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Control System
Control System are those devices that receive commands, and apply them from other different devices.

Are Semi-Autonomous Cars Making Us Worse Drivers?
Cars that drive themselves can cause people to not even look at the road when driving, making easier to drive but at the same time putting in danger other people when driving, since cars can be hacked, or can have any other technical problem. If that happens you won't know how to solve it, having a big risk of getting into an accident.

It is an example of a control system, since the car moves by its own receiving the commands from other device such as a computer.

i) They move by the own using dozen ultrasonic sensors discreetly placed around both bumpers and sides. Ultrasonic sensors are device that can measure the distance to an object by using sound waves.

ii) Power supplies is a piece of hardware that also takes part of this autonomous car.

iii) How do cars know if the person is looking at the road?
To avoid accidents, companies have tightened up systems to make drivers concentrate a little more. Tesla's cars now offer up stronger warnings when hands are removed from the wheel. GM, meanwhile, is tracking a driver's eye to make sure they’re on the road, and Audi’s new A8 sedan beeps, buzzes and even brings the car to a halt if the driver is persistently distracted.

Source:
Condliffe, Jamie. “Are Semi-Autonomous Cars Making Us Worse Drivers?” MIT Technology Review, MIT Technology Review, 11 Aug. 2017, www.technologyreview.com/the-download/608606/are-semi-autonomous-cars-making-us-worse-drivers/.

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The Tech That Won the First Formula Student Driverless Race

Its builders gave it two types of eyes: lidar and optical, along with several ways of measuring its ground velocity. They also gave it two ways of navigating: following a pre-loaded map, or building a map of its own during the first couple of laps, which requires slower driving and trustworthy sensors.

For the car to build its own map, it had to use the lidar tgo distinguish the triangles of the traffic cones and determine the likeliest correct path between the cones.
Once the team realized that their manual map-making wasn't working, they activated the so-called discover mode so the car could map the cones itself as it drove.
And while both the lidar and optical algorithms should help the car find its position relative to the map it is building, an accurate ground speed is a crucial factor for correcting for the lidar system's spinning and motion through space.

Laursen, Lucas. “The Tech That Won the First Formula Student Driverless Race.” IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News, IEEE Spectrum, 28 Aug. 2017, spectrum
spectrum.ieee.org/cars-that-think/transportation/self-driving/the-tech-that-won-the-first-formula-student-driverless-race.

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Icelandic company Flytrex uses drones to deliver packages under 6.5 pounds. It will deliver 20 package a day to the nearest cities. The drone connects to an account on a phone app. Which tracks your house down and when it arrives, you put up a landing pad in your backyard so that the drones could use its infra red sensor to calculate where to land. The drone has a hook which releases the package when it lands and the receiver confirms that it is here. The hardware that is used to control the speed and the direction of the drone is programmed by a worker at the station. But it is not human controlled all that the worker does is input the destination and send it off

Source:
Condliffe, Jamie. “Finally, There's a Halfway Compelling Consumer Drone Delivery Service.” MIT Technology Review, MIT Technology Review, 24 Aug. 2017, www.technologyreview.com/the-download/608718/finally-theres-a-halfway-compelling-consumer-drone-delivery-service/.

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Virtual reality platform for Lab animals

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Virtual reality platform for Lab animals

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A virtual reality platform was created so that lab animals like rats and fruit flies can experience VR and so that scientists can use this data in order better understand human genetics and the brain.

They way this system works is that the lab animal is put into an enclosure where all the floors and walls consist of  computer screens. In order to make the experience for the animals as realistic as possible up to 10 high speed cameras are located around the enclosure in order to accurately record the 3D position of the animal. This allows FreemoVR to update the imagery on the computer screens and create an illusion as if the animal is actual moving through the environment.

1. High speed cameras.
2. Monitors for projecting photo realistic images.
3. When the animals is put into the enclosure and the monitors are turned on the high speed cameras start recording the movement of the animals. A software called FreemoVR then updates the images on the monitors within milliseconds creating an illusion for the animal as if it's moving through the virtual environment.

Source:  Choi, Charles Q. “Virtual Reality Platform Created For Lab Animals.” IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News, IEEE Spectrum, 21 Aug. 2017, spectrum.ieee.org/the-human-os/computing/hardware/virtual-reality-platform-created-for-lab-animals.

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Device which makes printed text accessible to blind people

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Device which makes printed text accessible to blind people

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A group of MIT students created a device consisting of a camera, a microprocessor and bumps, which serves the purpose of translation ff printed text to braille.

Sensor: Camera (type unspecified)
Hardware: Microprocessor (type unspecified)
Output: Bumps, which can be raised

The device is used by sliding it over printed text. The camera provides an image and the microprocessor applies some optical character recognition algorithms to determine which character is being currently underneath the device. Based on this information the bumps on top of it are raised to represent the corresponding character in braille.

McElvery, R. (2017). MIT students make printed text easily accessible to Braille readers. [online] MIT Technology Review. Available at: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604050/mit-students-invent-simple-device-that-makes-printed-text-accessible-to-the-blind/ [Accessed 29 Aug. 2017].

