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Two Divisions of the ANS System & alternate names

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Two Divisions of the ANS System & alternate names

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Parasympathetic Division:
- Also known as Cholinergic
- Nerves of the ANS that originate in the brain and spinal cord.
- Active when the body is at rest or trying to restore body energy/function. (ex; Rest and digest)

Sympathetic Division:
- Also known as adrenergic
- Nerves of the ANS that originate from the thoracolumbar portion of the spinal cord.
- Active when body is under stress or putting our energy. (ex; Fight or flight)

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Parasympathetic Nervous System's NT: ACH- acetylcholine

Sympathetic Nervous System's NT: ACH- acetylcholine and NE norepinephrine

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Locations where each NT is released in each Division of ANS

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Locations where each NT is released in each Division of ANS

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Parasympathetic nervous system, the NT acetylcholine is released at both the ganglia and the post ganglionic nerve endings.

Sympathetic Nervous System, the NT acetylcholine is released at the ganglia only. But at the post ganglionic nerve ending, NE norepinephrine is released.

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End organ responses that occur when each NT is stimulated

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End organ responses that occur when each NT is stimulated

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Parasympathetic Division:
(postganglionic NT- ACH)
Arteries: most are not supplied by the parasympathetic nerves.
Heart- Decreases the heart rate and AV conduction. Contractility also decreased.
Intestines, GI motility & secretions- Increased
Respiratory passages, lower- bronchoconstriction
Urinary bladder- contraction
Urinary sphincter- relaxation
Eye- constriction (myosis)

Sympathetic Division:
(postganglionic NT- NE)
Arteries- Vasoconstriction (exceptions are the coronary arteries & arteries to skeletal muscles which are dilated.)
Heart- Increases heart rate and AV conduction, contractility is also increased.
Intestines/GI motility and secretions- Decreased
Respiratory passages/lower- Brochodilation
Urinary bladder- relaxation
Urinary sphincter- contraction
Eye- dilation (mydriasis)

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Receptors of each division with main locations

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Receptors of each division with main locations

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Parasympathetic Nervous System receptors: Cholinergic  types of receptors-
Muscarinic- located on the the cell membranes of the visceral organs and glands.
Nicotinic nerve (N1)- located at both the parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia.
Nicotinic muscle (N2)- located on cell membranes of skeletal muscle.

Sympathetic Nervous System receptor: Adrenergic types of receptors-
Alpha 1- located smooth muscle membranes of arteries, veins, sphincters of urinary ad GI.
Alpha 2- located on adrenergic nerve endings, only activated by NE and EPI.
Beta 1- located in the smooth muscle of heart and skeletal muscle blood vessels
Beta 2-located bronchiolar smooth muscle

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Sympathetic Division:
Alpha 1 Adrenergic Agonists:
Alpha 1 receptor stimulated.Contracts smooth muscle, blood vessels constrict increases BP/ nasal passages constrict
Adrenergic agonists- All alpha and Beta receptors.  Vasopressor-vasoconstriction, increases BP. Cardiac stimulant/brochodilator.

Alpha 1 Adrenergic Blocking- binds to Alpha 1 receptors and then blocks them. Relaxes smooth muscle, vasodilation, BP decreased, ureters SM is relaxed, then increases urine flow.
Beta 1 Adrenergic Agonists- (depends on the dose)
High-alpha 1- vasoconstriction- BP increases.
Moderate- stimulates Beta 1- heart increases FOC/cardiac output
Low-dopaminergic (d-1) receptors in kidneys, vasodilation- renal blood flow

Beta 2 Adrenergic Agonists-
Beta 2 receptors stimulated, smooth muscle of lungs and uterus relaxed.

Beta-Adrenergic Blocking- selective beta 1 blockers. FOC decreased, which decreases cardiac output, HR, conduction and BP decreased

Beta-Adrenergic Blocking
non-selective Beta Blockers- blocks beta 1 and 2 receptors. FOC decreased- and so is cardiac output, HR, conduction, and BP decreased. Bronchoconstriction

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Drug classifications for each division Cont.

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Drug classifications for each division Cont.

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Parasympathetic Division:
Cholinergics/Parasympathomimetics:

Direct Acting Cholineregic Agonists- stimulate/bind to muscarinic receptors. Mimics acetylcholine.

Indirect Acting Cholinergic Agonists- inhibit acetylocholinesterase, enzyme that destroys ACH in synapse. Increases ACH.

Anticholinergics/Parasympatholytics:
bind to cholinergic receptors to act as a blocking drug. competitive antagonism

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Alpha 1 Adrenergic Agonists-

ephedrine

phenylphrine (Neo-Synephrine®)

Adrenergic Agonists-

epinephrine (Adrenalin)

Alpha 1 Adrenergic Blockers-

prazosin (Minipress®)

terazosin (Hytrin®)

doxazosin (Cardura®)

Beta 1 Adrenergic Agonists-

dobutamine

Beta 2 Adrenergic Agonists-

formoterol (Foradil®)

albuterol (Proventil/ Ventolin®)

terbutaline (Brethine®)

Beta Blocker-
Nonselective:

nadolo (Corgrad®)

propranolo (Inderol®)

timolol (Blocadren®)

Selective:

atenolol (Tenormin®)

metoprolol  (Lopressor®)

Direct Acting Cholinergic Agonist-

acetylcholine

pilocarpine (Pilocar®)

bethanechol (Urecholine®)

Indirect Acting Cholinergic Agents:

neostigmine (Prostigmin®)

Anticholinergic-

atropine

dicyclomine (Bentyl®)

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants:
a. Peripherally Acting
Depolarizing Agent

succinnylcholine

Non-depolarizing Agent

recuronium bromide (Zemuron®)

Direct Acting

dantrolene (Dantrium®)

b. Centrally Acting

cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril®)

carisoprodol (Soma®)

methocarbamol (Robaxin®)

orphenadrine citrate (Norflex®)

chlorzoxazone (Parafon Forte DSC®)

metaxalone (Skelaxin®)

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- Pharmacology: An Introduction Hitner, Henry; Nagle, Barbara
- Unit 2 Lectures
- Unit 2 Master Drug list
- Unit 2 Lecture Videos
- Unit 2 Powerpoints