm is functioning properly to complete its tasks. These include grabbing and placing the sensors and equipment in the correct area and covering the seismometer with a protective shield to keep it from being damaged by the Red Planet's extreme environment.

The scientists, who liken monitoring the robotic arm to playing a claw machine game except without the claw, say what makes the task even more challenging is the eight minutes it takes for radio signals to be received from Mars and vice versa. The time delay makes instantaneous tweaks to the robotic arm impossible. But JPL director Michael Watkins is optimistic everything will go according to plan and says, "In the coming months and years even, history books will be rewritten about the interior of Mars."

Shiny object captured by Curiosity may be meteorite (Credit: NASA/JPL)

InSight is not the only robot currently roaming around Mars. Curiosity, the most technologically advanced rover ever built, has been scouring its surface since 2012 to try to find evidence of whether the Red Planet ever was - or is - habitable to microbial life. Over the years, its 17 cameras have captured and sent back several stunning images. The latest, revealed by NASA on December 1, 2018, is that of an object that the researchers believe "might be a meteorite because it is so shiny."

Resources: NASA.gov, Space.com, CNN.com, Verge.com

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On November 26, 2018, scientists at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California held their breath as the InSight spacecraft attempted the most challenging part of its 300 million-mile-long journey to Mars - landing. At 2:53 p.m.

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Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757-July 12, 1804) is one of America's most influential Founding Fathers. In his short life, he served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, was the first U.S. secretary of the treasury, and established the nation's first national bank. But Hamilton was not born into power. He worked his way to the top.

Alexander Hamilton was born on January 11, 1755 or 1757, on Nevis. It's an island in the British West Indies. His father, James, left his mother in 1765. As a result, Hamilton grew up poor. At 11, he had his first job. He worked as an accounting clerk. This taught him about business. His boss was impressed by his ability.

When Hamilton was 13, his mother became ill and died. His boss wanted to help him. So he raised money and sent young Hamilton to America.

At 15, Hamilton attended a private high school in Elizabeth, New Jersey. In the fall of 1773, he entered King's College (later renamed Columbia University). Hamilton took his studies seriously. But he left school before graduation to join protests against the British. The Revolutionary War started in 1775. The next year Hamilton was made a captain in the military. He rose through the ranks and became a trusted adviser to George Washington.

Building a United Nation

After his war service, Hamilton went on to became a lawyer. In 1784, he founded the Bank of New York. Three years later, Hamilton was invited to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to take part in the Constitutional Convention. The purpose of the meeting was to form a new national government.

After the Constitution was drafted, all 13 colonies had to agree to it. Hamilton worked with James Madison, a delegate from Virginia, and John Jay, secretary of foreign affairs, to get it approved. They wrote 85 essays to defend the constitution. Those writings would later be titled The Federalist Papers. The essays got people's attention. The Constitution passed on September 17, 1787. It wasn't until after Hamilton's death that people learned that he was one of the authors. In fact, Hamilton wrote more than half of the collected essays.

In 1789, George Washington became the first president of the United States. He asked Hamilton to serve as secretary of the treasury. One of Hamilton's most important tasks was to figure out a way to pay off the country's war debt. According to his plan, the first step would be for the government to take on debts owed by individual states.

At the same time, there was debate about where the new nation's capital should be. Some wanted Philadelphia. Others thought it should remain in New York City. Still others pushed for a capital in the South.

To come to a decision, Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison met in New York City. They made a secret deal. Madison would tell Southerners to support Hamilton's debt plan, and not the one Jefferson had proposed. In return, Hamilton would convince New Yorkers to support having in the U.S. capital in the South.

The deal worked. Washington, D.C., was selected as the nation's capital, and the federal government took on the states' war debts.

Problems in Politics

Although some people did not like or respect Hamilton, he continued to be involved in politics. When Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied in the presidential election of 1800, Hamilton supported Jefferson.

When Burr ran for governor of New York, in 1804, Hamilton again spoke out against him. Burr believed Hamilton had cost him another election and challenged him to a duel.

On July 11, Burr shot and killed Hamilton in Weehawken, New Jersey. Hamilton's wife, Elizabeth Schuyler, lived for 50 years after his death and worked to preserve his memory.

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Alexander Hamilton (January 11, 1755 or 1757-July 12, 1804) is one of America's most influential Founding Fathers. In his short life, he served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, was the first U.S. secretary of the treasury, and established...

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Clemente, the Double Outsider (Published 2015)

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Had he lived beyond age 38, Roberto Clemente would have witnessed the surge of Latinos into the national pastime — a phenomenon he helped launch.

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Parts of the Great Barrier Reef are now dead

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Parts of the Great Barrier Reef are now dead

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Severe bleaching last year on the northern Great Barrier Reef affected even the largest and oldest corals, like this slow-growing Porites colony. Credit... Terry Hughes et al./Nature

SYDNEY, Australia - The Great Barrier Reef in Australia has long been one of the world's most magnificent natural wonders, so enormous it can be seen from space, so beautiful it can move visitors to tears.

But the reef, and the profusion of sea creatures living near it, are in profound trouble.

Huge sections of the Great Barrier Reef, stretching across hundreds of miles of its most pristine northern sector, were recently found to be dead, killed last year by overheated seawater. More southerly sections around the middle of the reef that barely escaped then are bleaching now, a potential precursor to another die-off that could rob some of the reef's most visited areas of color and life.

"We didn't expect to see this level of destruction to the Great Barrier Reef for another 30 years," said Terry P. Hughes, director of a government-funded center for coral reef studies at James Cook University in Australia and the lead author of a paper on the reef that is being published Thursday as the cover article of the journal Nature. "In the north, I saw hundreds of reefs - literally two-thirds of the reefs were dying and are now dead."

The damage to the Great Barrier Reef, one of the world's largest living structures, is part of a global calamity that has been unfolding intermittently for nearly two decades and seems to be intensifying. In the paper, dozens of scientists described the recent disaster as the third worldwide mass bleaching of coral reefs since 1998, but by far the most widespread and damaging.

The state of coral reefs is a telling sign of the health of the seas. Their distress and death are yet another marker of the ravages of global climate change.

If most of the world's coral reefs die, as scientists fear is increasingly likely, some of the richest and most colorful life in the ocean could be lost, along with huge sums from reef tourism. In poorer countries, lives are at stake: Hundreds of millions of people get their protein primarily from reef fish, and the loss of that food supply could become a humanitarian crisis.

With this latest global bleaching in its third year, reef scientists say they have no doubt as to the responsible party.

They warned decades ago that the coral reefs would be at risk if human society kept burning fossil fuels at a runaway pace, releasing greenhouse gases that warm the ocean. Emissions continued to rise, and now the background ocean temperature is high enough that any temporary spike poses a critical risk to reefs.

