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A small system, the function of the urinary system is to expel waste from the body in the form of urine; balance water levels and the salt levels and other substances in the blood; produces a hormone called erythropoietin which helps the formation of red blood cells in the kidneys. The kidneys use filtering units called nephrons, to filter the urea out of the blood.

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Two kidneys, two ureters, bladder, urethra

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Kidneys: remove waste in the form of urine, and balance salts and other substances/hormones in the blood.

Ureters: two narrow tubes that carry the urine from the kidneys to the bladder, every 10 to 15 seconds small amounts of urine travels from the kidneys to the bladder.

Bladder: stores and empties urine.

Urethra: tube that allows urine to pass out of the body.

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-The mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and the rectum.

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Explanation of relationship between this system and two other systems

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Explanation of relationship between this system and two other systems

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Endocrine System majorly controls the urinary system. The levels of fluid that goes through the body is monitored by both systems, if you’re drinking more water more urine is produced and if you’re dehydrated it produces less urine. The kidneys also have adrenal glands on top of them which release adrenaline.

Circulatory System is involved in the urinary system because the blood that is circulated through the body has passed through the two kidneys before being circulated through the body. The kidneys take out the toxins and water in the blood so it is able to go back into the body.

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The digestive system is sometimes called the GI tract, and the hollow organs.

Bacteria in the hollow organs is called Flora, that help with digestion. Digestion is imperative for breaking down food and key nutrients. These nutrients are used for energy and other body advancements. The nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream and used to bring them through the body. Your body breaks food down into fats, carbohydrates, proteins and vitamins. Semi-digested food is called chyme.

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The mouth:

-Saliva has enzymes that break down, digestion starts in the mouth before it even gets into the stomach.

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For the human and frog, the bladder acts the same. It stores urine and then releases it to the urethra/cloaca through transportation via the ureters. They have similar systems in this way.

For differences, the frog is able to also store water in the bladder in cases of dire heat while humans use the bladder exclusively for storage of urine. This way they will have a backup in case of dehydration. They also release urine as a defense mechanism in order to escape from a predator as the urine is often bad tasting and smells bad in order to get the predator to drop them.

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- You start by controlled swallowing, then your throat automatically takes over. It has thin walls and is lined with muscle.

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2 medical problems associated with this system

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2 medical problems associated with this system

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Acute Renal Failure is when the kidneys become unable to filter out waste from the blood. This happens within a few hours or days, usually to those who are already hospitalized fighting another illness. Acute renal failure can be fatal if not treated with intense care. It is very much possible to recover with full kidney function if you’re in good health. Treatments include balancing the fluid in your blood; medication to control potassium levels and restore blood calcium levels; or dialysis which is a machine that pumps your blood through an artificial kidney in order to filter everything out of the blood, then it returns the blood back into the body.

Kidney Stones are hard deposits made up of minerals and salt that are formed in the kidneys. There are many reasons why kidney stones can be formed but one common cause is when the urine becomes concentrated which allows the minerals and salts to stick together while still inside the kidneys. There are different types and sizes of kidney stones which can influence the treatment a patient with kidney stones will get. For small stones drinking lots of water and taking pain medications can be all you need to pass the kidney stone. For larger stones however there are a few options; using sound waves to break up the stone; surgery to remove very large stones; ureteroscope to remove the stone; or parathyroid gland surgery.

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- The stomach is a sac that is lined with muscle. The acid and the enzymes In the stomach breaks down food and starts movement of the digestive system. Pepsin breaks down proteins in your food.

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- Is before the large intestine and directly after the stomach in the GI tract. 90% of food digestion and absorption from the nutrients occur here.  It usually measures about 10 feet in length but only one inch in diameter. The first inner layer of the small intestine is the mucosa which is specifically designed for absorbing nutrients out of the food. Microvilli are the specialized cell here, and the folds in the small intestine help the nutrients have as much contact with these cells as possible.

