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Name Abdul Qadir

Roll. 2158-444

2nd year 4th semester

MCON lyari

Genetic

Genetics includes the study of how human characteristics are inherited from one's parents. It explains how traits as simple as eye color or as complex as susceptibility to diseases run in families.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (abbreviated DNA) is the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism.

Chromosomes

Chromosomes are threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell. In plants and animals (including humans), chromosomes reside in the nucleus of cells. Humans have 22 pairs of numbered chromosomes (autosomes) and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY), for a total of 46.

Gene

A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. However, many genes do not code for proteins. In humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases

Alleles

Alternative form of a gene that code for the same trait and are at the same location on homologous chromosomes are called alleles.

Homozygous

homozygous means you've inherited the same alleles of a gene from each of your parents.

Heterozygous

Heterozygous means you've inherited different alleles of a gene from each of your parents

Homologous chromosomes

Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and carry genes for the same traits. They play a crucial role in genetic inheritance and are involved in processes like meiosis.

Genotype

The term "genotype" refers to the genetic makeup of an individual, which includes all the genes they have inherited from their parents.

Phenotype

The phenotype is the expression of the genes in an individual's genotype.Phenotype refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an individual, which are determined by both their genotype and environmental factors. It includes traits like hair color, eye color, height, and other visible features.

Karyotype

A karyotype is the general appearance of the complete set of chromosomes in the cells of a species or in an individual organism, mainly including their sizes, numbers, and shapes.

Meiosis

Meiosis is a special type of cell division of germ cells in sexually-reproducing organisms that produces the gametes, such as sperm or egg cells. It involves two rounds of division that ultimately result in four cells with only one copy of each chromosome

Mitosis

Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Cell division by mitosis gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes is maintained

Zygote

zygote is the initial cell that forms when a sperm fertilizes an egg. It contains the combined genetic material from both parents and is the starting point for the developm

ent of a new individual.

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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): The molecule that contains the genetic instructions for an organism's development and functioning. DNA is made up of a chain of nucleotides, each of which contains a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The sequence of bases in DNA determines the genetic code.

Gene: A unit of heredity that is made up of a sequence of DNA. Genes determine the characteristics of an organism, such as eye color, height, and susceptibility to disease.

Allele: A variant form of a gene. For example, the gene for eye color has several alleles, such as brown, blue, and green. Each person has two alleles for each gene, one inherited from each parent.

Trait: A characteristic or feature of an organism that is determined by its genes. For example, eye color, height, and blood type are all traits.

Chromatid: One of the two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome. Chromatids are held together at a central point called the centromere. During cell division, the chromatids separate and become individual chromosomes.

Aneuploidy is a condition in which an organism has an abnormal number of chromosomes.The most common cause of aneuploidy is nondisjunction, which is a failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division. Nondisjunction can occur during meiosis (the process of cell division that produces sperm and eggs) or mitosis (the process of cell division that produces new body cells).

Aneuploidy can also be caused by other factors, such as exposure to certain chemicals or radiation.

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Genetic:
Genetic is the study of heredity ,the passing of gene from parents to their offspring through the gametes.

DNA:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (abbreviated DNA) is the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism. DNA is made of two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder  a shape known as a double helix.

Chromosome:
Chromosomes are threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell.

Allele:
Allele" is the word that we use to describe the alternative form or versions of a gene.

Homologous chromosome:
homologous chromosomes are paired chromosomes. They essentially have the same gene sequence, loci (gene position), centromere location, and chromosomal length. Although they may have the same genetic sequence and loci, they may differ in alleles.

Heterozygous chromosome :
Heterozygous refers to having different alleles for a particular trait. If the two versions are different, you have a heterozygous genotype for that gene.

Genotype :
A genotype is the total sum of genes transferred from parents to offspring. Alternatively, a genotype can also be defined as the complete set of heritable genes that can be transferred to the offsprings from its parents.

Phenotype :
Phenotype refers to an individual's observable traits, such as height, eye color and blood type. A person's phenotype is determined by both their genomic makeup (genotype) and environmental factors parents

Recessive :
A recessive gene is a gene that can be masked by a dominant gene. In order to have a trait that is expressed by a recessive gene, such as blue eyes, you must get the gene for blue eyes from both of your parents

Dominant:
Dominant refers to the relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive two versions of each gene, known as alleles, from each parent. If the alleles of a gene are different, one allele will be expressed; it is the dominant parents.

Name : Elisha Noman
Roll no : 407

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Genetic Disorders :
Genetic disorders occur when a mutation affects your genes. Carrying the mutation doesn’t always mean you’ll end up with a disease. There are many types, including single-gene, multifactorial and chromosomal disorders.
Chromosomal: This type affects the structures that hold your genes/DNA within each cell (chromosomes). With these conditions, people are missing or have duplicated chromosome material.
Complex (multifactorial): These disorders stem from a combination of gene mutations and other factors. They include chemical exposure, diet, certain medications and tobacco or alcohol use.
Single-gene (monogenic): This group of conditions occurs from a single gene mutation.