Mature stands of clonal staghorn corals on Lizard Island in the Great Barrier Reef could be seen destroyed by heat stress on Feb. 26, 2016, at left, and colonized by algae just a few weeks later on April 19, at right. Credit... Photographs by Terry Hughes et al./Nature

"Climate change is not a future threat," Professor Hughes said. "On the Great Barrier Reef, it's been happening for 18 years."

Corals require warm water to thrive, but they are exquisitely sensitive to extra heat. Just two or three degrees Fahrenheit of excess warming can sometimes kill the tiny creatures.

Globally, the ocean has warmed by about 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit since the late 19th century, by a conservative calculation, and a bit more in the tropics, home to many reefs. An additional kick was supplied by an El Niño weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.

It was obvious last year that the corals on many reefs were likely to die, but now formal scientific assessments are coming in. The paper in Nature documents vast coral bleaching in 2016 along a 500-mile section of the reef north of Cairns, a city on Australia's eastern coast.

Bleaching indicates that corals are under heat stress, but they do not always die and cooler water can help them recover. Subsequent surveys of the Great Barrier Reef, conducted late last year after the deadline for inclusion in the Nature paper, documented that extensive patches of reef had in fact died, and would not be likely to recover soon, if at all.

Professor Hughes led those surveys. He said that he and his students cried when he showed them maps of the damage, which he had calculated in part by flying low in small planes and helicopters.

His aerial surveys, combined with underwater measurements, found that 67 percent of the corals had died in a long stretch north of Port Douglas, and in patches, the mortality reached 83 percent.

By luck, a storm stirred the waters in the central and southern parts of the reef at a critical moment, cooling them, and mortality there was much lower - about 6 percent in a stretch off Townsville, and even lower in the southernmost part of the reef.

But an Australian government study released last week found that over all, last year brought "the highest sea surface temperatures across the Great Barrier Reef on record."

The shadow of an airplane fell on bleached coral in the northern Great Barrier Reef in March 2016. Credit... James Kerry/ARC Center of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies

Only 9 percent of the reef has avoided bleaching since 1998, Professor Hughes said, and now, the less remote, more heavily visited stretch from Cairns south is in trouble again. Water temperatures there remain so high that another round of mass bleaching is underway, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority confirmed last week.

Professor Hughes said he hoped the die-off this time would not be as serious as last year's, but "back-to-back bleaching is unheard-of in Australia." The central and southern part of the reef had already been badly damaged by human activities like dredging and pollution.

The Australian government has tried to combat these local threats with its Reef 2050 plan, restricting port development, dredging and agricultural runoff, among other risks. But Professor Hughes's research found that, given the high temperatures, these national efforts to improve water quality were not enough.

"The reefs in muddy water were just as fried as those in pristine water," Professor Hughes said. "That's not good news in terms of what you can do locally to prevent bleaching - the answer to that is not very much at all. You have to address climate change directly."

With the election of Donald J. Trump as the American president, a recent global deal to tackle the problem, known as the Paris Agreement, seems to be in peril. Australia's conservative government also continues to support fossil fuel development, including what many scientists and conservationists see as the reef's most immediate threat - a proposed coal mine, expected to be among the world's largest, to be built inland from the reef by the Adani Group, a conglomerate based in India.

"The fact is, Australia is the largest coal exporter in the world, and the last thing we should be doing to our greatest national asset is making the situation worse," said Imogen Zethoven, campaign director for the Australian Marine Conservation Society.

Australia relies on the Great Barrier Reef for about 70,000 jobs and billions of dollars annually in tourism revenue, and it is not yet clear how that economy will be affected by the reef's deterioration. Even in hard-hit areas, large patches of the Great Barrier Reef survived, and guides will most likely take tourists there, avoiding the dead zones.

The global reef crisis does not necessarily mean extinction for coral species. The corals may save themselves, as many other creatures are attempting to do, by moving toward the poles as the Earth warms, establishing new reefs in cooler water.

But the changes humans are causing are so rapid, by geological standards, that it is not entirely clear that coral species will be able to keep up. And even if the corals do survive, that does not mean individual reefs will continue to thrive where they do now.

A photograph taken March 6 just off Cairns on the Great Barrier Reef shows a coral reef suffering from bleaching. The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing a second straight year of mass coral bleaching, scientists said. Credit... Biopixel Pty Ltd., via Agence France-Presse - Getty Images

Coral reefs are sensitive systems, built by unusual animals. The corals themselves are tiny polyps that act like farmers, capturing colorful single-celled plants called algae that convert sunlight into food. The coral polyps form colonies and build a limestone scaffolding on which to live - a reef.

But when the water near a reef gets too hot, the algae begin producing toxins, and the corals expel them in self-defense, turning ghostly white. If water temperatures drop soon enough, the corals can grow new algae and survive, but if not, they may succumb to starvation or disease.

Even when the corals die, some reefs eventually recover. If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years.

But the temperature of the ocean is now high enough that global mass bleaching events seem to be growing more frequent. If they become routine, many of the world's hard-hit coral reefs may never be able to re-establish themselves.

Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.

"I don't think the Great Barrier Reef will ever again be as great as it used to be - at least not in our lifetimes," said C. Mark Eakin, a reef expert with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in Silver Spring, Md.

Dr. Eakin was an author of the new paper and heads a program called Coral Reef Watch, producing predictive maps to warn when coral bleaching is imminent. Even though last year's El Niño has ended, water temperatures are high enough that his maps are showing continued hot water across millions of square miles of the ocean.

Kim M. Cobb, a climate scientist at the Georgia Institute of Technology who was not involved in the writing of the new paper, described it and the more recent findings as accurate, and depressing. She said she saw extensive coral devastation last year off Kiritimati Island, part of the Republic of Kiribati several thousand miles from Australia and a place she visits regularly in her research.

With the international effort to fight climate change at risk of losing momentum, "ocean temperatures continue to march upward," Dr. Cobb said. "The idea that we're going to have 20 or 30 years before we reach the next bleaching and mortality event for the corals is basically a fantasy."

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Large Sections of Australia's Great Reef Are Now Dead, Scientists Find (Published 2017)

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Send any friend a story As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Anyone can read what you share. SYDNEY, Australia - The Great Barrier Reef in Australia has long been one of the world's most magnificent natural wonders, so enormous it can be seen from space, so beautiful it can move visitors to tears.

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Hurricane Florence Causes Widespread Flooding in The Carolinas

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Hurricane Florence Causes Widespread Flooding in The Carolinas

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Hurricane Florence making landfall over the Carolinas (Photo Credit: NOAA)

As had been expected, Hurricane Florence made landfall near Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina at 7:15 am ET. on September 14, 2018. While downgraded to a Category 1, with sustained winds of 90 mph, the storm still packed a powerful punch, causing widespread flooding, destroying several structures and knocking out power to over 900,000 homes.