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Control system is a a device, or a set of devices that manages commands, directs or regulates the behaviour of the other devices or systems.

control system = mechanism that alters the future state of a system

control theory = a strategy to select appropriate input

input ---> system ---> output
Change the input system to reconfigure the output to your desire

Examples of a control system in everyday life:

Computer
Input:
- Keyboard, Microphone, Mouse, Scanner, Webcam

Processor:
- Main memory
- ROM & RAM
- Backing Storage
- Hard disk, Floppy disk, USB pen,
CD-RW, DVD- RW
- Control Unit ALU

Output:
- Monitor, Speakers, Printers, Data Projectors

A computer is a closed loop control system, which sends feedback to the input to alter the output of the control system. The input of the computer can vary, since it can connect with a variety of devices. The main input of a computer are the voltages it absorbs and powers the system.
The sensors the computers will depend on the computer and what is linked to the input. For example if the computer were connected to a microphone it would measure and react to he vibrations in the air (Acoustic and sound sensors). In the computer system the one big sensor it has is thermal and temperature sensors, which detect the temperature of the system. One example to prove that a computer is a closed loop control system is that when it overheats it will warn the user or in some instance shutdown.

MLA Citation:
“GCSE Computer Science - Peripherals - Revision 1.” BBC Bitesize, BBC, www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zxgkxnb/revision

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by: Jayden

Polygram is an app that uses AI to read you facial expression and translate it into an emoji

The app gathers its input via the front facing camera and captures your face. It then runs through similar images using the phone's graphics processing unit and provides a suitable emoji based on your facial expression with as little as a 20 millisecond delay.

1) Camera
2) Graphics Processing Unit
3) The camera analyses the users face and compares it to facial expressions in the data base. It then pairs it with a suitable emoji response based on you real time facial expression.

Source: Metz, Rachel. “A New App Uses AI to Turn Your Smiles and Frowns into Emoji.” MIT Technology Review, MIT Technology Review, 28 Aug. 2017, www.technologyreview.com/s/608748/the-next-generation-of-emoji-will-be-based-on-your-facial-expressions/.

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There are basically two types of control system: the open loop system and the closed loop system.

Open Loop systems are cheaper and more simple while closed loop are more sophisticated and more expensive therefore most companies and such use open loop systems

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By: Nikita Radchenko
Self Driving cars are now encountering another problem other than the road and other vehicles, they have to setup a good security for their system, otherwise, the truck could be taken over and be used to cause terrorist attacks or theft.
Cybersecurity is a real issue and should be as important if not more important than the actual navigation systems of the truck if the vehicles have a weak security the navigation systems won't even matter.
This has to do with control systems because if there are hackers trying to break into the security of the truck, it needs to be detected and protected.
A sensor is used in a control system as an input for information which will be processed, the sensor used in computer security has to be able to detect foreign network traffic, which then notifies an administrator.
The process in a control system determines whether there is an intruder in the network by clarifying with an administrator, and taking the necessary action.
The output in this control system is when
the administrator will remove the unknown user from the network.
1) The Sensor is a software called Intrusion Detection System.
2) Another piece of hardware needed for the control system is a power supply.
3) The steps in the control system is as follows:
An unknown user connects the network, the administrators are notified and can either allow the user to stay or remove them from the system and restoring the cybersecurity.

Source:
Garfinkel, Simson. “Self-Driving Vehicles Security.” MIT Technology Review, MIT Technology Review, 22 Aug. 2017, www.technologyreview.com/s/608618/hackers-are-the-real-obstacle-for-self-driving-vehicles/.

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Prosthetic Limbs can now let you "feel" again

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Prosthetic Limbs can now let you "feel" again

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Surgery could give amputees sensory feedback from their prosthetic limbs. Even after the muscles are severed, however, the nerves that sent signals to the amputated limb remain intact in many amputees. Those surviving nerves are the key to the new system: they can be connected to muscle pairs grafted from another part of the body and to a control system  which includes a microprocessor that will translate nerve signals into instructions for moving the prosthetic limb.

i) One of the sensors that is used is a Pressure sensing Sensor. The plastic skin is capable of detecting how hard it is being pressed, and send this information as an electrical impulse that the brain can understand. When the brain sends signals instructing a limb to move, one of the grafted muscles will contract and its agonist (receptor/nerve) will extend, providing neural feedback that allows the patient to feel where the limb is in space.

ii) The other piece of hardware other than a sensor is the ADC. The data is analogue data. Computers can only work with digital data. An analogue to digital converter (ADC) is needed to convert the analogue data from the sensors into digital data the computer can process.

iii) When the person is moving towards the door and places his prosthetic hand to the door handle. The brain will send a signal to the prosthetic limb. This signal is then sent to the Microprocessor and this signal is then converted to digital data which will then make the hand open the door. The data is then recorded to the computer for future reference.

Trafton, Anne. Prosthetics You Can Feel. N.p.: Anne Tafton, n.d. N. pag. Print.