Genes :
Gene, unit of hereditary information that occupies a fixed position (locus) on a chromosome. Genes achieve their effects by directing the synthesis of proteins.

Alleles :
An allele is one of two or more versions of DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of bases) at a given genomic location. An individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent, for any given genomic location where such variation exists. If the two alleles are the same, the individual is homozygous for that allele.

Genotype :
genotype is a scoring of the type of variant present at a given location (i.e., a locus) in the genome. It can be represented by symbols. For example, BB, Bb, bb could be used to represent a given variant in a gene.

Phenotype :
The phenotype is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism. The term covers the organism's morphology, its developmental processes, its biochemical and physiological properties, its behavior, and the products of behavior.

Homozygous :
Homozygous, as related to genetics, refers to having inherited the same versions (alleles) of a genomic marker from each biological parent. Thus, an individual who is homozygous for a genomic marker has two identical versions of that marker.

Heterozygous :
Heterozygous, as related to genetics, refers to having inherited different versions (alleles) of a genomic marker from each biological parent. Thus, an individual who is heterozygous for a genomic marker has two different versions of that marker. By contrast, an individual who is homozygous for a marker has identical versions of that marker.

Regards :
Moin ud din 4th Semester
Roll No : 415

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A genetic disorder is a medical condition caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA, which may be inherited or occur spontaneously. These disorders can result from mutations in single genes (monogenic) or a combination of genetic factors (polygenic). Genetic disorders can affect various aspects of health and development, leading to a wide range of symptoms and severity, depending on the specific disorder and its genetic underpinnings.
DNA

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that contains the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known living organisms. It consists of a double helix structure made up of nucleotides, each containing a phosphate group, a sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). The sequence of these bases encodes genetic information, which is transcribed into RNA and ultimately used to produce proteins and control various cellular processes. DNA is found in the cell nucleus in eukaryotes and in the nucleoid region in prokaryotes.

Muhammad Waqar Iqbal

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Genetic Disorders:

A genetic disorder is a condition that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA. Abnormalities can be as small as a single-base mutation in just one gene, or they can involve the addition or subtraction of entire chromosomes.
Mutation:
A  mutation is a permanent change in genetic  material.
Some mutations result in serious disorders.

Genetics:
Genetics is the study of heredity, the passing of genes from parents to their  offspring through the gametes.
DNA:
It is a long molecule that is made up of thousands segments of genes.
Chromosomes:
Chromosomes are large structures made of DNA.
Genes:
Are the basic units of inheritance and they  ultimately influence all aspects of body  structure and function.

Congenital disorders:
A congenital disorder, also known as birth defect, is a condition existing at or  before birth regardless of cause.
Of these disorders, those characterized by  Structural deformities are termed "congenital  anomalies" and involve defects in  developing fetus. Any substance that causes  birth defects is known as a teratogen.

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Genetics: Genetics is the study of how traits are passed down from one generation to the next. It's like a set of instructions for how living things, like plants and animals, develop and function.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): DNA is like the instruction manual for living things. It's a long, spiral-shaped molecule inside our cells that contains all the information needed to build and operate our bodies.

Chromosomes: Imagine chromosomes as packages that hold the DNA. They are thread-like structures in the cell nucleus that carry genes, which are the specific pieces of DNA that contain instructions for traits.

Gene: A gene is like a small section in the DNA instruction manual. It's a segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait, like eye color or height.

Alleles: Alleles are different versions of a gene. They can determine variations in a trait. For example, the gene for eye color might have alleles for blue, brown, or green eyes.

Homologous Chromosomes: These are pairs of chromosomes that are similar in size and shape. You get one from each parent. They carry matching genes but may have different alleles.

Homozygous: If you have two identical alleles for a specific gene (e.g., two alleles for brown eyes), you are homozygous for that trait.

Heterozygous: If you have two different alleles for a specific gene (e.g., one for blue eyes and one for brown eyes), you are heterozygous for that trait.

Genotype: Your genotype is the combination of alleles you have for all your genes. It's like your genetic recipe that determines your traits, even if some are hidden (recessive) and some are expressed (dominant).

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Genetics is the study of genes and tries to explain what they are and how they work. Genes are how living organisms inherit features or traits from their ancestors; for example, children usually look like their parents because they have inherited their parents' genes. Genetics tries to identify which traits are inherited and to explain how these traits are passed from generation to generation.

Some traits are part of an organism's physical appearance, such as eye color, height or weight. Other sorts of traits are not easily seen and include blood types or resistance to diseases. Some traits are inherited through genes, which is the reason why tall and thin people tend to have tall and thin children. Other traits come from interactions between genes and the environment, so a child who inherited the tendency of being tall will still be short if poorly nourished. The way our genes and environment interact to produce a trait can be complicated. For example, the chances of somebody dying of cancer or heart disease seems to depend on both their genes and their lifestyle.