While that was bad enough, what made things worse was Florence's languid, six kph pace, which caused the storm to linger close to the coastline. Armed with an unlimited supply of water vapor from the warm Atlantic Ocean, it dumped a record 23 inches of rain in South Carolina and 35 inches in North Carolina over the course of just four days. While Florence, now a tropical depression, has moved on, the trillions of gallons of rainwater that is making its way into rivers and streams is resulting in flooding of epic proportions.

Aerial view of flooding in North Carolina as of September 17 (Photo Credit: Staff Sgt. Belinda O'Neal Dresel)

Many of the over 8,000 North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia residents forced to evacuate,are still living in Red Cross shelters or with family and friends. Some are waiting for the water levels to recede, while others are unable to return home either because the roads remain closed or because they have no means of transport to get there. Some of the streets in Kinston, North Carolina are so flooded that the National Guard is using helicopters to distribute water to stranded residents. While North Carolina farmers managed to escape, their animals were not as lucky. Despite moving them to higher ground before the storm hit, an estimated 3.4 million poultry birds and 5,500 pigs are believed to have drowned. In South Carolina, the flooding has damaged cotton, peanut, and hemp crops.

And the danger is far from over. About a dozen rivers in North and South Carolina have overflowed their banks. Particularly concerning is the continued swelling of the 140-mile-long Waccamaw River, which runs through both states. North Carolina officials have asked residents living along the river, especially those in Brunswick County, to evacuate and move to safer grounds.

Search and rescue efforts in Lumberton and Pembrook, NC by West Metro Fire (Photo Credit: West Metro Fire via Twitter)

When the water eventually recedes, North Carolina residents will have to not only deal with the usual clean-up challenges but also added health-risks caused by its key industries: pig farming and coal power generation.

Home to nine million pigs, North Carolina, is known for its hog "lagoons" - human-made pits or dugouts - that store animal waste and allow it to decompose to reduce pollution. On September 18, the state's Department of Environmental Quality reported that four of the "lagoons" had been breached, allowing manure to escape, 13 others had overflowed their banks due to the rainwater, and nine more had been inundated by flooding from nearby streams. Though it is still unclear how much of the waste is in the storm water, even a small exposure to feces, which contains bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella, can pose significant health issues to the residents.

Water levels continue to rise near Cape Fear River in North Carolina (Photo Credit: Fayetteville Police via Twitter)

Then there is the danger of coal ash polluting the water supply as well. The industrial waste, generated by coal-burning power plants, contains heavy metals, including arsenic, lead, and mercury, which carry health risks. Similar to hog waste, the ash is collected in landfills close to the energy plants. On September 20, 2018, power plant operator Duke Energy reported that about 2,000 cubic yards of the harmful waste had been displaced from one of the landfills. Though company spokesperson Erin Culbert asserts, "We don't have any indication that the ash has gone to the cooling pond," he has promised to continue monitoring the situation.

While the road to recovery will be long, Americans are doing everything they can to help the affected residents. In addition to President Trump's promise of full federal support to help pay for the estimated $22 billion of damage caused by the hurricane, people nationwide are sending in donations to the nonprofit agencies assisting the storm's victims. On September 18, 2018, six-time NBA champion and Charlotte Hornets owner, Michael Jordan, who grew up playing basketball in Wilmington, North Carolina, donated $2 million to the cause. In addition, members of the Hornets organization are putting together 5,000 boxes for food banks in Charlotte, North Carolina. The team has also partnered with NBA merchandising company Fanatics to help raise funds with a special T-shirt, featuring the Hornets logo in the middle of the Carolinas states with the words "Carolina Strong" around it.

Resources: CNN.com, Vox,com, NPR.org, Wikipedia.org

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Hurricane Florence Causes Widespread Flooding in The Carolinas

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As had been expected, Hurricane Florence made landfall near Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina at 7:15 am ET. on September 14, 2018. While downgraded to a Category 1, with sustained winds of 90 mph, the storm still packed a powerful punch, causing widespread flooding, destroying several structures and knocking out power to over 900,000 homes.

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Grade 3 Unit 4 Bend I (Researching Nonfiction)

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Grade 3 Unit 4 Bend I (Researching Nonfiction)

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Usain Bolt, Fastest Human On Earth . . . And Space?

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Usain Bolt, Fastest Human On Earth . . . And Space?

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Usain Bolt in zero gravity (Photo Credit: Usain Bolt via Twitter)

After breaking numerous records on Earth, retired Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt recently put his legendary speed to test in "space." The "out-of-this-world" race, staged in a zero gravity environment aboard an airplane designed for scientific research, took place over France on September 13, 2018. It was a publicity stunt organized by champagne maker G.H.Mumm, to showcase a newly-designed bottle, created to make it easier for astronauts and future space tourists to enjoy the beverage while floating through outer space.

Usain Bolt competes against two astronauts (Photo Credit: Usain Bolt via Twitter)

To simulate zero-gravity conditions, the airplane performed parabolic-shaped dives, a maneuver that involves reducing thrust and lowering the nose to maintain a neutral, or "zero lift," configuration. Often used to train astronauts in zero-g exercises, it provides about 25 seconds of weightlessness out of 65 seconds of flight in each parabola. Though his two competitors were comfortable not being supported by gravity, it was a new sensation for Bolt. He later said, "I was nervous but as soon as the first one [parabola] goes you kind of go, 'Oh my God,' what's happening? But after the third one I was like 'Yeah', it's crazy!"

However, the professional sprinter did not allow nerves to get in the way of his first space race. While Bolt managed to outrun his competitors only slightly in the first lap, he established, and maintained, an impressive lead on the return, leaving no doubt that he is indeed, the fastest man on earth and in space!

New constellations to inspire kids to learn astronomy (Image Credit: birmingham.ac.uk)

Though this was Bolt's first zero-g experience, it's not his first foray into space. In 2017, the organizers of UK's Big Bang Fair partnered with scientists from the University of Birmingham Astronomical Society to create a new set of constellations. Designed to inspire kids to "Look Up To The Stars," they bear close resemblances to modern-day sports, entertainment, and science icons. Among the fun new star formations identified by the astronomers are Harry Potter's glasses, Serena Williams' racket, Paddington Bear's boots and, best of all, Bolt's signature victory pose!

Resources: Interestingengineering.com, birmingham.ac.uk, itv.com

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Usain Bolt, Fastest Human On Earth . . . And Space?

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After breaking numerous records on Earth, retired Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt recently put his legendary speed to test in "space." The "out-of-this-world" race, staged in a zero gravity environment aboard an airplane designed for scientific research, took place over France on September 13, 2018. It was a publicity stunt organized by champagne-maker G.H.

