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Ontology is a philosophical theory that explores the origin or substrates of the world. Epistemology is the belief held about knowledge and the acquisition of knowledge. We can realize a existence according to study epistemology. Ontology is always objective, but epistemology can be objective or subjective. For example, some people believe the supernature is existent such as ghost according to their own epistemology. But actually in ontology, it hasn't been proven yet.

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The mixed methods have advantages with both quantitative research and qualitative research. Although in most cases, quantitative research and qualitative research are opposite, in qualitative research, all the results of quantitative statistical analysis are likely to be the basis for us to make some qualitative judgments, and these judgments should be the basis for our overall qualitative cognition.

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I think to some extent, epistemology determines methodology, because methodology precedes epistemology.Epistemology is a kind of consciousness, while methodology is more behavioral.

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The method approachs are very significant as they can help us to research more efficient. For example, quantitative research is used to solve problems about "why", but conversely, qualitative research is used to solve problems about "what". According to property of object of study and decide to use which method. 

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The method approachs are very significant as they can help us to research more efficient. For example, quantitative research is used to solve problems about "why", but conversely, qualitative research is used to solve problems about "what". According to property of object of study and decide to use which method. 

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epistemology is the theory of knowledge, it affect us on how we think the knowledge it and how to obtain the knowledge. in most cases people who are positivists are choosing quantitative methodology and methods, while people who have a interpretivism stance are more likely to choose qualitative research such as interview. However, there are some exceptions, such as the conversation analysis may be observed in qualitative research in order to help researcher to get a bigger picture. There are also some methods that are used among both research methods, hypothesis- and theory-testing a good example

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Epistemology will have a certain impact on methodology and methods, but it will not determine methodology and methods. Because methodology and methods are different from epistemology. A method is like a procedure for doing a thing, and the methodology has more variables in this thing, which makes the result of this thing more possible. However, the research paradigm constructed by epistemology and ontology will influence researchers to choose different methodologies and methods. For example, positivism is a mixed method research conducted through deductive methods and pragmatism. Therefore, epistemology does not directly determine the method and methodological choice.

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The formation of the methodology depends on the research objectives, problems and research framework. And epistemology affects how researchers design research frameworks. Therefore, the methodology is discussed on the basis of epistemology.

According to Stacy M. Carter & Miles Little (2007) Epistemology guides Methodological choices and is axiological

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Epistemology provides a guideline for methodology, as it decides the purpose, study design and questions. methodology is the combination of all different kinds of methods, which including quantitive, qualitative and mixed method. All the above methods are sharped by the focus of positivism or interpretivism. Based on that, we can say that epistemology can decide what kind of method is going to use in a research. More that, methodology is designed to offer assistance to research to show their position in epistemology or ontology.

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Epistemology is "the study of the nature of knowledge and justification" (Schwandt, 2001, p. 71), methodology is defined as "theory and analysis of how research should be conducted" (Harding, 1987, p. 2), and the method is Research action, it generates data and analyzes it. The methodology proved the rationality of the method, and the method made the epistemology visible. Epistemology affects the relationship between researchers and participants, and the formation of methodology depends on research goals, problems, and research design. And epistemology also guides the choice of methods. Methodology can dictate the choice of method. Then it can be proved that epistemology can determine the choice of methodology and method.

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Epistemology definitely determine and affect how to choose methodology and a method, and also affecting the direction way and goal which social scientists want to expected over their researches. Even involves the process of researching somehow. To specific, it is a significant way to ensure the researcher builders to build the structures of knowledge and adopt them and evaluate in practical science. Considering the linked to positivism and interpretivism are associated with empirical and individual experiences respectively, the aspects of issues should be emphasized and the results which authors should be convinced, all of them are clarified on the purpose.

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Epistemology definitely determine and affect how to choose methodology and a method, and also affecting the direction way and goal which social scientists want to expected over their researches. Even involves the process of researching somehow. To specific, it is a significant way to ensure the researcher builders to build the structures of knowledge and adopt them and evaluate in practical science. Considering the linked to positivism and interpretivism are associated with empirical and individual experiences respectively, the aspects of issues should be emphasized and the results which authors should be convinced, all of them are clarified on the purpose.

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Epistemology undoubtedly influences the methodology and methods of research to some extent.As we discussed in class, at the beginning of the study, the researcher should determine how his epistemology is biased, such as interpretionism and empirical thinking. However, studies have found that no matter which epistemology is, there is some correlation, and it is difficult to be completely objective or subjective. For example, the data collected in our study is usually discovered by human beings, but may have come from natural developments, so it is hard to say that this paper is completely objectivist or empirical.