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-The large intestine takes the task of absorbing water and vitamins, and turning the chyme into feces. The large intestine is much shorter but wraps around the small intestine,  it has about a 2 and a half inch diameter.

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-The rectum is an 8 inch tube that connects the posterior portion of the colon to the anus. The rectum stores fecal matter created by the large intestine until it is ready to be expelled.

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-The pancreas is located right behind your stomach, it produces enzymes which are essential for breaking down food in your stomach.

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-The liver mixes salts, enzymes, water, and bilirubin to make bile. This is stored in your gallbladder once it passes through the bile ducts. Bile is the chemical that breaks down large amounts of fat.

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For females this system has two purposes, first to produce egg cells and secondly to care for and give protection to an unborn fetus until birth. For males their prime purpose is to produce and deposit sperm.

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-Though the gallbladder is much smaller than the other organs, it still plays a crucial role, holding the bile for digestion until the stomach is ready for it.

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For females this system has two purposes, first to produce egg cells and secondly to care for and give protection to an unborn fetus until birth. For males their prime purpose is to produce and deposit sperm.

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How the Digestive System works with the Circulatory System

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How the Digestive System works with the Circulatory System

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-The digestive system breaks down the food into nutrients that can be used for energy, then the circulatory system transports the nutrients to cells all over your body so that it can be used as energy. Example, carbohydrates are broken down into sugars-- glucose that your body can take and absorb into your bloodstream and can carry throughout the body.

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For females this system has two purposes, first to produce egg cells and secondly to care for and give protection to an unborn fetus until birth. For males their prime purpose is to produce and deposit sperm.

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How the Digestive System works with the Urinary System

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How the Digestive System works with the Urinary System

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-Although these systems don’t share any organs, they both perform the same type of function. While the digestive/ small/large intestine are breaking down food, the liquids are absorbed into the walls of the intestines and taken into the urinary system. At the end both the urinary and digestive systems expel their wastes.

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Female: Vagina, Uterus, Fallopian Tubes, Ovaries

Male: Penis, Testes, Epididymis, Vas Deferens, Accessory sex glands

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Digestive system

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Female:

Vagina: a 7.5 cm canal that extends from the cervix (opening of the uterus) to the genitals.

Uterus: also known as the womb, the uterus is where the fertilization of egg and sperm happens and where offspring develops

Fallopian Tubes: extends from the uterus to the ovary, purpose is to carry the egg from the ovary into the womb.

Ovaries: contain egg cells and produce sex hormones

Male:

Penis: contains blood vessels that fill with blood when sexually aroused, also where semen (a mixture of sperm and fluid) exits through the urethra.

Testes: sperm and sex hormones produced here.

Epididymis: series of tubes behind the testicles that carry sperm to the penis

Vas Deferens: larger transport system from testicles to the urethra.

Accessory sex glands: nourish the sperm cells with fluids.

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-The digestive system in a frog v.s. a human being are nearly identical. Just like us, the frog’s digestion starts with saliva then is swallowed through the esophagus into the stomach, where the material is broken down with acid, then it moves into the small, then large intestine. The process is practically the same except the very end, when there is only one opening for both the urinary and digestive system.

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Explanation of relationship between this system and two other systems

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Explanation of relationship between this system and two other systems

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Nervous System: the brain is in charge of sending signals to the body, this includes the reproductive system. The brain is in charge of making sure the brain knows when it’s time to mate. The reproductive system affects the brain’s development and also sexual behavior.

Endocrine System: releases hormones in order to fully mature the gonads. This system sends signals to the reproductive system when it needs to secrete hormones.

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-Pancreatitis occurs in the pancreas, when the pancreas is agitated due to the activation of enzymes before they’re released to the rest of the digestive system. With treatment, people can make a full recovery, alcohol can be a big contributor to this disorder

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- 1/10 americans suffer from severe stomach pain caused by ulcers. Ulcers are holes in the mucosa lining in either the stomach or the small intestine, causing stomach acid to eat away at the other layers of the walls lining the digestive system.