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Lin-Manuel Miranda is a writer, singer, composer, songwriter, rapper, and an actor. He is best known for creating and starring in the Broadway musicals In the Heights and Hamilton.

Lin-Manuel Miranda was born on January 16, 1980, in New York City. His parents were born in Puerto Rico. The family often returned to the island in summer.

Miranda attended New York City's Hunter College Elementary School and Hunter College High School. He performed in many of his school's plays and musicals. He spoke English at school and Spanish at home with his family.

Miranda went on to study theater and film at Wesleyan University. He began writing his first musical during his second year there. It was titled In The Heights. The show was set in Washington Heights. It's the Hispanic neighborhood where Miranda grew up. Miranda graduated from college in 2002. He worked part-time jobs and continued writing the show.

Rising to New Heights

In The Heights made its Broadway debut in 2008. It was a success. It won four Tony Awards, including Best Musical and Best Original Score. Miranda was the show's creator and star.

In 2008, Miranda read the biography Alexander Hamilton, by Ron Chernow. The book inspired him. Miranda began to think about what Hamilton's story would look like as a musical.

For six years, he studied the life of the Founding Father. "I had to learn a lot about American history that I didn't know," he told TIME for Kids. "You have to put yourself not only in their shoes, but in their skin, and in their heart, to understand how they saw the world."

Miranda turned his vision × vision RESOLUTION PRODUCTIONS/GETTY IMAGES a thought or concept (noun) They explained their vision for renovating the city's downtown. into a musical called Hamilton.

BRUCE GILKAS-FILMMAGIC/GETTY IMAGES

A Broadway Hit

diversity × diversity Hamilton opened off-Broadway in 2015 at the Public Theater, in New York. The sold-out show won more than 20 awards. It opened on Broadway in August 2015 and became a huge hit. Miranda made it a point to focus on MOMO PRODUCTIONS/GETTY IMAGES the inclusion of different types of people (noun) The company values ethnic and cultural diversity among its employees. in the show. He chose nonwhite actors to play the white historical figures. The show's music was also unique. It had a mix of rap, hip-hop, pop, and slow songs.

In 2016, Hamilton was awarded the respected Pulitzer Prize for Drama. His play also received a record 16 Tony Award nominations and took home 11 trophies.

Giving Back

Miranda has worked hard to help the less-fortunate. In 2016, he teamed up with a charity group and asked people to donate $10 or more for a chance to win tickets to see his last performance in Hamilton. The effort raised $2 million. Most of the money was donated to help Hispanic children and families around the country.

After stepping off the nominated × nominate Hamilton stage in 2016, Miranda composed the music for Disney's animated movie Moana. He was PEOPLEIMAGES/GETTY IMAGES to propose for an honor or office (verb) The school nominated Sally to be student body president. for his first Academy Award for the song "How Far I'll Go."

Following Hamilton and Moana, Miranda was cast as Jack, the lamplighter, in the film Mary Poppins Returns (2018).

Miranda's advice for kids who want to get involved in performing arts is to work on your weakest skill. "If you're a good singer, go take dance lessons. If you're a good dancer, take singing lessons," he says. "This way, when you go for an audition, they say 'This person can do everything.'"

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Lin-Manuel Miranda was born on January 16, 1980, in New York City. His parents were born in Puerto Rico. The family often returned to the island in summer. Miranda attended New York City's Hunter College Elementary School and Hunter College High School. He performed in many of his school's plays and musicals.

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Editor's Note, October 12, 2018: In honor of today's Google Doodle recognizing the remarkable achievements of Roberto Clemente, we're resurfacing this 2011 story about the Puerto Rican baseball star.

After Roberto Clemente disappeared in a plane crash off the coast of San Juan, Puerto Rico, on New Year's Eve 1972, his body was never found. U.S. Coast Guard rescue and recovery teams probed the Atlantic waters for several weeks, but the ocean offered them a lone remnant of the brilliant baseball player-a single sock. Inanimate objects take on meaning only in the context of the story they evoke. That sock, banal yet gruesome, symbolized a sense of profound loss and mystery at Clemente's tragic end. But here we are looking at another object in his story, an artifact from an earlier time that, considered on its own, seems utterly ordinary, yet also carries a deeper meaning in its attachment to the career of a remarkable athlete-his batting helmet.

Exactly when and for how long Clemente wore this helmet is not established. Experts with the Pittsburgh Pirates, the team for whom he played right field for all of his 18 seasons in the Major Leagues, and at the National Museum of American History, where the helmet now resides, have narrowed it down to the early 1960s, which is good enough. Clemente was in his prime then. He helped lead the Pirates to a World Series championship in 1960 and won the first of four batting titles in 1961, with a prodigious .351, part of a string of 13 seasons in which his average soared above .300 all but once. The batting helmet was a tool of his trade, along with the more vital bat and glove, as he followed the path of a migrant worker from his beloved island of Puerto Rico to work in fields on the mainland every spring and summer.

What a surprisingly light object this helmet is! The sensation is of holding balsa wood, so insubstantial it seems almost ready to float away. Six and a half ounces, fiberglass and polyester resin, made from the formula used in bulletproofing materials for the armed forces. Coated in black, with a yellow P embossed on the front-the colors of the Pirates. Eight air holes on top, no ear flaps (they would not be mandatory in the Majors until 1974), scuff marks here and there, many of them with flecks of green. How could this object protect a head from the impact of baseballs thrown at velocities of 90 to 100 miles an hour from a distance of 60 feet 6 inches by the likes of Bob Gibson, Sandy Koufax and Juan Marichal? The question raises many thoughts, but first consider the remarkable head inside that helmet.

Clemente represents more than baseball. That explains why his helmet is at the museum, where it will appear among more than 100 objects-along with the Ruby Slippers from The Wizard of Oz, the original Kermit the Frog and a 150-pound piece of Plymouth Rock-in the exhibition "American Stories," which opens April 5. Clemente became a patron saint in the Spanish-speaking baseball-playing world, as well as in his adopted hometown of Pittsburgh, a black Latino embraced by the nation's quintessential white working-class town. His devoted following extends around the world; 40 schools and more than 200 parks are named in his honor, from Puerto Rico to Africa to Germany. The way he died is part of it. The plane that carried him to his death at age 38 was bound for Managua, Nicaragua, from San Juan, carrying humanitarian aid to a nation that had been devastated by an earthquake. That trip was in keeping with the way Clemente lived. He was that rare athlete who was growing as a human being as he aged; so many diminish as their talents diminish. In the final years of his life, his mantra was: If you have a chance to make life better for others and fail to do so, you are wasting your time on this earth. Clemente was aboard the plane because earlier aid sent to Nicaragua had been diverted by military thugs working for the nation's strongman ruler, Anastasio Somoza Debayle. If I go, it will reach the people, he said.