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Epistemology provides a guidance for methodology, as it creates questions, framework and purpose for the research. And methodology is sharped by those details. To make it clear, it can be explained as following. Epistemology

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Epistemology is defined and validated in a way that methodology. It affects how researchers build the right framework for knowledge construction. All the methods and steps used in the process of cognition are subject to methodology, and the relationship between the two is more like the methodology of epistemological argumentation. Neverthless, methodology is independent of epistemology. Researchers can use different methods to achieve their experimental goals to make the conclusions more convincing

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The epistemology not determine the methods and methodology,there are two principle which in the subjective knowledge aspect and objective knowledge aspect are interpretivism ,positivism,and the methods and methodology are likely determine by these principle.The interpretivism is a subjective knowledge,it’s about social constructed and multiple realize.Also it always include some context like background and history so in this way it is more likely link with qualitative method.Additionally,the positivism is a objective knowledge and it’s isolate with context so in this way it more likely link with quantitative method.

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Epistemology, to a large extent, does influence researchers in their researching process to adopt their own methodology and methods. For example, researchers who influenced by interpretivism, which indicates human beings see the world differently according to their distinct experiences, emotions and perspectives may tend to find knowledge and information through individuals by interviewing their own feelings. And that kind of research method is qualitative method approach.

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Epistemology is determined and made visible through a method. meanwhile Epistemology directs methodological decisions. In other word, it influences how researchers frame their research in their attempts to discover knowledge. According to Stacy M. Carter & Miles Little (2007) Method is research action. Research methods are the practical activities of research: sampling, data collection, data management, data analysis, and reporting, all of them are influenced by methodology. The link between them is epistemology justifying knowledge- methodology justifying method

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As the philosophical foundation of social science, epistemology does have significant effects on the choosing of methodologies and methods. Just like that interpretivists tend to use qualitative methods and positivists tend to use quantitative methods.
However, methodologies and methods have relative
independence from epistemology. There is a philosophical position of pragmatism, which provides a thought avoiding the philosophical foundation. So when researchers process their studies, they could utilize both quantitative and qualitative methods, mixed method approach, to achieve their goal and make their studies more reliable and easy to accept by more researchers who own multiple philosophical position(or just at cross purposes).

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Ontology is a theory of what exists, and epistemology is a theory of what is it and how to get it. Ontology is divided into objectivism and subjectivism, they are two beliefs of how to know facts. Epistemology is divided into objective and subjective, they are the basis for judgment. The people who follow objectivism prefer to use the objective to know the fact and the truth. Opposite, the people who believe subjectivism would trust subjective to know the fact and the truth. Overall, ontology is the way to know facts, and epistemology is the tool to know the fact.

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The Ontology examines the nature of reality.However the Epistemology observe nature in a philosophy aspect,It investigate the possibility limits structure methods and validity of knowledge,so Ontology is  about how to view the world and Epistemology is  about how we should investigate the world.Also the Objectivism of Ontology correspond the Positivism of Epistemology,and the Subjectivism just correspond the Interpretivism of Epistemology.

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Ontology, basically determines how people view the reality. And epistemology mainly concerns how people get knowledge from the reality. For example, if people think there is only one real world which is objectivism and that means people can see the same thing through observations. If people think the world is different for different people from different perspectives, that is subjectivism so people find things through their own experiences and emotions. Therefore, the link is that how people elicit knowledge from the world depends on how they view the world.

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n other words, epistemology deals with theories of knowledge. Ontology is concerned with the existential conditions related to material, social, cultural and political contexts.

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Both ontology and epistemology are mainly based on researchers' belief in the concept of the world and personal persuasion, and have certain methodological consequences. Ontology is prior to epistemology in logic. Some ontological standpoints lead to epistemological standpoints.

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sorry for upload timeout
The study of ontology focuses on the things that exist in reality, and the point of concern is the things that human beings can acquire knowledge and actually exist. However, epistemology emphasizes how knowledge is acquired, the study of how humans understand reality and acquire knowledge. Epistemology is based on ontology, which is the basis of research. The researcher first need to know the reality then acquire knowledge.

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Shuangyi HE                 Ontology is the philosophy study from the very beginning and it is the study of the natural of being, it covers what exist in the physical world and the reality. in the meantime, ontology often concerns entities and facts on social research. However, epistemology is more likely to be a study of recognizing and understanding of the world and society, the significant point is that how to know the world and deepen the knowledge. Moreover, epistemology is based on ontology, without the term ontology, epistemology could not exist.           

