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Berlin Wall

The Communist Government of the German Democratic Republic on August 31, 1961 began to build barbed wire and concrete between East and West Berlin. The Berlin wall in German is called “Berliner Maier” it Surrounds West Berlin towards East Berlin and adjacent areas of East Germany during the period 1961 to 1989. For many years, the Berlin wall that separated East Germany acted as physical barrier which symbolize the division at the time. From tiny structure of sandbags and barbed wire to permanent concrete with two guard towers and patrolling soldiers, the Berlin wall grew to become one of the most prominent political symbols of the century.
The Berlin wall stood until November 9, 1989, when the head of the East German Communist party announcing that citizens can cross the border at any time. That night happy crowd filled the walls. Some cause war freely to West Berlin while others take hammers and pickaxes and start destroying the wall themselves. To this day, the Berlin wall remains one of the most powerful and long-lasting symbols of the cold war.

BERLIN SEPARATOR
The second world war ended in 1945 at the Allied Peace Conference in Alta and Potsdam to determine the fate of German territory. The decided the losing country into four "Allied Occupation Zone": The Eastern part of the country would go to Soviet Union, while the Western part would do to the United States, Great Britain and France.
Although Berlin was located entirely within the Soviet side (located about 100 miles from the border between the eastern and western occupation zones), the Yalta and Potsdam treaties divided the city into sectors.

BLOCKADE AND CRISIS
As Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev put it, the very existence of West Berlin, a conspicuous capitalist city deep within communist East Germany, was “stuck like a bone in the throat.
In 1948, the Soviet blockade of West Berlin aimed to starve the western Allies. However, instead of retreating, the United States and its allies supplied their urban sector from the air. this effort, known as the Berlin Airlift, lasted for more than a year and delivered more than 2.3 million tonnes of food, fuel and other goods to West Berlin. The Soviets finally lifted the blockade in 1949.
After a decade of relative calm, tensions flared again in 1958. Over the next three years, the Soviets were encouraged by the successful launch of the previous year's Sputnik satellite during the “Space Race” and coupled with the seemingly endless flow of refugees from east to west (nearly 3 million since the end of the blockade, many of them young skilled workers such as doctors, teachers and engineers), began to bully and make threats.
Summits, conferences and other negotiations come and go without a resolution. Meanwhile, the flood of refugees continues. In June 1961, about 19,000 people left the GDR via Berlin. The following month, 30,000 fled. In the first 11 days of August, 16,000 East Germans crossed the border into West Berlin, and on August 12 about 2,400 followed, once it was the biggest defection from East Germany in a single day.

BEELIN WALL BUILT
That night, Prime Minister Khrushchev gave the East German government permission to stop the flow of emigrants by closing the borders for good. In just two weeks, East German soldiers, police and volunteer construction workers have completed the makeshift barbed wire and concrete block walls that separate one side of the city from the other.
Before the wall was built, Berliners on both sides of the city could move freely enough to cross the East-West border for work, shopping or other activities.
After the wall was built, it became increasingly difficult for people to get from East Berlin to West, because if they wanted to leave they had to go through one of three checkpoints: at Helmstedt ("Checkpoint Alpha" in American military parlance), in Dreilinden ("Checkpoint Bravo") and in central Berlin on Friedrichstrasse ("Checkpoint Charlie"), although eventually, the GDR built 12 outposts. Inspection along the wall.
At each checkpoint, East German soldiers screened diplomats and other officials before they were allowed in or out. Except in special circumstances, travelers from East Berlin and the West is rarely allowed to cross the border.

THE FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL
On November 9, 1989, as the Cold War was winding down across Eastern Europe, a spokesman for the East Berlin Communist Party announced a change in the city's relations with the West. Starting at midnight that day, he announced that the citizens of the GDR were free to cross national borders. East and West Berliners flocked to the walls, drinking beer and champagne and chanting "Open the gate!"). At midnight, they flood the checkpoint
More than 2 million people from East Berlin visited West Berlin that weekend to participate in celebrations one journalist wrote as “the biggest street party in history world." People used hammers and pickaxes to knock down chunks of walls, while cranes and bulldozers knocked down pieces. Soon the wall is gone and Berlin is united for the first Berlin bersatu untuk pertama kalinya sejak 1945.