Months after he died, he was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame, the first Latino so honored, and joined Lou Gehrig, who also died young, as the only members not required to wait five years after their playing days were done. Clemente was not the best ever, but there was no one like him on the field or off. Here is No. 21 in full-the soulful way he looked in his cutoff Pirates uniform with the black long-sleeved undershirt; the way he moved slowly to the plate, as though about to face an executioner, rolling out the persistent kinks in his neck all the way from the on-deck circle; the trademark clothesline throw from the deepest corner of right field to third base; the incessant physical complaints of a perfectionist and hypochondriac; the busting pride for his homeland and the determination with which he confronted American sportswriters who ridiculed his accent (none of them spoke Spanish) and described him in the racial stereotypes of that era; the beautiful fury with which he swung his big-barreled bat at any pitch within reach and ran the bases as if fleeing a horror, his helmet often flying off as he rounded first after another of his precisely 3,000 hits.

There it is-the helmet. Truth be told, Clemente never had much use for helmets, or any form of protection other than his own agility. He was hit by a pitch only 35 times in his long career, fewer than two per season, placing him 766th in major-league history (compared with the modern-day record of 285 for Craig Biggio of the Houston Astros), and few of those pitches were aimed near his helmet. As likely as not, he might swing at a pitch on that trajectory anyway. He was the poster boy for free swinging. To the notion that he was a bad ball hitter, he would reply, "It's not a bad ball if I can hit it."

During Clemente's rookie season, in 1955, helmets had more reason to fear him than for him to fear the pitched ball. He got off to a hot start, then cooled considerably, line drives finding their way to a fielder's glove. The longer his slump persisted, the more his helmets suffered. "Clemente would pop up or strike out," a teammate, Tom Saffell, later explained in an interview with Jim Sargent for the Society for American Baseball Research. "He would come back to the dugout and take that helmet off and sit it on the board floor and he would jump up and down on it! He must have ruined 15 or 20 helmets. Fred Haney [the manager] finally told him, 'Every time you ruin a helmet, you have to pay for it.' That stopped him."

The delicious irony was that Clemente's boss, Branch Rickey, then the general manager of the Pirates, was having it both ways with those destroyed helmets, suffering and profiting at the same time. The Pirates were the first team to require that every player wear a helmet, starting a few years before Clemente arrived, and it so happened that their helmets were manufactured by American Baseball Cap Incorporated, a company that Rickey and his family owned. It is fitting that Clemente's helmet was created by Rickey, who was a change agent not only in helmets but in other parts of baseball with far more sociological importance. It was Rickey, as general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, who brought Jackie Robinson up to the Major Leagues in 1947, finally breaking the color line, and it was Rickey who brought Clemente to Pittsburgh eight years later, accelerating the rise of Latinos in baseball, a central part of an extraordinary story that carried an ordinary old helmet to its honored place behind glass for the pleasure of museumgoers in Washington.

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Editor's Note, October 12, 2018: In honor of today's Google Doodle recognizing the remarkable achievements of Roberto Clemente, we're resurfacing this 2011 story about the Puerto Rican baseball star. After Roberto Clemente disappeared in a plane crash off the coast of San Juan, Puerto Rico, on New Year's Eve 1972, his body was never found.

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A hybrid between a melon-headed whale and a rough-toothed dolphin (in front) swims next to a melon-headed whale, probably his mother (Photo Credit: Kimberly A. Wood/Cascadia Research)

Every now and again, Mother Nature reveals a delightful surprise in the form of something unusual and remarkable. One such extraordinary occurrence is the recent discovery of an extremely rare hybrid between a melon-headed whale and a rough-toothed dolphin. The mammal was first sighted in August 2017 by a group of researchers on a two-week expedition to document marine life off the coast of Kauai, Hawaii.

The Cascadia Research Collective scientists were observing a pod of rough-toothed dolphins when they noticed, what appeared to be, two specimens of melon-headed whales. Upon looking closer, they realized that one of the two "whales" looked a little different. The animal had a melon-headed whale's dorsal fin and dorsal cape but a rough-toothed dolphin's blotchy pigmentation and sloping forehead. Close-up pictures appeared to indicate that the researchers had stumbled upon a hybrid of the two species.

The hybrid is a mix between the rough-toothed dolphin (left) and the melon-headed whale (right) (Photo Credit: Robin W. Baird/Cascadia Research)

To confirm their suspicions, the scientists used a crossbow, equipped with a special dart, to extract the mammal's skin sample without harming it. They then compared the DNA in the tissue to the genetic data of the two species collected by scientists over many years. In a report published in July 2018, the team confirmed that the odd-looking male was indeed the offspring of a melon-headed whale mother and a rough-toothed dolphin father. The researchers suspect the whale observed swimming alongside the hybrid is most likely its mom. They speculate she got separated from its pod and decided to join the rough-toothed dolphins.

This is the fourth-known hybrid of the Oceanic dolphins, or Delphinidae, and the only one found in the wild. The first specimen was born at Tokyo's Kamogawa SeaWorld but died within 200 days. Fortunately, Kekaimalu, the offspring of a false killer whale and a bottlenose dolphin, born at Hawaii's Sea Life Park is healthy and even mated with a male bottle-nose dolphin to give birth to another hybrid female, "Kawili Kai."

Kawili Kai, the daughter of Kekaimalu and a male bottle-nose dolphin at Sea Life Park (Photo Credit Mark Interrante from Silicon Valley, USA CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons)

While the hybrids are commonly referred to as "wholphins," the scientists say the moniker is misleading. That's because though we may think of whales and dolphins as different species, they are all Oceanic dolphins. Therefore, the latest find is just a hybridization between two different species of dolphins. "Calling it something like a wholphin doesn't make any sense," says research biologist and the study's lead author Robin Baird. "I think calling it a wholphin just confuses the situation more than it already is."

The team is also reluctant to classify the specimen as a new species since lone hybrids are often unable to reproduce. For a new species to emerge, hybridization would have to occur much more frequently, and the hybrids would have to be able to reproduce and prefer to breed with one another. Regardless, the team is excited about the discovery and plan to head back to Kauai to research the hybrid further, and also test the DNA of the melon-headed whale in the pod to confirm if she is indeed the mother.

Resources: Businessinsider.com, theguardian.com, Interestingengineering.com

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Scientists Discover Rare Whale-Dolphin Hybrid Near Hawaii

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Every now and again, Mother Nature reveals a delightful surprise in the form of something unusual and remarkable. One such extraordinary occurrence is the recent discovery of an extremely rare hybrid between a melon-headed whale and a rough-toothed dolphin.

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Rags was as brave and hardworking as the American soldiers he fought alongside during World War I. But one key detail set him apart from the men serving in the ...