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Shuangyi HE                 Ontology is the philosophy study from the very beginning and it is the study of the natural of being, it covers what exist in the physical world and the reality. in the meantime, ontology often concerns entities and facts on social research. However, epistemology is more likely to be a study of recognizing and understanding of the world and society, the significant point is that how to know the world and deepen the knowledge. Moreover, epistemology is based on ontology, without the term ontology, epistemology could not exist.           

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I think the relationship between the two is related to each other on the one hand, and different on the other. Ontology and epistemology are the relationship between decision and being decided. What kind of ontology will have what kind of epistemology. The difference between ontology and epistemology lies in their different functions. Ontology represents the basis, and epistemology represents subordination.

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Ontological research focuses on things that exist in reality, while epistemology is more inclined to study the way human beings understand reality and learn knowledge. I think the study of epistemology is based on the study of ontology.

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From my personal point of view, taking an apple for example, I think that ontology means that the apple exists objectively, because it is an objective truth that most people agree with, and it will not change its properties just because someone thinks it is snow pear or some other fruit. Whereas the epistemology is more focused on understanding the apple from the perspective of the individual, from the subjective consciousness, some people may think it is fresh, some people may think it is too old, it depends on different people's thinking.
I think the relationship between ontology and epistemology is complementary, because ontology is also composed of human epistemology, and epistemology is a divergence of ontology.
This is my point.

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ontology is the nature of something, and theory of being. the epistemology is the theory of knowledge, and is about how we can know something. when we get approach something, the first thing we think about is what is it, that's something about ontology. And after that, we start to think about how can we know something? how is knowledge acquired? all these questions are about the nature of knowledge, which is epistemology questions. And for their relationship, I think ontology is basic of everything, I can have a guess about this. it's like how a little baby grow up. When we talk about ontology, the baby is just trying to know the world, he needs to know the concept of being, and we he grow up a little bit, he start to think how can I know knowledge, and the knowledge I'm studying, what is it? If he continue thinking, he may think about some methodologies, in this part things get less abstract, he has two ideas, quantitative/ qualitative, also he can do both. fianlly, according to his methodologies, he can choose methods: interview, survey, etc.

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SORRY FOR THE LATE

Ontology is concerned with what actually exists in the world in which humans can acquire knowledge. Epistemology foucses on how knowledge can be acquired, and the relationship between them can be expressed as 'ontology logically precedes epistemology' (Hay, 2002: p.63), i.e. you have to know the reality first, and then you can know how to gain knowledge. In other words, ontology is the basis of Epistemology

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Ontology contains the content of objectivism and subjectivism. Epistemology is base on the ontology and it includes positivism and interpretivism. Epistemology gains knowledge from observation, measurement and experiment. However, observation is objectivism. After all, epistemology comes from ontology and develop its own content from it.

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The method used to gather and analyse data for some research and hypothesis.It divided into two categories which used to solve problem in different aspect and has same scientific.

Quantitative method summarize information from questionnaires and interview.The research through this way is more macroscopic.Also qualitative method is a more subjective method,it’s emphasize in meaning of different aspects of people’lives, and fous on how to understand the people’s behavior and beliefs.

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Mixed methods have several beneficial on researching. First of all, it allows researchers to have an opportunity to associated with other field of study deeply and widely. Meanwhile, it could enrich the knowledge and deepen the understanding of researching from triangulation. In addition, advanced topic and questions could be found and built up. In general, mixed methods can clarify and extend the research fields and somehow better than only using one specific methodology such as qualitative and quantitative part.

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Mixed methods have several beneficial on researching. First of all, it allows researchers to have an opportunity to associated with other field of study deeply and widely. Meanwhile, it could enrich the knowledge and deepen the understanding of researching from triangulation. In addition, advanced topic and questions could be found and built up. In general, mixed methods can clarify and extend the research fields and somehow better than only using one specific methodology such as qualitative and quantitative part.

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When we use quantitive method or qualitative there maybe have some limit and we can’t find the result from the research.The mix method is a method use both these methods in different part of the assert and provide two different angle of view,and then find out whether the  result was correspond or not.

