# data[].attributes.body
This presentation contains copyrighted material under the educational fair use exemption to the U.S. copyright law.

# data[].attributes.body
- Coastal landscapes undergo striking transformations at end of Pleistocene which causes sea to rise until 5000 BC forcing Aboriginal groups to move further inland.

-Rock art at Arnhem Land in northern Australia reflects increased social tensions from the Aboriginal groups moving into territories already occupied by others.

Source:
"Chapter 8: Australia and the Pacific Basin During the Holocene." In The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies,  edited by Chris Scarre, 267. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson.

Photo: http://www.mirarrrockart.net/uploads/1/3/5/7/13577892/8727623.jpg?357

# data[].attributes.body
-Bass Strait isolates Tasmanian Aboriginals from Australian mainland.

-Were able to successfully adapt to their new surrounding with exceptions such as those from King or Kangaroo Island whose stranded people died out.

-Adaptations to their new environment include the complete cessation of fishing around 1800 BC.

-Given scale of settlement and economic restructuring that occurred c. 2000-500BC, it's likely that social and political organizations  were altered which is consistent  with abandonment or relocation of artistic ritual activities. For example, the site at Mount Cameron West was abandoned in the late Holocene.

Source:
"Chapter 8: Australia and the Pacific Basin During the Holocene." In The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies,  edited by Chris Scarre, 270. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson.

# data[].attributes.body
-Contains a series of drainage ditches cut into the swampy valley floor to control water with the aid of wooden digging sticks.

-First evidence for human impact is through the form of soil that suggests forest clearing activities dates to about 7000BC.

-Mounding for cultivation happened around 5000BC and rectilinear gridlike ditching appeared in 2000BC.

-Had independent domestication of taro and bananas during the early Holocene.

-New Guinea never experienced major Austronesian settlement due to the highlands being remote and difficult to access from the coastline.

Source:
"Chapter 8: Australia and the Pacific Basin During the Holocene." In The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies,  edited by Chris Scarre, 276. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson.

# data[].attributes.body
-Austronesians were the first human settlers to arrive everywhere in Oceania within the past 3500 years.

-The migration allowed for more than 1,000 Austronesian languages to be formed which stemmed from a more ancient language.

-It also allowed for the spread of related cultural complexes including red-slipped pottery, domestic animals such as dogs, and similar variations of stone/shell artifacts.

Source:
"Chapter 8: Australia and the Pacific Basin During the Holocene." In The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies,  edited by Chris Scarre, 279. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson.

# data[].attributes.body
-Holds remains of 50 dry-stone house foundations and over 1500 burials which date between 1500 and 800 BC.

-Items found include residential areas, slate coffins, pig and dog figurines, stone barkcloth beaters and jewelry made of Fengtian (Taiwan) jade.

-Is the best-preserved settlement in Taiwan prehistory and offers information on the general lifestyle of the Austronesians of Taiwan before Chinese settlers flooded the country in the 17th century.

Source:
"Chapter 8: Australia and the Pacific Basin During the Holocene." In The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies,  edited by Chris Scarre, 286. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson.

"The Beinan Culture the History of Beinan the Archaeology of Taiwan the Archaeology of Beinan." Accessed May 20, 2017. http://www.actforlibraries.org/the-beinan-culture-the-history-of-beinan-the-archaeology-of-taiwan-the-archaeology-of-beinan/.

Photo:
http://www.megalithic.co.uk/a558/a312/gallery/Far_East/Taiwan/768px-Excavation_of_the_Peinan_Site.JPG

# data[].attributes.body
-Distinctive sand- or shell-tempered Lapita pottery that Autronesian colonists made between 1350 and 900 BC

-Other items of Lapita material culture include stone adzes and a range of shell ornaments such as beads or arm rings.

-The Lapita  culture was based on a mix of horticultural and maritime subsistence which was mostly self-sufficient. Pigs, fowl and dogs are also present during this time along with village settlements comprised of stilt houses.

-There is also evidence that the Lapita burial practice included removing the skull after the soft tissue decomposed to be placed in a second site.

Source:
"Chapter 8: Australia and the Pacific Basin During the Holocene." In The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies,  edited by Chris Scarre, 288. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson.

Hayes, Susan, Frédérique Valentin, Hallie Buckley, Matthew Spriggs and Stuart Bedford.

"Faces of the Teouma Lapita People: Art, Accuracy and Facial Approximation." Leonardo.

Vol. 42, No. 3 (2009), pp. 284-285. Accessed May 20, 2017. http://www.jstor.org.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/stable/20532669.

Photo:
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ3-kswOdBHixs0-FagG3URMxPtQ0J-J3arPFaNLn1sy-T72lqx

# data[].attributes.body
-Lapita colonists reached Tonga and Samoa in western Polynesia around 1000BC.

-Polynesians invented the double sailing canoe. It allowed for traveling of over thousands of kilometers and was able to transport crops and animals.

-They were able to adapt which is shown by the Polynesians who settled in New Zealand c. AD 1200 and returned to a purely hunter-gatherer lifestyle until European contact.

Source:
"Chapter 8: Australia and the Pacific Basin During the Holocene." In The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies,  edited by Chris Scarre, 290. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson.

# data[].attributes.body
-Is one of the best-known examples of social collapse in Pacific prehistory and shows a cultural system that over-reached its limits in both food and technology.

-Maoi or massive stone statues were made of volcanic agglomerate and were transported by methods that are still uncertain. Their eyes were made of coral and obsidian.

-The maoi were most likely representatives of deceased chiefs but were dislodged due to tribal warfare around the 18th century.

-Large amounts of red pigment has been found around the statues that were abandoned at the quarry along with human remains which suggest that they buried the dead around the maoi.

Source:
"Chapter 8: Australia and the Pacific Basin During the Holocene." In The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies,  edited by Chris Scarre, 295. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson.

Lee, Cynthia. "UCLA Archaeologist Digs Deep to Reveal Easter Island Torsos." UCLA Newsroom. Last modified May 30, 2012. http://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/easter-island-statues-revealed-234519.

Photo: http://cms.ipressroom.com.s3.amazonaws.com/173/files/20125/234519_ThorHeyerdahl.jpg

# data[].attributes.body
-Chiefdoms of large, close-set, and fertile archipelagos such as the Hawaiian islands differ from strife-torn warring polities of environmentally  marginal islands such as Easter Island. Differences may be due to factors such as island size, soil fertility and rainfall reliability.

-Defined rank in terms of closeness of descent from the founding ancestor of a tribal group. Chiefs inherited supernaturally charges status which was protected by a range of behavioral taboos.

-Samoa developed the most complex system of titled office. They organized decision-making through a hierarchy of local and regional councils.

Source:
"Chapter 8: Australia and the Pacific Basin During the Holocene." In The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies,  edited by Chris Scarre, 300. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson.

# data[].attributes.headline
Transformation of Tribal Society in Southeast Asia

# data[].attributes.subject
Transformation of Tribal Society in Southeast Asia

# data[].attributes.body
-Enormous social and religious impact through contact with India, the Mediterranean and China.

-The spread of Hinduism and Buddhism occurred in the Bronze-Iron Age. Also opened up long distance trade of exotics such as spices for iron.

-Borobudur is constructed  (AD 760-830) in central Java. Although it is a Buddhist monument, the architectural design is Austronesian which shows cultural interaction.

Source:
"Chapter 8: Australia and the Pacific Basin During the Holocene." In The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies,  edited by Chris Scarre, 302. 3rd ed. London: Thames & Hudson.

Photo: http://www.easybook.com/images/destination/Indonesia/Yogyakarta/Borobudur/Borobudur9.jpg