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Meet Naomi Osaka, 2018 US Open Champion And Japan's First Grand Slam Winner

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Meet Naomi Osaka, 2018 US Open Champion And Japan's First Grand Slam Winner

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Naomi Osaka (Photo Credit: By Peter Menzel (Naomi Osaka) CC by 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons)

Naomi Osaka was just two years old when Serena Williams beat the world's highest-ranked women's tennis player, Martina Hingis, to win her first US Open title in 1999. Since then, Naomi has watched her idol conquer the tennis world with 22 more Grand Slams, the four most important annual tennis events - the Australian Open, Roland Garros, Wimbledon, and the US Open. On Saturday, September 8, the now 20-year-old Naomi stunned the world by winning the 2018 Women's US Open Singles Championship, stopping Serena's quest to achieve her 24 th Grand Slam title and tying with Australia's Margaret Court for the all-time record. Naomi's first Grand Slam victory was particularly sweet given that she is the first Japanese tennis player to achieve this honor.

Naomi's tennis career is not only inspired by that of her idol but it also eerily similar. Born in Osaka, Japan to a Japanese mother, Tamaki Osaka, and a Haitian-American father, Leonard "San" François, Naomi moved to the United States when she was just three. After watching the Williams sisters at the 1999 French Open, Naomi's father became motivated to expose Naomi, and her older sister Mari, to tennis. Just like Serena's dad, and first coach, Richard Williams, François knew little about the game. But that did not deter him. Armed with DVD's and instructional books, he took both girls to the neighborhood tennis courts and made them hit several buckets of balls daily. In 2006, the family moved from Long Island to Pembroke Pines, Florida, where the homeschooled girls spent their days practicing on the public courts. By 2013, Naomi had developed into a top-rate tennis player and was ready to turn professional. Afraid that the budding athlete would not receive enough support from the United States Tennis Association, her father decided to sign her up with the Japanese Tennis Association.

Serena Williams at the 2013 US Open (Photo Credit: Edwin Martinez from The Bronx (US Open 2013 Part 2 668 Uploaded by Flickrworker) [CC BY 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons]

Naomi caught the world's attention at the age of sixteen after defeating former US Open champion Samantha Stosur at the 2014 Bank of the West Classic. She reached her first Women's Tennis Association (WTA) finals two years later at the 2016 Toray Pan Pacific Open, and in 2017, beat defending champion Angelique Kerber in the first round of the U.S. Open. The young player has since won against numerous tennis legends including Maria Sharapova, Karolína Plíšková and current world number one ranked player, Simona Halep.

Her first major WTA victory came in March 2018, when she beat Russia's Daria Kasatkina to grab the biggest title outside of the Grand Slams - the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, California. A few weeks later, Naomi made headlines again when she defeated her idol Serena Williams in the first round of the 2018 Miami Open. However, many experts attributed the win to the fact that Serena, who had just returned to competitive tennis following an 8-month-long maternity break, was still working to get back to top form.

Naomi poses with 2018 US Open Men's Champion Novak Djokovic (Photo Credit: Naomi Osaka via Twitter)

While Naomi's second, decisive two-set victory against her idol at the 2018 US Open proved that her first win was not a fluke, it was overshadowed by a dispute between Serena and umpire Carlos Ramos. The issues began during the second set when Serena's coach, Patrick Mouratoglou, was caught giving her hand signals. Since coaching players at major tournaments is not allowed, Ramos slapped Serena with a code violation. Claiming she had not seen the gesture, Serena took offense at being accused of "cheating" and asked Carlos to reconsider his decision. Shortly after, frustrated at losing her serve in the fifth game of the second set, Serena smashed her racket - drawing a second code violation that cost her a point.

When the next game started with Naomi ahead 15-0, an irate Serena asked Carlos to consider reversing the first code violation. She asserted, ''I have never cheated in my life! You owe me an apology.'' When the umpire refused to retract his stance, an emotional Serena screamed, "You stole a point from me. You're a thief too.'' Carlos responded to the accusation by issuing her a third code violation - this one for verbal abuse - costing Serena an entire game! Naomi, who was already winning the second set 4-3, was suddenly ahead by two games. When he called the confused players to explain the reason for the change in score, a stunned Serena laughed in disbelief and demanded to speak to the tournament referee Brian Earley, who walked onto the court along with a Grand Slam supervisor. Serena's claim that the umpire's decisions was unfair and complaint that ''this has happened to me too many times,'' fell on deaf ears. While she continued to play and even won a game, Serena never fully recovered from the altercation, and soon after, the tournament was over.

Naomi Osaka (Photo Credit: By Peter Menzel (Naomi Osaka) CC by 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons)

Naomi's first major win was spoiled by the crowd booing at the umpire's decisions. While Serena managed to calm the fans down, it did little to cheer the shy player, who, instead of celebrating her success, apologized for her victory saying," I'm sorry it had to end like this."

Unnerving as the experience was, Naomi is still in complete awe of her idol, and says, "I'm always going to remember the Serena that I love." Given her tennis prowess and Serena's relentless quest to stay at the top of her game, we have no doubt the two champions will meet on the court many more times - hopefully under more "normal" circumstances.

Resources: learningvoanews,com,scmp.com,bostonglobe.com,espn.com, wikipedia.org

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Meet Naomi Osaka, 2018 US Open Champion And Japan's First Grand Slam Winner

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Naomi Osaka was just two years old when Serena Williams beat the world's highest-ranked women's tennis player, Martina Hingis, to win her first US Open title in 1999. Since then, Naomi has watched her idol conquer the tennis world with 22 more Grand Slams, the four most important annual tennis events - the Australian Open, Roland Garros, Wimbledon, and the US Open.

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Learn how science and engineering take your favorite sports to the next level.

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Teen fashion designer isabella Rose Taylor (Credit: blogs.nordstrom.com)

Most 13-year-old girls spend their days trying to keep up with the latest fashion trends and fretting about junior high grades. Isabella Rose Taylor is no different. Except in her case, it involves setting fashion trends with her eponymous clothing line and worrying about college grades. For, believe it or not, this teenager is not just a successful fashion designer , but also, a brilliant student who is pursuing a degree in fine arts at a local college.If that is not impressive enough, her junior clothing line is about to debut at one of the nation's most prestigious retailers - Nordstrom.

The precocious teen's love for fashion began at the tender age of 8 when she attended a sewing camp. Within a year, Isabella went from sewing clothes for her friends to creating her own brand. Recognizing their daughter's inherent talent, her parents enlisted the help ofLiza Deyrmenjian, the founder of Fashion Accelerator 360, a company that mentors up-and-coming designers about the business side of fashion.