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First of all, the mixed method fill in the blank that quantitative method and qualitative method leave. For example, quantitive method is lack of background analysis and subjective factors. And qualitative method is short of objective analysis. Secondly, the mixed method offers new thoughts on  triangulation. In other words, mixed method introduce different opinion or angles for the research. Lastly, it may cost time and more money than use one single method, but it can provide more evidence and more possibilities to exam what is right for the research.

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mixed research methods can combine the benefits of quantitative methods and qualitive methods, which can not only help researchers intuitively obtain the overall characteristics of the research object, but also help researchers to understand the particularity of the research object.  This means that researchers can have a more comprehensive and detailed understanding of the research objects through mixed research.

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Mixed methods research can better combine research problems for specific analysis. For example, if it is a social problem, the qualitative research method may not be so accurate in determining the results. At this time, if the quantative research method is combined with the data analysis, the conclusion will be more persuasive and meaningful for reference. This is the advantage of the comprehensive research method in my opinion.

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Correct selection of research methods can effectively collect data and improve research efficiency and accuracy.
It is necessary to use different research methods in different situations, and scientific research should be matched with reasonable research methods.

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Mixed methods research can be used to collect data in a variety of ways, which improves the objectivity and accuracy of data.And effectively covers the research needs of all aspects.

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I think the advantages of mixed research methods are that researchers can use quantitative analysis method to make up for the deficiency of qualitative analysis method, and also can use qualitative analysis method to make up for the deficiency of quantitative analysis. For example, conversations between researchers and interviewees can be used to supplement data analysis deficiencies and data analysis can also be used to improve the accuracy of pictures or conversations.

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When using mixed methods on research, we can usually bear fruits from both quantitative and qualitative research, these result can either widen our understanding on a research question, or one answer can used as basis of another one. It offers a sight which can be both objective and subjective, and helps people to understand more in-depth.

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Compared to using quantitative methods or qualitative methods along, firstly, it can provides the researcher a close-up illustration of a bigger picture or some background information for a specific events. Secondly, it could reply to different conceived questions which can not be answer with quantitative method or qualitative method along. Thirdly, it achieves more accurate measurement according to triangulation. Lastly, using mixed methods can develop researcher’s skill in both quantitative and qualitative methods, such as be more strict in conceptual thinking, find alternative ways in answering research questions and even identify new questions.

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Mixed method design collects the advantages of both quantitative method and qualitative method simultaneously.
It means mixed method will provide more research details and multidimensional positions when process the research.

In some areas where the structure of knowledge is unclear, the research that uses mixed method design could produce panorama and details at the same time.

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How we difine crime showes our moral values. If we just follow the law and think law is the total moral law, we may not get progress. We define crime to point which people can do and which can not.
However, because the different law in different country, researchers need to confirm what is allowed by law in research. Different definitions of crime will lead to different experimental results.

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Different reseach methods suitablr for different questions. Some question focus on the truth, the others want to confirm words. On the first type study, people need to find the detail and true evidence and deep understanding. The next one needs researchers give the data or other large evidence to confirm that it is normal. Clearly understanding research methods can help researcher to distinguish which type method can be used or helpful to research topic.

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First of all, questions explored through research methods are more academic and persuasive. In my opinion, it is the basis and standard of research experiments, and it can determine the direction and target of our research. Secondly, through data analysis and process study, researchers can better judge and analyze the hypothesis results, so I think the research method is very important.

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“How should we collect the research data that we need? Is
the data we collected from the public reliable or relevant to our research study?How can we better analyze the data? Are the findings discovered from the analysis
validated?”
These are the common questions that we would encounter when
we are conducting our research studies. By studying how we can carry out the research studies with proper research methods, these questions can be tackled easily.
With the help of these internationally well-recognized research methods, we can then find out which research methods could best suit our research topics. We can also easily neglect the useless or unreliable research data and so, a more convincing and trustworthy research finding can be resulted.

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Studying research methods can help me obtain information about research objects more efficiently.  The quantitative method can very intuitively reflect the general situation of the research object, and I can quickly understand the basic characteristics of the research object through the data or tables it provides.  The qualitative method can help me understand the details and individual characteristics of the research object, which is beneficial to my deeper and more detailed exploration of the research object.

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From the overview, it is essential to affect how to determine the whole research direction and structures. Choosing different types of methodologies can reflect the focus which experts want to emphasize. For instance, by using quantitative methodology, researchers have the capacity of measuring facts and truth, the general and big statistics, and following scientific method to conduct and accomplish. So it is very suitable for large-volume reaching and reports over countries or areas. On the other hand, by using qualitative methodology contains narrow issues and experiences, it also involves a large number of participant observations. Thus, it is significant to understand opinions and collect social behavior reactions to the research.Overall, the different methods what experts using can indicate the article’s main points.