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The human and the frog have very similar reproductive systems and organs in that manner. The biggest difference is that frogs have a specific mating season and humans do not. This is because frogs eggs are fertilized externally so the environment has to be right for the offspring to survive as humans fertilize internally and are able to nurture offspring in any environment.

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2 medical problems associated with this system

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2 medical problems associated with this system

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Endometriosis (female): this is a painful disorder when the endometrium (uterine lining) grows outside of the uterus. This endometrial tissue is very sensitive and when outside of the uterus can cause extreme abdominal pain. The displaced tissue also acts as the normal tissue and still bleeds and breaks down during the menstrual cycle. Not only does this disorder cause severely painful menstrual cycles, it can also cause infertility. Pelvic exams, ultrasounds, or laparoscopy is used to diagnose this disorder by an OB/GYN. For treatments there are many such as pain medication, hormone therapy - such as birth control, conservative surgery, or hysterectomy.

Impotence (male): the inability to maintain or get an erection for a sustained amount of time. There can be many different causes from heart disease to alcoholism. Various medications/injections are used to help ED but in severe cases a penis pump or penile implant may be used to treat ED. Exercising has also shown to prevent or treat ED.

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Default - Stanford Children's Health. (n.d.). Retrieved June 13, 2017, from http://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default%3Fid%3Danatomy-of-the-urinary-system-85-P01468&

Diagram Of A Urinary System With Labels The Urinary Tract Diagram - Humananatomydb. (n.d.). Retrieved June 13, 2017, from https://anatomyclass123.com/diagram-of-a-urinary-system-with-labels/diagram-of-a-urinary-system-with-labels-the-urinary-tract-diagram-humananatomydb/

Acute kidney failure. (2015, June 05). Retrieved June 13, 2017, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-failure/basics/definition/con-20024029

Kidney stones. (2017, May 18). Retrieved June 13, 2017, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-stones/diagnosis-treatment/treatment/txc-20319843

Gaspar, P. (2013, October 07). BIOLOGY 13: Comparison Between Human and Frog's. Retrieved June 13, 2017, from https://prezi.com/ba70co9wguuj/biology-13-comparison-between-human-and-frogs/

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The lymphatic system helps the body get rid of unwanted waste and and toxins from your system. This system creates white blood cells to fight off viruses and bacteria throughout your body.

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The spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus.

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-The largest organ in the lymphatic system, the spleen filters your blood and helps fight infection. They’re about five inches long and weigh about six ounces.  It detects toxic and harmful bacteria or infection in your body.

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-Also known as lymph glands are small bean shaped organs all over your body but are only visible when they’re swollen. They carry waste, and nutrients from the tissue to blood.

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-The thymus produces hormones. The thymus takes a role in training T cells, a type of white blood cell that helps fight off viruses and bacteria. The thymus is located in your thoracic cavity. It is a soft and squishy organ.

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-The immune system destroys pathogens, that could cause infection and death. And the lymphatic system filters out pathogens. They both have blood vessels that carry fluids throughout the body and to each other.

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Lymphatic System and Circulatory system 

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Lymphatic System and Circulatory system 

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The Lymphatic system works with the circulatory system to return fluids to the blood, they work together quite often. Since the lymphatic system is the creator of white blood cells, the circulatory system moves them throughout the body through the blood.

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(n.d.). Retrieved June 13, 2017, from http://wps.aw.com/bc_marieb_hap_9_oa/218/55882/14305794.cw/index.html

Erectile dysfunction. (2017, April 21). Retrieved June 13, 2017, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/erectile-dysfunction/diagnosis-treatment/treatment/txc-20314103

Endometriosis. (2016, August 20). Retrieved June 13, 2017, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometriosis/diagnosis-treatment/treatment/txc-20236449

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-The frog also has a lymphatic system, but they have a lymph heart, which pumps lymph back into the circulatory system. They have four lymph hearts that beat at 50 beats per minute. Lymph contains about a small amount of waste, that is toxic if it gets into the frog’s system.