Genes are made from a long molecule called DNA, which is copied and inherited across generations. DNA is made of simple units that line up in a particular order within it, carrying genetic information. The language used by DNA is called genetic code, which lets organisms read the information in the genes. This information is the instructions for the construction and operation of a living organism.

The information within a particular gene is not always exactly the same between one organism and another, so different copies of a gene do not always give exactly the same instructions. Each unique form of a single gene is called an allele. As an example, one allele for the gene for hair color could instruct the body to produce much pigment, producing black hair, while a different allele of the same gene might give garbled instructions that fail to produce any pigment, giving white hair. Mutations are random changes in genes and can create new alleles. Mutations can also produce new traits, such as when mutations to an allele for black hair produce a new allele for white hair. This appearance of new traits is important in evolution.

A section of DNA; the sequence of the plate-like units (nucleotides) in the center carries information.

Genes are pieces of DNA that contain information for the synthesis of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) or polypeptides. Genes are inherited as units, with two parents dividing out copies of their genes to their offspring. Humans have two copies of each of their genes, but each egg or sperm cell only gets one of those copies for each gene. An egg and sperm join to form a zygote with a complete set of genes. The resulting offspring has the same number of genes as their parents, but for any gene, one of their two copies comes from their father and one from their mother.[1]

Example of mixing Edit

The effects of mixing depend on the types (the alleles) of the gene. If the father has two copies of an allele for red hair, and the mother has two copies for brown hair, all their children get the two alleles that give different instructions, one for red hair and one for brown. The hair color of these children depends on how these alleles work together. If one allele dominates the instructions from another, it is called the dominant allele, and the allele that is overridden is called the recessive allele. In the case of a daughter with alleles for both red and brown hair, brown is dominant and she ends up with brown hair.[2]

A Punnett square showing how two brown haired parents can have red or brown haired children. 'B' is for brown and 'b' is for red.

Red hair is a recessive trait.

Although the red color allele is still there in this brown-haired girl, it doesn't show. This is a difference between what is seen on the surface (the traits of an organism, called its phenotype) and the genes within the organism (its genotype). In this example, the allele for brown can be called "B" and the allele for red "b". (It is normal to write dominant alleles with capital letters and recessive ones with lower-case letters.) The brown hair daughter has the "brown hair phenotype" but her genotype is Bb, with one copy of the B allele, and one of the b allele.

Now imagine that this woman grows up and has children with a brown-haired man who also has a Bb genotype. Her eggs will be a mixture of two types, one sort containing the B allele, and one sort the b allele. Similarly, her partner will produce a mix of two types of sperm containing one or the other of these two alleles. When the transmitted genes are joined up in their offspring, these children have a chance of getting either brown or red hair, since they could get a genotype of BB = brown hair, Bb = brown hair or bb = red hair. In this generation, there is, therefore, a chance of the recessive allele showing itself in the phenotype of the children-some of them may have red hair like their grandfather.[2]

Many traits are inherited in a more complicated way than the example above. This can happen when there are several genes involved, each contributing a small part to the result. Tall people tend to have tall children because their children get a package of many alleles that each contribute a bit to how much they grow. However, there are not clear groups of "short people" and "tall people", like there are groups of people with brown or red hair. This is because of the large number of genes involved; this makes the trait very variable and people are of many different heights.[3] Despite a common misconception, the green/blue eye traits are also inherited in this complex inheritance model.[4] Inheritance can also be complicated when the trait depends on the interaction between genetics and environment. For example, malnutrition does not change traits like eye color, but can stunt growth.[5]

Genes make proteins Edit

The function of genes is to provide the information needed to make molecules called proteins in cells.[1] Cells are the smallest independent parts of organisms: the human body contains about 100 trillion cells, while very small organisms like bacteria are just a single cell. A cell is like a miniature and very complex factory that can make all the parts needed to produce a copy of itself, which happens when cells divide. There is a simple division of labor in cells-genes give instructions and proteins carry out these instructions, tasks like building a new copy of a cell, or repairing the damage.[6] Each type of protein is a specialist that only does one job, so if a cell needs to do something new, it must make a new protein to do this job. Similarly, if a cell needs to do something faster or slower than before, it makes more or less of the protein responsible. Genes tell cells what to do by telling them which proteins to make and in what amounts.

Genes are expressed by being transcribed into RNA, and this RNA then translated into protein.