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From the overview, it is essential to affect how to determine the whole research direction and structures. Choosing different types of methodologies can reflect the focus which experts want to emphasize. For instance, by using quantitative methodology, researchers have the capacity of measuring facts and truth, the general and big statistics, and following scientific method to conduct and accomplish. So it is very suitable for large-volume reaching and reports over countries or areas. On the other hand, by using qualitative methodology contains narrow issues and experiences, it also involves a large number of participant observations. Thus, it is significant to understand opinions and collect social behavior reactions to the research.Overall, the different methods what experts using can indicate the article’s main points.

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By studying different research methods, you would find different answers of a same topic, like poverty, if you look at the poverty in a quantitative way, you figure out the poverty rate in different society by using datas and offer an conclusion as compensate people who live in poverty. If you look at poverty in a qualitative way, you may end up with why poverty happens, why poor people can not get rich even if they receive the same education with the rich ones? and more importantly, what should we do apart from giving money to them. So research methods can be considered as mirrors. By studying the research method, we would know the questions have different answers when researching in different way, and the more angles we concern or look at it, the more we reach to the truth of the topics

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Why is research methods so important for researchers?
Why how to shot photos important for photographers?
Why how to drive cars important for  drivers?
Every occupational field has it own knowledge structure and value system.
In the social science studies, appropriate methods and methodologies decide how researches are produced and if the results of researches are reliable.
Also, studying diverse and useful researches methods enable us to find specific one to process the unique research topic.

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First of all, research method is a fundamental element for doing a report. These methods contribute to what kind of information our researcher will reach. During the process of conducting a research, it is not only about what, why and how, it is more about what is going to be in the future. Quantitative method can show the evidence in terms of numbers, data, rates and so on. While qualitative method can describe the condition, circumstance, and even explanation. Both method fill the gap which the other one leave. Using different method can make the argument more realistic and more comprehensive.

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Because according to study research method, firstly, we have an overview of the research process. Secondly, we know how we could adopt different methods when we research something independently. Thirdly, we can learn how to collect as well as analyse data. Finally, we have the ability to distinguish good research and bad research. And all of above is so important and helpful for our study, so study research method is important for us as well.

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It is very important to define crime. It allows people to understand clearly what kind of behavior is not accepted by the public.  This is instructive, because when people know clearly and specifically which behaviors will be punished, most people will avoid these behaviors because they are afraid of punishment, thereby making society more harmonious.  When we define crime, we must carefully distinguish between abnormal behavior and criminal behavior.  In my opinion, the definition of crime is the bottom line of abnormal behavior.  It is a measure of the acceptable and unacceptable standard of a behavior.  Once this standard is too high, in other words, once the law is too strict, it will make people lose their freedom to a certain extent, but if the law is too lax, the society may become unstable.  In addition, for criminologists, they need to know that the definition of crime will continue to change as the social ideology changes, and researchers should also consider the reasons why criminals commit crimes.

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Sorry for posting answer late!

Ontology is an essential Philosophical concept/topic about what the is nature/essence of world/existence.

Epistemology is if people can know/master the truth of reality and what is the source, effectiveness and application range of knowleage.

Individuals’ ontology has decisive influence on epistemology hold by them. (Although I am told by this in class, I am still confused.) Just like objectivism will lead to positivism and subjectivism will lead to interpretivism.

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In one thousand countries we may get one thousand ways to define crime duo to the law systems enacted.
So we cannot use the same criteria to evaluate the crime in different countries even regions.
If the researchers want to analysis the crime, they must need to provide the targeted definition  in specific areas, then writing the necessary context information for the audiences better understanding .

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Undoubtedly, the definition of crime is a fundamental question of criminology .
clarifying the definition of crime is the first step in understanding crime and is a prerequisite for elaborating criminology. It is manifest that what behaviour is required to be prohibited. Also it is a essential condition for creating a peaceful and harmonic environment for further development of the society. However, different communities might have different cultures and norms that they might have different unwanted behaviours. Therefore, different communities might have different definitions to what crime is . For instances, feeding pigeons per se is not morally incorrect and it does not cause any harm to the mankind, it is a stern crime in Singapore. Moreover, mere possession of obscene photos can be categorized as a severe criminal offence according to the Panel Code of Singapore albeit it is legitimate to do so in many other countries. Hence, different countries have different unwanted behaviours and they will have different definitions of crime. As such, the topics of research studies in the realm of criminology in different countries should be different. Understanding the correct direction of how to determine the definition of crime is thus crucial for researchers in to choose the most suitable research topics for a particular community.

