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"I knew it all along"- perceived thought that we saw an outcome coming

Danger- overconfidence leads to inability to account for confounding variables

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I can identify and explain the differences between correlations and experiments.

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I can identify and explain the differences between correlations and experiments.

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Activity 1- Analyzing Correlations

1. D, Positive
2. A, Negative
3. I, Positive
4. F, Negative
5. C, Positive
6. H, Positive
7. B, Positive
8. E, Negative
9. G, Positive

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Statistics Notes and Overview These notes will be helpful when completing the statistics reasoning in everyday life activity, roll the dice project, and analyzing correlations. Make sure you refer to the helpful video links as well. Click here to have your own copy of the document

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I can identify and apply IVs and DVs and understand statistics in psych.

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I can identify and apply IVs and DVs and understand statistics in psych.

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I can describe and apply steps of the scientific method- Categorizing Research Studies

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I can describe and apply steps of the scientific method- Categorizing Research Studies

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1. E, O, L
2.  D, O, L
3. C, O, L
4. C, O, F
5. E, O, F
6. D, O, F
7. E, S, L
8. C, S, L
9. D, S, L
10. C, S, F
11. D, S, F
12. E, S, F

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1. Humanistic
2. Behavioral
3. Neuroscience
4. Cognitive
5. Neuroscience
6. Psychodynamic
7. Psychodynamic
8. Behavioral
9. Cognitive
10. Humanistic
11. Humanistic
12. Neuroscience
13. Psychodynamic
14. Behavioral
15. Humanistic
16. Psychodynamic
17. Behavioral
18. Cognitive
19. Cognitive
20. Neuroscience

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Mental abilities, personalities, problems, uniqueness must be attributed to a combination of all of the above perspectives. No perspective is the sole determinant. No type of treatment is best.

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Evolution to explain psychological phenomena. Based on the work of Charles Darwin. Survival of the fittest. Stresses importance of genes.

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Ethnicity, gender, culture, socioeconomic status impact human behavior and mental process. Influenced by culture.

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Mental processes are key to understanding why people behave in certain ways. Investigate how people perceive information. Jean Piaget- picture of the world gets more sophisticated as child matures. Information processing like a computer software. Behavior influenced by values, interpretations, and choices.

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Our mental processes are made possible by the nervous system. Look for connections between the brain and behavior. CAT and PET scans. Study influence of hormones and genes. Abilities and difficulties are the result of problems with the brain. Drug therapy.

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Personal experience is the most important aspect of psychology. Self awareness, experience, and choice allows us to invent ourselves. We are free to choose our own behavior. Carl Rogers- emphasized each person's unique potential to grow, self-determination, free will, and importance of choice.
Maslow- Hierarchy of Needs:
1. Physiological Needs (food, water, warmth, rest)
2. Safety
3. Belonging and Love
4. Esteem
5. Self-Actualization
In order to achieve self-actualization, you must achieve all 4 levels in order. People continuously move up and down the hierarchy.
Key to psychological well-being lies in oneself. People are basically good and helpful to others. Critics argue experience is unsuited to scientific measurement.

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Psych should focus its scientific observations on observable behavior that can be objectively measured and verified.
Classical Conditioning: Pavlov teaches dogs to associate neutral stimulus- sound of bell with food. Every time they hear a bell, they salivate. Watson teaches Albert to associate loud noises with furry animals. He becomes afraid of furry animals.
Operant Conditioning- Skinner- All creatures behave due to the consequences they receive for their actions. Individuals continue to perform tasks for which they are rewarded and stop ones they are punished for.
Behavior is learned through environment- you change the environment, you change the behavior. Measurement and experimentation using only observable behaviors. Lab experiments involving animals. They are seen as pessimists. Most scientific of the perspectives.

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Perceptions are wholes that give meaning to the individual parts. Learning is accomplished by insight (reorganization of perceptions that enable one to solve a problem). Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler

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Focused on how behavior functions to allow people and animals to adapt to their environment. Includes direct observation of living creatures in natural settings and applied it to education, child rearing, and work. Psych should focus on conscious experiences. Consciousness is an ongoing stream. No longer exists. William James.

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All our conscious experiences can be broken down into elemental structures of sensations and feelings. The oldest perspective. Introspection:  Subjects view a simple stimulus then immediately attempt to reconstruct their sensations. First perspective to disappear because introspection was not reliable and could not be used to study animals and children
Wilhelm Wundt and Edward B. Titchener

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Carl Jung- Individuals have 2 unconscious- one personal and one "archetype" shared with all humans. Alfred Adler- All people are born with an Inferiority Complex and strive to become superior. Karen Horney- Basic security is more important than sexual drive and most people suffer from anxiety as a result of this. All believe that one's personality and problems are attributed to unconscious conflicts and these conflicts can only be solved through confrontation. Impossible to measure because no one knows what is in the unconscious. Uses hindsight and therefore is unscientific.

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Unconscious desires and conflicts are the root of an individual's psych problems. Dreams can uncover desires. Psychoanalysis: Patient lies on a couch and says whatever comes to mind in order to uncover their unconscious desires and motivations. Dream analysis and hypnosis are also components. Personality develops through a series of stages that occur during the first 5 years of life. You have to resolve each conflict during each stage to avoid problems later. If you get stuck at a stage, you will have anxiety during adulthood. Many unconscious desires are sexual. Oedipus Complex- boys seek to marry someone like their mother. Penis Envy- Girls want to be as powerful as men. Criticized for emphasis on sex and male dominance. Sigmund Freud.