Proteins are made of a chain of 20 different types of amino acid molecules. This chain folds up into a compact shape, rather like an untidy ball of string. The shape of the protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids along its chain and it is this shape that, in turn, determines what the protein does.[6] For example, some proteins have parts of their surface that perfectly match the shape of another molecule, allowing the protein to bind to this molecule very tightly. Other proteins are enzymes, which are like tiny machines that alter other molecules.[7]

The information in DNA is held in the sequence of the repeating units along the DNA chain.[8] These units are four types of nucleotides (A,T,G and C) and the sequence of nucleotides stores information in an alphabet called the genetic code. When a gene is read by a cell the DNA sequence is copied into a very similar molecule called RNA (this process is called transcription). Transcription is controlled by other DNA sequences (such as promoters), which show a cell where genes are, and control how often they are copied. The RNA copy made from a gene is then fed through a structure called a ribosome, which translates the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA into the correct sequence of amino acids and joins these amino acids together to make a complete protein chain. The new protein then folds up into its active form. The process of moving information from the language of RNA into the language of amino acids is called translation.[9]

DNA replication. DNA is unwound and nucleotides are matched to make two new strands.

If the sequence of the nucleotides in a gene changes, the sequence of the amino acids in the protein it produces may also change-if part of a gene is deleted, the protein produced is shorter and may not work anymore.[6] This is the reason why different alleles of a gene can have different effects on an organism. As an example, hair color depends on how much of a dark substance called melanin is put into the hair as it grows. If a person has a normal set of the genes involved in making melanin, they make all the proteins needed and they grow dark hair. However, if the alleles for a particular protein have different sequences and produce proteins that can't do their jobs, no melanin is produced and the person has white skin and hair ( albinism).[10]

Genes are copied Edit

Genes are copied each time a cell divides into two new cells. The process that copies DNA is called DNA replication.[8] It is through a similar process that a child inherits genes from its parents when a copy from the mother is mixed with a copy from the father.

DNA can be copied very easily and accurately because each piece of DNA can direct the assembly of a new copy of its information. This is because DNA is made of two strands that pair together like the two sides of a zipper. The nucleotides are in the center, like the teeth in the zipper, and pair up to hold the two strands together. Importantly, the four different sorts of nucleotides are different shapes, so for the strands to close up properly, an A nucleotide must go opposite a T nucleotide, and a G opposite a C. This exact pairing is called base pairing.[8]

When DNA is copied, the two strands of the old DNA are pulled apart by enzymes; then they pair up with new nucleotides and then close. This produces two new pieces of DNA, each containing one strand from the old DNA and one newly made strand. This process is not predictably perfect as proteins attach to a nucleotide while they are building and cause a change in the sequence of that gene. These changes in the DNA sequence are called mutations.[11] Mutations produce new alleles of genes. Sometimes these changes stop the functioning of that gene or make it serve another advantageous function, such as the melanin genes discussed above. These mutations and their effects on the traits of organisms are one of the causes of evolution.[12]

Mice with different coat colors

A population of organisms evolves when an inherited trait becomes more common or less common over time.[12] For instance, all the mice living on an island would be a single population of mice: some with white fur, some gray. If over generations, white mice became more frequent and gray mice less frequent, then the color of the fur in this population of mice would be evolving. In terms of genetics, this is called an increase in allele frequency.

Alleles become more or less common either by chance in a process called genetic drift or by natural selection.[13] In natural selection, if an allele makes it more likely for an organism to survive and reproduce, then over time this allele becomes more common. But if an allele is harmful, natural selection makes it less common. In the above example, if the island were getting colder each year and snow became present for much of the time, then the allele for white fur would favor survival since predators would be less likely to see them against the snow, and more likely to see the gray mice. Over time white mice would become more and more frequent, while gray mice less and less.

Mutations create new alleles. These alleles have new DNA sequences and can produce proteins with new properties.[14] So if an island was populated entirely by black mice, mutations could happen creating alleles for white fur. The combination of mutations creating new alleles at random, and natural selection picking out those that are useful, causes an adaptation. This is when organisms change in ways that help them to survive and reproduce. Many such changes, studied in evolutionary developmental biology, affect the way the embryo develops into an adult body.

Some diseases are hereditary and run in families; others, such as infectious diseases, are caused by the environment. Other diseases come from a combination of genes and the environment.[15] Genetic disorders are diseases that are caused by a single allele of a gene and are inherited in families. These include Huntington's disease, cystic fibrosis or Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Cystic fibrosis, for example, is caused by mutations in a single gene called CFTR and is inherited as a recessive trait.[16]

Other diseases are influenced by genetics, but the genes a person gets from their parents only change their risk of getting a disease. Most of these diseases are inherited in a complex way, with either multiple genes involved, or coming from both genes and the environment. As an example, the risk of breast cancer is 50 times higher in the families most at risk, compared to the families least at risk. This variation is probably due to a large number of alleles, each changing the risk a little bit.[17] Several of the genes have been identified, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, but not all of them. However, although some of the risks are genetic, the risk of this cancer is also increased by being overweight, heavy alcohol consumption and not exercising.[18] A woman's risk of breast cancer, therefore, comes from a large number of alleles interacting with her environment, so it is very hard to predict.