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When people talk about the word crime, most of the impression is of fear and dread. However, there are still regional and cognitive differences in the definition of crime. The definition of crime is very important, because crime will affect social stability and people's life. The crime itself violates national laws,  moral and ethical prisoners should be punished. A definition of crime would bring the truly guilty to justice and allow for a better separation of sentencing times. When studying a case, researchers can not only start from the consequences of the case, but also analyze the background, frequency and cycle of the case to make the study more targeted. Meanwhile，they also can analyze the crime rate of today's society, which can reduce the crime rate in the future.

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The clarity of the definition of crime allows one to know what kind of behavior will be punished. It not only serves as a warning to people, but also provides criteria for how to judge crime. Therefore, I think it is important to give a definition of crime. At the same time, the definition of crime is beneficial to the research of researchers. For example, the analysis of crime data, impact and how to prevent crime is based on this criterion. In general, the criteria for defining crime are very important which will help maintain social stability.

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The crime means an offence behavior break the social order and the legal rules.It’s different with the deviance which means someone do some thing that can;t be accept by others.

Deviance included crime and crime is more serious which beyond the the offence behavior,it may heavily effect other people normal life and safety condition.Also be punished by the government.

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Having a clear view of crime helps researchers continue to push for better policing and the law.Researchers can know for sure whether someone's behavior is immoral or criminal, which will help their research.

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the definitions for crime would be closely related to how we measure a behaviour as crime. For example, how we define intentional injury would influence the judgement about if a behaviour is intentional injury or righteous defence.
For people who research law or criminology, the current definitions of crime offer them a insight of what crime is, making them to think about what is the reason and how to reduce crime. Besides, the define of crime can be change over time, by comparing what is deviance in our social world and what has been defined as crime, researchers can gradually change the definitions of crime, so the law can be reliable for civilizations.

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We can’t find something out unless we already know what it is about. How to define crime is so important because it distinguish what can and can not be accepted by the society. People know what may hurt others and thus avoid these behaviours. Without an exact definition of crime, researchers can’t make a distinction of their studies, and statistical data would be lost, therefore researchers have nothing to find and nothing can help them to find.

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I think it is very important and it will be more rigorous and significant in the future. People who violate the law or threaten the security of communities and resistents, they must be punished justly for their crime. Because they are security risks and they can commit more serious crimes at any time. On the other hand, the punishment should not be too severe. Due to heavy punishment discourages criminals from returning to society. So how to correctly convict and punish is always a very difficult and important thing.

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Giving a definition of crime means to set limitation on a set of behaviour. It indicates what kind of human behaviour is not allowed to do and turn to take punishment. Making a clarification between illegal behaviour and deviance shows the forgiveness of humanity to some extent. The way of assessing the standard of crimes can set a scope for researchers and tell them what need to be focused. It may encourage researchers to analyze why some specific crime happens and how to prevent these crime, which makes better for future.

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It is significant important. Crime defined as invasive the law and rules in formal way. And it is should be punished. Otherwise, it could allow the society into chaos and lack of security, one of the essential factor is develop a safe society, Based on that, the extensive developments have change to be thrive and flourish. For the researcher and experts in criminology, they should consider the standard of collecting data and statistics, in the meantime, how to analyse effectively. There are three aspects should justify, different time period, different kind of survey and what types of crimes should focus on. All of these above are difficult to show the comparison and contrast.

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It is significant important. Crime defined as invasive the law and rules in formal way. And it is should be punished. Otherwise, it could allow the society into chaos and lack of security, one of the essential factor is develop a safe society, Based on that, the extensive developments have change to be thrive and flourish. For the researcher and experts in criminology, they should consider the standard of collecting data and statistics, in the meantime, how to analyse effectively. There are three aspects should justify, different time period, different kind of survey and what types of crimes should focus on. All of these above are difficult to show the comparison and contrast.

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Income levels, setting by the World Bank as the criteria, would be a practical measurement in testing poverty, but actually, it has problems in the methodology. Poverty has it most-accepted definition linked to sustainable life, which not only includes income levels, but also many other factors we can see such as clean water, basic food needs, medical treatment and so on. So the definition by the World Bank we can say is ex parte.