Having founded her own successful fashion label , the 'Go,Girl,' at the age of 19, Liza proved to be a great source of inspiration for young Isabella. Under Liza's guidance Isabella Rose Taylor collection grew rapidly, and soon began drawing publicity from the local and national press. In 2012, the young girl who has released two collections each year for the past three years, added to her accolades, by winning the at the 2012 Austin Fashion Week.

Teen fashion designer isabella Rose Taylor (Credit: blogs.nordstrom.com)

Confident that Isabella was now ready for the big leagues, Liza reached out to the junior apparel buyers at Nordstrom. Not surprisingly, they loved Isabella's fun, stylish designs that the young designer describes as "hippie-grunge, yet feminine," and agreed to give it a test during the crucial back-to-school shopping season.

Starting August 2014, 10-15 pieces from the young designer's collection will be showcased at select Nordstrom stores nationwide and also online, at Nordstrom.com. The exact pieces that will be sold have not been disclosed, However, if they are anything like her recent spring line that included everything from crochet pants and tops, to rompers and skater dresses, as well as, simple t-shirts adorned with reflective quotations like 'If art had legs, it would be fashion,' and popular sayings such as 'adorbs' and 'loves', they are bound to be pretty popular. The best part is that the collection will be priced between $20-$100 USD, making them affordable for any teenager that covets it.

Isabella who is also a poet, writer, and accomplished painter says that her success can be attributed to being able to relate to the kids she designs the clothes for. Perhaps part of Isabella's success can be credited to her being a certified genius by Mensa, an exclusive society comprised of people whose intelligence quotient's (IQ) are in the 98th percentile or higher. However, it's her passion, perseverance and hard work that has led to her outstanding success at such a young age. And the young girl is nowhere close to being done yet - So stay tuned!

Dailymail.co.uk,Styleit.com,fastcompany.com

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13-Year-Old Designer's Clothing Line Hits Nordstrom

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Most 13-year-old girls spend their days trying to keep up with the latest fashion trends and fretting about junior high grades. Isabella Rose Taylor is no different. Except in her case, it involves setting fashion trends with her eponymous clothing line and worrying about college grades.

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Stand Together boosts group that helps kids through soccer

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Stand Together boosts group that helps kids through soccer

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Though the Girl Scouts of the USA initially declared itself a space for all girls, the reality was different for girls of color

Erin Blakemore

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It's the biggest shark. And it is the biggest fish in the sea. It is often found roaming in warm waters around the globe. It often has its huge mouth agape in search of dinner.

Yet despite its hulking appearance, the whale shark has only tiny, almost useless teeth. It is sometimes so docile that entire boatloads of people can swim alongside the enigmatic, spotted beast. It's also one of the least understood animals in the oceans.

A group of scientists spent several weeks diving with whale sharks in the Galapagos Islands. This was last summer and fall. They were attempting to solve some of the most enduring mysteries. They tried some never-before-used techniques on the species in the wild. For instance, they took blood samples and did ultrasound exams. They did this while swimming furiously beside them underwater.

Here's what's known about these massive marine animals. And here is what scientists are still trying to find out:

WHALE OR SHARK?

While they are comparable in size to whales, whale sharks are sharks. They typically grow to be bigger than a double-decker bus. They grow to 20 to 52 feet. They can weigh more than 20 tons. But they are filter feeders. As such, the enormous whale sharks are dangerous only to the plankton, fish eggs and tiny fish they chomp on.

The gentle giants aren't particularly fast when compared to other sharks. But a simple wave of their tail propels them through the water faster than any human could ever swim. They have broad, flat heads. Their entire dark-blue bodies are covered in dots that act as camouflage underwater.

They have been overhunted by fishermen for years. Now whale sharks are endangered and at risk of extinction.

HANGOUT SPOTS.

Whale sharks prefer warm waters. They are often found feeding at locations around the world. These locations include Australia and the Philippines. It includes Mexico and even in the oil fields off the coast of Qatar.

Hundreds of whale sharks - mostly young males - gather in these areas at certain times of the year. They do this to scoop up fish eggs. It is unknown where adult females are feeding then.

The vastness of the ocean usually makes the shy animals hard to find. Jacques Cousteau only ever saw two in his decades of sea exploration.

TRACKING WHALE SHARKS.

Marine biologists have been tagging whale sharks in recent years. They do this to track their movements. Others are trying to answer questions about their life and reproductive cycles. Only one pregnant whale shark has ever been found. In 1995, a dead whale shark was found off the coast of Taiwan with 300 embryos inside. All the embryos were different stages of development.

"The million-dollar questions are where are they mating, hunting and where do their young live?" That's the question asked by Jonathan Green. He is director of the Galapagos Whale Shark Project.

An international database was launched to identify as many whale sharks as possible through their distinctive dot pattern. Each shark has a unique configuration of dots. The dots act like a fingerprint. More than 8,000 sharks have been logged so far. Scientists can only afford to spend a few weeks in the Galapagos each year. So they depend on photos taken by visiting divers to figure out what the whale sharks are up to. So far, none of the sharks spotted in the Galapagos has been seen anywhere else.

RESULTS.

It is difficult to conduct a medical exam on a free-swimming whale shark. So researchers only obtained two blood samples. These samples haven't yet been tested. The ultrasound exams were inconclusive. That's because more powerful machines are needed. Most ultrasound machines for animals are intended for abdominal walls that are 1 to 2 inches thick. But a whale shark's abdominal wall is about 8 inches.

"When we first started studying these large animals, nobody knew how to go about it," Green said. "Now that we have better technology and more experience, we will hopefully be able to answer some of the fundamental questions soon."

Besides blood and ultrasound tests, scientists successfully tagged seven sharks. While not a large number, it's important since so few whale sharks are tracked. The pressure of deep water can cause tags to drop off if the sharks dive below 2,000 meters. The animals often do if they're traveling long distances or possibly giving birth. But any migratory data the scientists collect when sharks stay at shallower depths can help build a picture of the sharks' life cycle.

Green and colleagues are planning further expeditions to the Galapagos later this year to continue their research. They plan to gather more blood samples and continue satellite tagging.

"When you have so few data points, every single shark is important," said Robert Hueter. He is the director of the Center for Shark Research at Mote Marine Laboratory in Florida. He was not part of the Galapagos research. "These aren't like goldfish where you can get sample sizes of hundreds at a time."

WHY IT MATTERS.

In the last 75 years, the vast majority of whale sharks have been hunted by people for food and their numbers are still dropping, said Simon Pierce. He is chief scientist at the Marine Megafauna Foundation.

Some biologists worry climate change could hurt the sharks by reducing their food supply. Rising ocean temperatures could mean less plankton.

"If we do the things that are necessary to conserve the whale sharks, we'll be conserving the ocean itself," said Simon Thorrold. He works at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in Massachusetts.