Since traits come from the genes in a cell, putting a new piece of DNA into a cell can produce a new trait. This is how genetic engineering works. For example, rice can be given genes from a maize and a soil bacteria so the rice produces beta-carotene, which the body converts to vitamin A.[19] This can help children with Vitamin A deficiency. Another gene being put into some crops comes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis; the gene makes a protein that is an insecticide. The insecticide kills insects that eat the plants but is harmless to people.[20] In these plants, the new genes are put into the plant before it is grown, so the genes are in every part of the plant, including its seeds.[21] The plant's offspring inherit the new genes, which has led to concern about the spread of new traits into wild plants.[22]

The kind of technology used in genetic engineering is also being developed to treat people with genetic disorders in an experimental medical technique called gene therapy.[23] However, here the new, properly working gene is put in targeted cells, not altering the chance of future children inheriting the disease causing alleles.

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Genetics is the study of genes and tries to explain what they are and how they work. Genes are how living organisms inherit features or traits from their ancestors; for example, children usually look like their parents because they have inherited their parents' genes.

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In genetics, a locus (plural: loci) is a specific location or position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located. Each locus is associated with a specific piece of genetic information, which can code for a particular trait or function. Loci are used to map and study genes and genetic variations, helping scientists understand inheritance patterns and genetic relationships. Geneticists often refer to the location of a gene on a chromosome by specifying the chromosome number and the position of the locus. For example, "the locus for gene X is on chromosome 7, position 12."

ZAHIDULLAH

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A phenotype refers to the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, which result from the interaction between its genetic makeup (genotype) and environmental factors. Phenotypes encompass traits such as eye color, height, behavior, and various other characteristics that you can see or measure. These traits can be influenced by an individual's genes, but they can also be shaped by environmental factors and interactions between genes.

ZAHIDULLAH

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A genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, which includes the specific combination of genes in its DNA. It determines an organism's hereditary traits and characteristics, but these traits may not always be expressed, as they can be influenced by environmental factors. Genotypes are often contrasted with phenotypes, which are the observable physical or biochemical traits resulting from the interaction between an organism's genotype and its environment.

ZAHIDULLAH

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A genetic disorder is a condition that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA. Abnormalities can be as small as a single-base mutation in just one gene, or they can involve the addition or subtraction of entire chromosomes.
Mutation:
A  mutation is a permanent change in genetic  material.
Some mutations result in serious disorders.

Genetics:
Genetics is the study of heredity, the passing of genes from parents to their  offspring through the gametes.
DNA:
It is a long molecule that is made up of thousands segments of genes.
Chromosomes:
Chromosomes are large structures made of DNA.
Genes:
Are the basic units of inheritance and they  ultimately influence all aspects of body  structure and function.

Congenital disorders:
A congenital disorder, also known as birth defect, is a condition existing at or  before birth regardless of cause.
Of these disorders, those characterized by  Structural deformities are termed "congenital  anomalies" and involve defects in  developing fetus. Any substance that causes  birth defects is known as a teratogen.

ZEESHAN KHAN

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Genetic disorders occur when a mutation affects your genes. Carrying the mutation doesn’t always mean you’ll end up with a disease. There are many types, including single-gene, multifactorial and chromosomal disorders.
A genetic disorder is an illness caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome, especially a condition that is present from birth (congenital).

Most genetic disorders are quite rare and affect one person in every several thousands or millions.

>Genetic disorders may or may not be heritable, i.e. passed down from the parents genes.

In non heritable genetic disorders, defects may be caused by new mutations or changes to the DNA.
MUHAMMAD HAMMAD KARIM

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A congenital disorder is a condition that is present from birth. Congenital disorders can be inherited or caused by environmental factors. Their impact on a child's health and development isn't always severe, and sometimes it can be quite mild. However, a child with a congenital disorder may experience a disability or health problems throughout life.

It's natural to be concerned about congenital disorders if you're pregnant or planning a pregnancy, especially if your family has a history of a particular disorder. It's possible to test for some, but not all disorders during pregnancy, and there are also things you can do to reduce the chances of your baby bein born with a congenital disorder. Top
Rizwan Abdul Ghaffar.

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Genetic disorders occur when a mutation (a harmful change to a gene, also known as a pathogenic variant) affects your genes or when you have the wrong amount of genetic material. Genes are made of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which contain instructions for cell functioning and the characteristics that make you unique.
You receive half your genes from each biological parent and may inherit a gene mutation from one parent or both. Sometimes genes change due to issues within the DNA (mutations). This can raise your risk of having a genetic disorder. Some cause symptoms at birth, while others develop over time.
Chromosomai. This type afects the structures that hold your genes/DNA within each cell (chromosomes). With these conditions, people are missing or have duplicated chromosome material.

Complex (multifactorial): These disorders stem from a combinati of gene mutations and other factors. They include chemical exposure, diet, certain medication and tobacco or alcohol use.
Single-gene (monogenic): This group of conditions occurs from single gene mutation.
Rizwan Abdul Ghaffar.

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structural or functional anomalies that occur during intrauterine life. Also called birth defects, congenital anomalies or congenital malformations.