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Poverty relative to many aspects but not based on the wealth.It’s a multidimensional problem contain education, health care also inequality.So if we only defined poverty in wealth aspect,apparently,it's not precise.It means we choose to ignore other problems,in that way we can’t solve poverty radically.

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Relying on income to judge whether people are poor is very one-sided. Because the same income level can produce different values in different countries. In some countries, the prices of basic living materials are very cheap and there are many non-profit organizations. People in these countries cannot be defined as poverty even if their income is very low.
For example, in China, there are many public welfare organizations in China, the most famous is the "Hope Project". This organization can provide free primary schools and food to ensure children's education and life. At the same time, there are also some religious charity organizations in China. These nonprofit organizations can provide unlimited free food and water. So if a person lives in China and has no income, he may not face a crisis of survival.

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I think this defination is only one-sided，poverty can be defined in other aspects.In Addition，different countries have different income and outcome level，it only can  proved that poverty related to income on some level. People use their income in different aspects, if they can live comfortable, eat and work happily, it can not say they are poverty.Only the person who are trouble with basic living situation can be regarded as poverty.Thus,I
think this definition states that poverty is related to income levels is need to be deep discussion.

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Because the factors that cause poverty are not determined by the income level alone. Poverty may also be related to geographical location, climate, and the level of development of the country as a whole. For example, this person's income can only support basic living in developed countries. However, this person's income can afford a house in a developing country. At the same time, there is a gap between the World Bank statistics and the actual situation, as some countries make their statistics obsolete or lost because of war and poverty. Therefore, there are limitations if poverty only considers income levels.

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The World Bank only notice personal income.However somepeople their money can hold their live if they don't need to use it to help their family. Some family only have one member to earn money for his family. If so, they also can be called in porverty.

At the same time, porverty not only be shown on one side. Some people don't have clean water to use, enough time to rest, the power to get equlity education, and so on. They can be called in porvverty.

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At first, many countries lack survey data that show how income and consumption are distributed among their citizens, but the World Bank ignored this situation. In addition, the definition of "poverty" is relative, it is connect many different factors not only income, but also education, medical resource, region  etc. For example, a family has $2000 per month in developed countries like UK, it is considered poor. Compared with the same family in developing countries or underdeveloped country, the family would have a high quality of life.

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Incomes are different with the actual money available.
Generally when a family with a child, the methods of measuring income usually use family as a unit.But in real life, some parents don't want to spend money on child, which could make  the child a de facto orphan.
These children actually should be seen people in poverty.But in the method using incomes to define poverty.They cannot be calculated in the poverty number and get help.
Situation above is just one kind of shortages.

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The poverty contains an amount of aspects, income levels only one reason to describe and analyse. the definition defined by world bank and states illustrate that economic factor and individual choices. The process of Measuring poverty cannot cover all the data and statistics, which means amount of numbers still without counting, based on that, some places or regions are living in somewhere without incomes are hard to calculate.

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Because it ignores several factors which can be complete different according countries' location, social environment and so forth.

To be specific, the first reason is the IPL adopted its data from poor and tropical countries, which means the costs to defend coldness are not inculded.

The development degree of country is the second reason, people who live developed countries tend to  pay higher prices for shelter, social contect which lead to higher costs for basic living

the third factor is IPL does not include the cost for education, clean water and medical care, which means people who are above IPL line may still die because of poverty

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In many deveping countries,poverty is the inability to meet basic needs of food andclothing.In addition,for much of developed word,poverty is a matter of policy and income inequality.
I have been to one of our poor vliages.I found that one of the most important factors in determing poverty was literacy.That’s because there is not a single college student in the village.

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The captioned comment although is prima facie controversial, it is literally not incorrect. But if we put this statement in realistic situation and neglect to scrutinize other attributes,inter alia, like the annual GDP, the population density and the supply of housing or even the likelihood of outbreak of large-scale pandemic and the standard of medical service of that community, etc., solely counting on the income levels to define whether an individual is poor or not is way too reckless.
USD2,000 per month may be defined as “poor” in many developed countries like the US and the United Kingdom. But USD2,000 per month is actually a rather fruitful income in some developing countries,e.g. the Africa and India.

Moreover, if there is a case that an individual can earn USD8,000 per month in a specific community but the hygienic condition of that community is egregiously poor. Living in that community has a high risk of exposing an individual to a fatal disease. Even though the death rate over there is high, the medical service is still very limited. Hence, every individual has to spend over 70% of his income for medical services. Can we still conceive that individual as not poor?
Poverty itself is perhaps a comparative terminology. It is not pertinent to simply apply the definition suggested by the World Bank to the whole world radically without taking into account other decisive factors. That is why someone would argue that this definition is problematic.

