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In 1956, Gagné’s Hierarchy of learning, Piaget's 1969 model of cognitive development and Kolb's 1984 experiential cycle - before turning to one of the most recent - Race's 1993 'ripples' model of learning, and the increasing realization that internal higher-order mental processes are an important part of psychology, has since led to the development of cognitive psychology.

1. Neural substrates underlying the development of Cognitive Control.

2. Development of Affective Control.

3. Neural Substrates of Affective and Cognitive Control.

Psychologist Robert M. Gagné proposed a system of classifying different types of learning in terms of the degree of complexity of the mental processes involved. He identified eight basic types.

In 1969, the Swiss developmental psychologist Jean Piaget presented a somewhat different model of learning stages of human development rather than in terms:

Educationalist D.A. Kolb, who, in 1984 presented a Cyclical model:

In 1993, Phil Races’ model is based on the premise that the most effective form of learning is experiential learning:

1.   Needing/Wanting - motivation

2.   Doing - practice; trial and error

3.   Feedback - seeing the results; other people's reactions

4.   Digesting - making sense of it; gaining ownership

This is concerned with what actually happens within the mind/brain system when we think, reason, remember, develop language skills, etc.

Works Cited

1. Hare, Todd A., and B.J. Casey, eds. “The Neurobiology and Development of Cognitive and Affective Control.” Romanian Association of Cognitive Sciences. Web. 18 Jan. 2015.

2. “Psychoanalysis.” How Students Learn - A Review of Some of the Main Theories. Centre for the Enhancement of Learning & Teaching, Web. 18 Jan. 2015.

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The Chemical Mind: Crash Course Psychology #3

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Neolithic Period: (8000 B.C. to 6000 B.C.) Some Evidence to early neuropsychology was Trephanation (The ancient surgical procedure of operating on the human skull by scraping, chiseling, or cutting bone from the skull) occurring from pre-historic time. Trephantion is the oldest surgical procedure that has archaeological evidence.

perhaps a religious rite - to release evil spirits

In 1992 Verona & Williams examined 750 skulls and the results suggest that most of the trephanations took place in the upper and frontal parietal regions following injury to the skull (from clubs and other weapons of pre-Columbian era). Circular grooving and scraping had the highest success rates compared to drilling and straight cutting.

http://www.ancient.eu/Trephination/

Ancient Egyptians: (2500-3000 BC) The Edwin Smith Papyrus is the earliest written record for medical treatment.

Ancient Greeks: (Approximately 550 BC to 400 BC) In this time period there was a theory explained that people with heavy upper bodies were intellectually dull because the extra weight on the heart.

Galen: (200 BC) Galen identified many of the major structures in the and described behavioral effects following drama to the brain.

Descartes: (1596-1650) He introduced the thought of a separate mind and body but still interacting. He believed that all mental functions were located in the pineal gland of the brain.

Gall: (1758-1828) Introduced the idea that the brain was consisted of separate organs, each localized and responsible for a basic psychological trait.

Broca: (1824-1880) One of the most famous cases, "Tan", a patient who suffered a stroke of the left hemisphere of the brain, who could only utter the phrase "Tan". The patient could accurately understand and comprehend language. Then Broca used this case and a number of others to show that the expression of language was localized to the left frontal lobe of the brain.

Works Cited

“History of Neuropsychology.” Philip Schatz Webpage. Ed. Philip Schatz. Philip Schatz, 2015. Web. 16 Jan. 2015.

“Trephination.” Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia, Jan. 2015. Web. 19 Jan. 2015.

“What Is Neuropsychology?” American Neuropsychiatric Association. Menninger Clinic, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2015.

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Anne- Study Human Behavior and Mental Processes

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Anne- Study Human Behavior and Mental Processes

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Neuropsychology aims to study, assess, understand and treat behaviors directly related to brain functioning.

Neuropsychology tries to link the nervous system and cognitive function by monitoring chemicals in the brain while the subject is exposed to certain situations. Most of these experiments are with humans in a lab environment. The scientists often take advantage of specific features of the nervous system to make links between neuroanatomy and psychological function.

Neuropsychologists will use standardize tests such as, the Wechsler Adult Memory Scale (WMS), the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). They will use these tests to gauge the individuals strengths and weaknesses in certain academic fields, such as reading, spelling, writing, and math.

Many times if a person is suffering from an illness or injury to the brain Neuropsychologists will use a standardize tests as well as neurotransmitters (to keep track of brain signals) to determine if they are suffering because of their brain pathology or because of an emotional response to a situation.

Scientists will attempt to link the brain and mind, along with their dysfunctions, in an attempt to find the cause of their issues. For example, scientists will monitor a person's ability to parallel process (the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality) in order to determine the magnitude of their problem. And then attempt to treat the problem.

Links: https://www.nanonline.org/Default.aspx

http://www.neuropsychologycentral.com

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUWQuAHNjtY (2:15-3:30)

Works Cited

American Neuropsychiatric Association. "What Is Neuropsychology?" American Neuropsychiatric Association. Ed. Menninger Clinic. N.p., 2013. Web. 19 Jan. 2015.

National Academy of Neuropsychology. "Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology." National Academy of Neuropsychology. Ed. NANonline. NANonline, 2014. Web. 19 Jan. 2015.

Nextext. Introduction to Psychology. Evanston: McDougal Littell, 2001. Print.

Victoria Association, prod. What Is a Neuropsychologist? YouTube. YouTube, 26 Nov. 2013. Web. 19 Jan. 2015.

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Neuropsychology is seen as a clinical and experimental field of psychology.  It aims to study, assess, and understand the behaviours directly related to the brain functioning.  Neuropsychology has been applied to lesion studies in humans and animals.  Also, it has been applied by recording on the electrical activity in individual cells in higher primates, such as humans, not just animals.

Experimental neuropsychology is an approach to uncover the relationship between the nervous system and cognitive function. It involves the studying of healthy humans in a laboratory setting.  Some researchers may do the experiments on animals instead of humans.

Clinical neuropsychology is the applied science of brain-behavior relationships. Its the rehabilitation of patients that have experienced illness or injury.  It's the scientific study of human behavior as it relates to normal and abnormal functioning of the the central nervous system.  They address many disorders such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, and seizures disorders.  Video on Dr. Catherine Ward, a clinical neuropsychologist- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6x0xLMauy-g

Works Cited:

"Public Description of Clinical Neuropsychology." American Psychological
Association. APA, 2015. Web. 19 Jan. 2015.

Dr. Catherine Ward, Clinical Neuropsychologist. Youtube. 20 Mar. 2013. Web. 19
Jan. 2015.

Coursebook, Nextext. Introduction to Psychology. Evanston, Illinois: McDougal
Littell, 2001. Print.