Genetic disorders

A genetic disorder is a health problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome. It can be caused by a mutation in a single gene or multiple genes or by a chromosomal abnormality

Gene
gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity

Chromosome
Chromosomes are threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell.

Allele
each of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

Homozygous and Heterozygous
Individuals carrying two identical alleles (RR or rr) are known as homozygous. While individual organisms bearing different alleles (Rr) are known as heterozygous.

DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (abbreviated DNA) is the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism

Salman khan

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Difference between Congenital and genetic Disorders:

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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): The molecule that contains the genetic instructions for an organism's development and functioning. DNA is made up of a chain of nucleotides, each of which contains a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The sequence of bases in DNA determines the genetic code.

Gene: A unit of heredity that is made up of a sequence of DNA. Genes determine the characteristics of an organism, such as eye color, height, and susceptibility to disease.

Allele: A variant form of a gene. For example, the gene for eye color has several alleles, such as brown, blue, and green. Each person has two alleles for each gene, one inherited from each parent.

Trait: A characteristic or feature of an organism that is determined by its genes. For example, eye color, height, and blood type are all traits.

Chromatid: One of the two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome. Chromatids are held together at a central point called the centromere. During cell division, the chromatids separate and become individual chromosomes.

Aneuploidy is a condition in which an organism has an abnormal number of chromosomes.The most common cause of aneuploidy is nondisjunction, which is a failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division. Nondisjunction can occur during meiosis (the process of cell division that produces sperm and eggs) or mitosis (the process of cell division that produces new body cells).

Aneuploidy can also be caused by other factors, such as exposure to certain chemicals or radiation.

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Genetic Disorders:

A genetic disorder is a condition that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA. Abnormalities can be as small as a single-base mutation in just one gene, or they can involve the addition or subtraction of entire chromosomes.

Mutation:

A mutation is a permanent change in genetic material.

Some mutations result in serious disorders.

Congenital disorders:
Congenital disorders are structural or functional abnormalities present before birth. Such disorders result in disabilities that may be physical, intellectual, or developmental and range from mild to severe.

Genetics : is the study of heredity, the passing ofgenes from parents to their offspring throughthe gametes

gene : is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity.

Chromosomes : threds like structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell.

DNA : It is a long molecule that is made up of thousands segments of genes.

Genotype:

The genetic make up of an individual is called genotype.

Phenotype:

The genetic make up    that is expressed in a body is called Phenotypes.

Alleles:

Alternative form of a gene that code for the same trait and are at the same location on homologous chromosomes are called alleles.

Homozygous:

The person with the same alleles on homologous chromosomes is said to be homozygous    for that trait.

Heterozygous:

The person having different alleles on

homologous chromosome is called heterozygous for that trait.

KARYOTYPE:

A karyotype is an ordered display of chromosomes arranged according to size, banding pattern and centromere position.

Aneuploidy

Aneuploidy is an error in cell division that results in the "daughter" cells having the wrong number of chromosomes.

Ubaid Ullah s/o Saeed Ur Rehman

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A genetic disorder is a condition that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA. Abnormalities can be as small as a single-base mutation in just one gene, or they can involve the addition or subtraction of entire chromosomes.
Mutation: A mutation is a permanent change in genetic  material. Some mutations result in serious disorders  Genetics:Genetics is the study of heredity, the passing of genes from parents to their  offspring through the gametes.
DNA: It is a long molecule that is made up of thousands segments of genes.
Genes:Are the basic units of inheritance and they  ultimately influence all aspects of body  structure and function.
Congenital Disorder:A congenital disorder, also known as birth defect, is a condition existing at or  before birth regardless of cause. Of these disorders, those characterized by  Structural deformities are termed "congenital  anomalies" and involve defects in  developing fetus. Any substance that causes  birth defects is known as a teratogen.
Genetic Disorder:A genetic disorder is an illness caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome, especially a condition that is present from birth (congenital). Most genetic disorders are quite rare and affect one person in every several thousands or millions. Genetic disorders may or may not be heritable, i.e. passed down from the parents genes. In non heritable genetic disorders, defects may be caused by new mutations or changes to the DNA.
Genotype: The genetic make up of an individual is  called genotype. Example: Genes of a person
Phenotype: The genetic make up that is expressed in a  body is called Phenotypes. It is the physical  expression of the gene. Example. eye color,
Homozygous: The person with the same alleles on  homologous chromosomes is said to be  homozygous for that trait.
Heterozygous: The person having different alleles on homologous chromosome is called  heterozygous for that trait.
Regards:
Saad.
Roll No:450

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Genetic disorders occur when a mutation (a harmful change to a gene, also known as a pathogenic variant) affects your genes or when you have the wrong amount of genetic material. Genes are made of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which contain instructions for cell functioning and the characteristics that make you unique.
Genetic Disorders important
Understanding genetic factors and genetic disorders is important in learning more about promoting health and preventing disease. Some genetic changes have been associated with an increased risk of having a child with a birth defect or developmental disability or developing diseases such as cancer or heart disease.

