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Seligman, L., & Reichenberg, L. (2014). Theories of
Counseling and Psychotherapy: Systems, Strategies,

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This psychotherapeutic approach enlists aspects of all three previous forces into a more holistic/comprehensive approach. This approach looks to understand the whole person, incorporates a positive therapeutic relationship, cultural competence, and understanding of different perspectives. This approach emphasizes the importance of collaboration and referrals for more in-depth or specialized treatment. It also may look to include spirituality or Eastern philosophical thought. It's purpose is to empower the client so that they can make positive changes to their emotions, thoughts, and behaviors.

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The emergence of the third force of psychotherapy looked to the importance on emotions, sensations, and helping people find meaning in their lives.  This importance of the therapeutic alliance was also emphasized.  Theorist responsible for this development include: Rogers, Perls, and Frankl.

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The second force saw the emergence of behavioral threatment approaches and cognitive behavioral therapy. These approaches merged by the 1980's to form Cognitive Behavioral Therapy which understands that thoughts effect behavior. This approach focuses on the present issues with the intent on replacing dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors with more positive ones. Theorist that led to the emergence of this approach include: Skinner, Ellis, Glasser, Beck, and Meichenbaum.

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First Force- Development of Psychodynamic approach

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First Force- Development of Psychodynamic approach

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Sigmund Freud led the first force of psychotherapy by introducing a therapeutic approach that looked to people's past experience as a way of sorting out emotional trauma.  This was the development of the psychodynamic approach which laid out the foundation for psychotherapy.

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Prior to the forces of psychotherapy, people with severe emotional or psychological disorders were involuntarily institutionalized. Most patients underwent ineffective and abusive treatment. People with milder emotional or mental health disorders did not receive any professional help.