For Green, who heads the Galapagos project, it's more personal. "Even after years of diving with whale sharks, I still get goose bumps every time I see that huge blue shadow in the water. It's an incredibly emotional experience."
Source URL: https://www.tweentribune.com/article/tween56/cracking-mysteries-elusive-majestic-whale-shark/

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Cracking the mysteries of the elusive, majestic whale shark

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It's the biggest shark. And it is the biggest fish in the sea. It is often found roaming in warm waters around the globe. It often has its huge mouth agape in search of dinner. Yet despite its hulking appearance, the whale shark has only tiny, almost useless teeth.

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About Ezra Jack Keats | degrummondcollection

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Benjamin Katz and Augusta Podgainy were born in Warsaw, Poland. However, they did not meet until they had both emigrated to the United States. Continuing the Polish custom, their wedding was arranged by a matchmaker. After the marriage, the two settled in the Jewish quarter of Brooklyn, New York. In…

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As of Monday, October 24, content that was on TweenTribune.com will now be available here on our new educational resources page and on our learning pages. While much of the content that you enjoyed will still exist, educators will unfortunately no longer be able to assign content to students. Tween Tribune has been a valued educational brand of Smithsonian magazine, and we appreciate your continued support.

Though the Girl Scouts of the USA initially declared itself a space for all girls, the reality was different for girls of color

Erin Blakemore

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As of Monday, October 24, content that was on TweenTribune.com will now be available here on our new educational resources page and on our learning pages. While much of the content that you enjoyed will still exist, educators will unfortunately no longer be able to assign content to students.

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What is the oldest animal?

What is the oldest animal?

Assign to Google Classroom

In the cold waters of the Arctic, a resident of the deep lurked for centuries. Now scientists calculate that this female Greenland shark was the Earth's oldest living animal with a backbone.

They estimated that the gray shark was born in the icy waters roughly 400 years ago. The gray shark part of the species named after Greenland. The one found died only recently. That conclusion puts the entire species at the top of the longevity list.

Using a novel dating technique, an international team of biologists and physicists estimated the age of 28 dead female Greenland sharks. The ages were based on tissue in the sharks' eyes. Eight of the sharks were probably 200 years or older. Two likely date back more than three centuries. This is according to a study published in the journal Science.

Until now, that record holder was a bowhead whale that hit 211 years old. That is according to the study's lead author, Julius Nielsen, and AnAge. It is an animal longevity database.

The oldest of the Greenland sharks examined was nearly 16.5-feet long. It was estimated to be 392 years old. It was caught around four years ago. But that calculation comes with a huge margin of error. It is plus or minus 120 years. This is due to the newness of the dating technique, Nielsen said. He is a marine biologist at the University of Copenhagen.

That means the shark was probably born sometime between 1500 and 1740. Its most likely birth year was 1620.

"It's an estimate. It's not a determination," Nielsen said. "It is the best we can do."

Even at the lowest end of the margin error, the shark would have been 272 years old when it died. That still would be the longest-living animal with a backbone, Nielsen said. Other experts agreed.

Joao Pedro Magalhaes is a University of Liverpool aging researcher. He said because the study is based on an indirect measurement, he wouldn't necessarily concentrate on exact numbers, especially when they exceed 400 years. That is where the upper end of the margin of error goes.

"But the study is convincing enough for us to say that these animals live way longer than human beings. And possibly longer than any other vertebrate," said Magalhaes. He runs the longevity database. He was not part of Nielsen's team.

Some animals without backbones live longer. An ocean quahog, a clam, lived 507 years. And two different types of sponges are said to survive for 15,000 and 1,500 years.

While not surprised that Greenland sharks live a long time, "I'm really shocked by the magnitude of that longevity," wrote Christopher Lowe. He is the director of the shark lab at California State University Long Beach. He wasn't part of the study. But he praised it as creative and compelling.

Greenland sharks love cold water. They prefer temperatures near freezing. They are found all over the Arctic. The cold water and the slow metabolism that comes with it might have something to do with their long lives, Nielsen said. Lowe, in an email, said "the rule of thumb is deep and cold = old when it comes to fishes."

"I don't know why they get as old. But I hope someone will find out," Nielsen said.

He uses a complex and indirect system for the age estimates. It combines chemical tracking, mathematical modeling and growth measurements. He focuses on the shark eye lens. Those form while the shark is still developing inside the mother's uterus. The measures of carbon in them won't change after birth. It gives a good, rough sense of when the shark was born.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration shark expert Allen Andrews said the dating method "is novel and is likely robust." But, he said, there are still a number of uncertainties.
Source URL: https://www.tweentribune.com/article/junior/what-oldest-animal/
Filed Under: Animals Science

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION

Why do cold temperatures promote longevity?

Write your answers in the comments section below

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What is the oldest animal? What is the oldest animal? Assign to Google Classroom In the cold waters of the Arctic, a resident of the deep lurked for centuries. Now scientists calculate that this female Greenland shark was the Earth's oldest living animal with a backbone.

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Up the Ladder Nonfiction Bend III-Narrative Nonfiction

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Up the Ladder Nonfiction Bend III-Narrative Nonfiction

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College recognizes video games as varsity sport

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College recognizes video games as varsity sport

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As of Monday, October 24, content that was on TweenTribune.com will now be available here on our new educational resources page and on our learning pages. While much of the content that you enjoyed will still exist, educators will unfortunately no longer be able to assign content to students. Tween Tribune has been a valued educational brand of Smithsonian magazine, and we appreciate your continued support.

Though the Girl Scouts of the USA initially declared itself a space for all girls, the reality was different for girls of color

Erin Blakemore

Get Smithsonian Educational Resources

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Meet the some of the oddest and most interesting animals with which we share our planet.

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Video

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Jeremy Lin relies on family after season-ending injury

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After suffering a season-ending injury on opening night, Jeremy Lin is looking to get back on the court for the 2018-19 season. Sports Illustrated will be following him during his recovery, and in the ‘The Life of Lin’ Episode 1, Jeremy needs to refocus for what is ahead. The best way for Jeremy to…

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As of Monday, October 24, content that was on TweenTribune.com will now be available here on our new educational resources page and on our learning pages. While much of the content that you enjoyed will still exist, educators will unfortunately no longer be able to assign content to students. Tween Tribune has been a valued educational brand of Smithsonian magazine, and we appreciate your continued support.

Though the Girl Scouts of the USA initially declared itself a space for all girls, the reality was different for girls of color

Erin Blakemore

Get Smithsonian Educational Resources

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As of Monday, October 24, content that was on TweenTribune.com will now be available here on our new educational resources page and on our learning pages. While much of the content that you enjoyed will still exist, educators will unfortunately no longer be able to assign content to students.