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This is not entirely true, because even people with high incomes in developing countries may be relatively poor when they move to developed countries because of currency asymmetries.Conversely, a person who has a low income in a developed country and goes to a developing country may become very rich.So a person's wealth cannot be measured by his income level.

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First of all, world bank obviously focus on economic development, so their definition much prefer to money side. However, like we learned from last week, social science is not concerned of just one area, it covers every aspects. Same for poverty, anything limit people from living in a stable life can be linked to poverty. Moreover, even the income level is high in one developing country, the situation can be reversed in developed counties. Using the level of income is not accurate.

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1It’s a subject to research how people live together and work together.

2It’s a guide for government make policy to understand people behavior and improve people livelihood.

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Social science contains knowledge of many disciplines. I think social science mainly studies the relationship between people and society and analyzes the causes and results of the interaction between people and society.

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Social science is to understanding the reason people behave and how to influence they. People live together and improve their life. Studing the reason human behave before can forecast the future and help to develope the life. Why they choose this selection? What impact them? Can we do something to change it?

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Social science means to me that I can understand human behavior and changes in our society more systematically. At the same time, it allows me to think more about my major.(JUNXUAN LI)

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Social science uses a scientific method to study the relationship between man and society.
It is the science that studies various social phenomena, such as sociology, the study of human society (mainly contemporary), political science, the study of politics, policy and political activity, and economics, the study of resource allocation.

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Social science means that there are certain laws in the operation of the society, and we can study and explore the formation and development of such laws, so as to integrate into the society better by combining personal majors.

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Social science means a subject on my timetable which I have to attend three times a week. But in another respect, social science means something which would help me to change the way I think about the world, in a totally different way or a similar way but in which I haven’t ever get to know in depth before.  (Xiaodong Wei)

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Demands of humanity could be classified in two parts. One of them is targeting to objects and the other is targeting to people. How do we product food is dealing with objects and it could be seen as nature science. Correspondingly how do we share food is dealing with people and it could be seen as social science. Compared to the sample above, social science is not simple like that in most cases. Any kind of behaviour or interaction between people could be seen as the topic of social scientific research.

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I think social sciences as a new field to study  the variety phenomena of human beings in society. For example, why some people are sociable, but others avoid it all the time like me.(Weiyi Tao)

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I think social sciences as a new field to study  the variety phenomena of human beings in society. For example, why some people are sociable, but others avoid it all the time like me.(Weiyi Tao)

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i think the social sciences are about understanding the way humans behave and interact with each other.(Lin)

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i think the social sciences are about understanding the way humans behave and interact with each other.(Lin)

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Social Science is kind of a container consists of amount of aspects, somehow it could provide us to facing the whole reality world. (Shuangyi HE ) 

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Social Science is kind of a container consists of amount of aspects, somehow it could provide us to facing the whole reality world. (Shuangyi HE ) 

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Social Science is about the behavior of people and how does it influence the world. To be specific, all of the individual and collective behaviors, no matter it is positive or negative, have a reason. Studying on Social Science aims to figure out the reason and try to lead the action to a result that benefit our society.(Hongwei Xing)

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Social Science is about the behavior of people and how does it influence the world. To be specific, all of the individual and collective behaviors, no matter it is positive or negative, have a reason. Studying on Social Science aims to figure out the reason and try to lead the action to a result that benefit our society.(Hongwei Xing)

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What does 'social science' mean to you?

Add a response by clicking on the '+' sign above this post.  Dont forget to include your name when you answer :)

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Social Science could be one big subject which covers lots of aspects of society. (Qiqi. Zhu)

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Social Science could be one big subject which covers lots of aspects of society. (Qiqi. Zhu)

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Why is it important to study research methods?

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Why do you think it matters how we define crime? What difference does it make for the researcher?

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What is mixed methods research good for?

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Every week, you will be asked to give an answer to a question. Don't worry about finding 'the right' answer - each question posted here will have many possible answers. Go with what you think is right!

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Does epistemology determine the choice of methodology and methods?

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What is the link between ontology and epistemology?

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In the video for Lesson 1 this week two definitions of poverty were mentioned. One of them is by the World Bank and states that poverty is linked to income levels. Why is this definition problematic?