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-Causes swelling and buildup of fluid in the limbs, potentially caused by lymph node removal surgery. Without the lymph nodes moving and naturally draining fluid it builds up around the nodes. There is no cure for lymphedema but if you catch it early you can manage the swelling and fluid buildup. Sometimes symptoms won’t show up until months after treatment.

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Milroy’s disease is very similar to Lymphedema, but instead of being caused by removal or damage of lymph nodes later in life, it occurs in childbirth or infancy. Babies can have fluid buildup in the lower part of their bodies, particularly their feet and legs. Sometimes this can cause them to develop skin conditions that damage thin tubes that are a part of the lymphatic system used for transferring fluid.

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-The endocrine system takes control of all the “glands” in our body, and all of the hormones produced by those glands. These glands and hormones are controlled by stimulation of the nervous system as well as chemical/ blood receptors located in other glands.

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Organs of the Endocrine system: Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal glands, pineal body, reproductive glands (ovaries and testes), and the pancreas.

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-The hypothalamus helps the body maintain homeostasis, links the endocrine and the nervous system, and stops and starts hormone secretion throughout the body. It’s located in the brain above the pituitary gland, about the size of an olive.

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The pituitary gland is responsible for secreting growth hormones as well as natural steroids.

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The thyroid uses key nutrients from food to make T3 and T4 hormones.

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Small glands that rest on top of the kidneys, produce sex hormones, helps manage stress, and control blood sugar.

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AKA “the third eye”. Produces melatonin and produces hormones that regulate your heartbeat and reproductive hormones.

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Ovaries produce hormones that drop eggs once a month into the uterus. And testes produce hormones to make sperm.

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Converts food we eat into energy in the body’s cells.

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-The circulatory system works with the endocrine system by the hypothalamus releasing hormones into the body and through the circulatory system, being carried through the bloodstream.

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-The lymphatic system and the endocrine system work together in a lot of ways. They both works with either nodes or glands to produce and move hormones throughout the body and control a lot of important functions throughout the body. The pancreas is one organ that theses systems use periodically together.

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-The frogs have a lot of the same organs of the endocrine system that humans do. They have a pancreas, pituitary gland, thymus and gonads. The gonads are something that is different from the human body, as females and males don’t have the same reproductive system as humans, since they’re amphibians not mammals. But all in all the endocrine system still regulated growth and development.

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Type 1 diabetes is from a lack of the hormone that makes insulin. That means that your body can’t handle the glucose coming into your body properly. Type 1 is genetically passed down, and can have serious complications, but it is a very manageable disorder.

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-Menopause starts in women in their 40’s or 50’s. Symptoms include hot flashes and night sweating, along with mood swings, which all ties back to the hypothalamus changing the amount of hormones in the body, also affecting the sexual organs in a female.

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The Digestive System & How it Works. (2013, September 01). Retrieved June 13, 2017, from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/digestive-system-how-it-works

Throat and Esophagus - Digestive Disorders. (n.d.). Retrieved June 13, 2017, from http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/biology-of-the-digestive-system/throat-and-esophagus

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The stomach and its role in digestion. (n.d.). Retrieved June 13, 2017, from http://www.laparoscopic.md/digestion/stomach

Large Intestine. (n.d.). Retrieved June 13, 2017, from http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/digestive/large-intestine

Pancreas. (n.d.). Retrieved June 13, 2017, from http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/pancreas

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Long, J., & Wiley, M. (2017, June 08). What Is the Connection between the Digestive System and Urinary System? Retrieved June 13, 2017, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-connection-between-the-digestive-system-and-urinary-system.htm

What Is Pancreatitis? (n.d.). Retrieved June 13, 2017, from http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseases-pancreatitis#1