Muhammad Yousaf

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Genetics is the study of heredity, the passing of genes from parents to their  offspring through the gametes.
DNA:
It is a long molecule that is made up of thousands segments of genes.
Chromosomes:
Chromosomes are large structures made of DNA.
Genes:
Are the basic units of inheritance and they  ultimately influence all aspects of body  structure and function.

Ishtiaq Ahmed

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Genetic Disorder:
A genetic disorder is a medical condition that is caused by abnormalities or mutations in an individual's DNA. These disorders can be inherited from one's parents or can occur as spontaneous mutations. They can affect various aspects of a person's health and may lead to a wide range of symptoms, from mild to severe. Examples of genetic disorders include cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome, and Huntington's disease. Some genetic disorders are present from birth, while others may develop later in life. They often require medical management and may have a genetic component, meaning they can be passed on to future generations.

Genes:
Genes are segments of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that serve as the basic functional units of heredity in living organisms. They contain the instructions for building and maintaining the structures and functions of cells. Genes provide the information necessary for the development, growth, and functioning of an organism. Each gene carries specific information related to a particular trait or characteristic, such as eye color or susceptibility to certain diseases. The human genome, for example, contains thousands of genes, and the combination of genes an individual inherits from their parents determines their genetic makeup and characteristics. Genes are transcribed into RNA and then translated into proteins, which play a vital role in the body's biological processes.

DNA :
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions for the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms. It is often referred to as the "genetic code" or "genetic blueprint" of life. DNA is a long, double-helix structure made up of four types of nucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). These nucleotides are arranged in specific sequences along the DNA strand.

The unique sequence of nucleotides in DNA provides the information needed for cells to build and maintain the various proteins and structures that make up an organism. DNA is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the nucleoid region of prokaryotic cells. It's responsible for the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next through a process called replication and is also involved in processes like transcription and translation, which allow cells to use the genetic code to produce proteins. DNA is a fundamental molecule in the field of genetics and plays a critical role in the inheritance of traits from parents to offspring.

Muhammad Haroon
423

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A genetic disorder is a health problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome. It can be caused by a mutation in a single gene or multiple genes or by a chromosomal abnormality.

Genetic disorders
Albinism. Albinism is a group of genetic conditions. ...
Angelman syndrome. A rare syndrome causing physical and intellectual disability. ...
Ankylosing spondylitis. ...
Apert syndrome. ...
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. ...
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. ...
Cystic fibrosis (CF) ...
Down syndrome.

Name: ZAHIDULLAH

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Genetic disorders are medical conditions caused by changes or mutations in a person's DNA. These mutations can be inherited from one's parents or occur spontaneously. There are thousands of different genetic disorders, ranging from relatively mild to severe. Some well-known examples include Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and sickle cell anemia. Genetic counseling and testing can help individuals understand their risk of passing on or developing genetic disorders. Treatment and management options vary depending on the specific disorder.

Ishtiaq Ahmed

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A genetic disorder is a condition that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA. Abnormalities can be as small as a single-base mutation in just one gene, or they can involve the addition or subtraction of entire chromosomes.
Tariq Aziz

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Congenital disease means that the problem is present from birth. Congenital diseases may or may not be genetic. Where the disease is not genetic it may be the result of an insult to the embryo or foetus which occurred at a very specific time during in utero development.

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Genetic disorder is a disorder that occurs due to abnormality in genes because of wrong interpretation of rRNA in reading the codes present in mRNA. Due to which wrong proteins are synthesized. Despite this fact, abnormality does not always takes place because there are many codes for just one protein. Examples of genetic disorders include, hemophilia, sickle cell anemia.                           Congenital disorder is basically a disorder in which the defect is present from the time of birth but the causes of congenital disorder could either be genetic or any substance called teratogen.

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congenital disorder is medical condition that is present at or before birth. Congenital disorders can be inherited or caused by environmental factors and their impact on a child’s health and development can vary from mild to severe
GENETIC DISORDER
Sometimes there is a mutation, a change in a gene or genes. The mutation changes the gene's instructions for making a protein, so the protein does not work properly or is missing entirely. This can cause a medical condition called a genetic disorder.
FARYAL KANWAL

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Genetic diseases are those which appear in a person due to mutation in genetic traits/genes;whereas,congenital disorders arise due to any of misleads/problems in fetal development or physical deformities during delivery

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Congenital disorder means that the problem is present from birth. Congenital diseases may or may not be genetic. Where the disorder is not genetic it may be the result of an insult to the embryo or foetus which occurred at a very specific time during in utero development.

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congenital disorder are present from birth they can be due to certain damage to fetus during development. whereas, genetic disorder has an underlying abnormal coding of genes which are which cause defect in an individual. these disease may in any stage of life when an individual get expose to certain external factor which enhance the expression of abnormal gene.

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is also known as birth defect it is occur at or before birth. it causes structural deformities and also defect in developing fetus .
GENETIC DISEASE:
it is genetic disorder which cause by mutation in gene it is hereditary which transfer from parent genome
DIFFERENCE B/W GENETIC & CONGENITAL?
is a disease whose underlying basis is due to action of a gene or several genes acting to produce the defect and it is inherited but  Congenital disease means that the problem is present from birth. Congenital diseases may or may not be genetic. Where the disease is not genetic it may be the result of an insult to the embryo or foetus which occurred at a very specific time during in utero development.
SEHRISH ALI

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genetic disease occur due to abnormalities in gene. It can appear in later life or can be identified on birth whereas congenital exist at time of birth or in the womb. 

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genetic disease occur due to abnormalities in gene. It can appear in later life or can be identified on birth whereas congenital exist at time of birth or in the womb. 

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Areeba Akber

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Congenital diseases may or may not be genetic. Where the disease is not genetic it may be the result of an insult to the embryo or fetus which occurred at a very specific time during development in uterus.
genetic diseases pass to next generations but congenital diseases will remain with that particular person.
Madiha Simi Khan

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are also known as birth defects. These are the abnormalities either of the body's structure, function or metabolism which are present at the time of birth. Where as Genetic Diseases are  the abnormalities that may be a mutation of single gene or an addition or subtraction of an entire gene.
Genetic Disease may make their appearance later in life but congenital disease appear at birth.

Shumaila Khan

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Genetic disease is a disease whose underlying basis is due to action of a gene.
Congenital disease means that the problem is present from birth due to affect of external factors (like alcohol, smoking or addiction of any drugs etc) during fetal development "critical development stage".
Congenital disorders are present at birth while genetic disorder is due to inherited character.
- Musarrat Siraj

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It is a genetic problem caused by 'abnormalities in genome'.
CONGENITAL DISORDER
It is a condition that occurs at or before the time of birth
FARAH BINYAMIN

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A birth defect which is present in a person or before a birth regardless of cause.

Genetic Disorder:
it is a disease that is caused by a abnormality in a person's/Individuals DNA. Abnormality can be subtraction or addition of chromosomes.

Awais Abdul Rahman

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A genetic disorder is a disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA. Abnormality can be as small as a single-base mutation in just one gene, or they can involve the addition or subtraction of entire chromosomes.
Congenital disorder:is a medical condition that is present at or before birth. These conditions, also referred to as birth defects, can be acquired during the fetal stage of development or from the genetic make up of the parents.
Hence Congenital disorders are present at birth while genetic disorder is due to inherited character.

SHUMAILA KHADIM ALI

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Congenital disorders are present at birth while genetic disorder is due to inherited character.

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congenital disorder means the problem is present from birth .it may be genetic or may not . or genetic is due to abnormality in genes 

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congenital disorder means the problem is present from birth .it may be genetic or may not . or genetic is due to abnormality in genes 

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GENETIC DISORDERA genetic disorder is a disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA. Abnormalities can be as small as a single-base mutation in just one gene, or they can involve the addition or subtraction of entire chromosomes.

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GENETIC DISORDERA genetic disorder is a disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA. Abnormalities can be as small as a single-base mutation in just one gene, or they can involve the addition or subtraction of entire chromosomes.

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CONGENITAL DISORDER: A congenital disorder, also known as birth defect, is a condition existing at or before birth regardless of cause. Of these disorders, those characterized by structural deformities are termed "congenital anomalies" and involve defects in a developing fetus.
SANDAL SHIRAZ

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congetital disorder referred as birth defect during fetal deveopment

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congetital disorder referred as birth defect during fetal deveopment

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komal Noorali

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CONGENITAL DISORDERS are cause by environmental or genetic factors whereas genetic disorders are cause by abnormality in DNA. CONGENITAL DISORDERS rarely pass on from one generation to other whereas  GENETIC DISORDERery well be passed on from generation to generation.

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CONGENITAL DISORDERS are cause by environmental or genetic factors whereas genetic disorders are cause by abnormality in DNA. CONGENITAL DISORDERS rarely pass on from one generation to other whereas  GENETIC DISORDERery well be passed on from generation to generation.

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CONGENITAL DISORDER IS referred to as birth defect acquired during the fetal stage of development or from the genetic make up of the parents.
GENETIC DISORDER is a disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA. Abnormalities can be as small as a single-base mutation in just one gene, or they can involve the addition or subtraction of entire chromosomes.
MADRIKA MIRZA

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Congenital disease means that the problem is present from birth. It can be genetic or it can not be, but a genetic disease is due to any abnormality/mutation in a gene so it happen any time during a life time.
Sana Gul

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Congenital disease is a disease that exist at the time of birth or before birth in the womb regardless of the cause of disease , Whereas a Genetic disease is an abnormality in the DNA (genes ) of an individual.

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Congenital disease is a disease that exist at the time of birth or before birth in the womb regardless of the cause of disease , Whereas a Genetic disease is an abnormality in the DNA (genes ) of an individual.

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SAna GUl