Name: Nurmalita Dwi Astuti
Class: X IPS2
Number: 23

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The fall of Constantinople was the conquest of the capital of the Byzantine Empire. The Roman Empire was split into two, Roman Catholicism in the Vatican and Greek Orthodox in Byzantium or Constantinople. both as centers of civilization. Constantine the Great chose the city on the Bosphorus as its capital, for strategic reasons on the borders of Europe and Asia, both on the Silk Road and on the sea between the Mediterranean and Black Seas and was considered the best point as a cultural center of the world, at least in geopolitical conditions at that time.

Constantinople was defeated by Muhammad al-Fatih. He was born on March 29, 1432 AD in Adrianapolis (Turkish-Bulgarian border) He ascended the throne at the age of 19 and reigned for 30 years (1451 – 1481). He died on May 3, 1481 of gout while on a jihad journey to the center of the Western Roman Empire in Rome, Italy.

The fall of Constantinople began on Friday, April 6, 1453. Al-Fatih started the attack on Constantinople but before that he made a strategy. One cannon designed by Orban called the "Basilika" was 27 feet (8.2 m) high and capable of throwing a 600 lb (272 kg) gun for 1 mile (1.6 km).

Mehmed planned to attack the Theodosia Wall, which was the most intricate part of the wall and moat that protected Constantinople from attacks coming from the west. His troops camped outside the city on the Monday after Easter, April 2, 1453. The army was given the opportunity to pray and rest on the 28th, and then the final attack would be launched.

After the initial attack, the Ottoman army spread throughout the town of Mese, skipping the major forums, and missing the Church of the Holy Apostles, which Mahmed II wanted to serve as the seat of the patriarch he would appoint, which would help him to better control his Christian people. Mehmed II had sent soldiers to protect important buildings such as the church. Finally with this attack Constantinople was conquered by Muhammad al-Fatih.

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The French revolution began with extortion in the form of an unreasonable tax payment regulation to cover the losses caused by the war. At that time the French feudal government divided society into 3 classes, namely kings and nobles (group-1), landlords and religious leaders (group-2), and commoners (group-3).
This class division affects the tax policy issued. The first and second groups are not required to pay taxes, while the third group is obliged. In addition to paying taxes to the state, citizens of this 3rd group also sometimes have to pay taxes to landlords. This creates social inequality and people's dissatisfaction, the majority of whom are in the 3rd group.
The disagreement culminated when the people asked that group-1 and group-2 had to pay taxes. Unfortunately, the king did not approve of it. The people finally held an assembly and declared that things would be more just and better for them.
By July 1789, chaos broke out. Paris turned into a sea of ​​terror. Looting, rioting, and arson took place throughout the city. The royal army was deployed to calm the crowd, but a shooting occurred which injured several people. The increasingly angry people came to the Bastille prison on July 14, 1789. The crowd broke in to take weapons and released those who were being held.
This prison break is a symbol of the collapse of the king's power and the taking of power by the people. This practically rendered the French empire inoperative and the government frozen. The people with the spirit of Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite (freedom, equality, and brotherhood) formulated a new government in the form of a republic.
Inspired by America's The Declaration of Independence, France issued a Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (or in French as in assets). This declaration guarantees the equal rights and obligations of French citizens, and protects them legally. No difference from each other.
Unfortunately, the formation of this republic had to be paid dearly by the citizens of France. Anyone who rejects the revolution and supports the kingdom will be beheaded with a tool called the Guillotine. In this period (1789-1799) about 40,000 French people had to end their lives in the Guillotine including King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette who were considered traitors because they wanted to escape.

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On July 20, 1969, the dream to visit the moon came true. Two American astronauts landed on the moon. Their names were Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin.
The first thing the men discovered was that the moon is covered with gray dust. The dust is so thick that the men left footprints wherever they walked. Those were the first footprints any living thing had ever made on the moon.
The two astronauts walked on the moon for four hours. They picked up rocks for earth scientists to study. They dug up dirt to bring back to earth. They set up machines to find out things scientists wanted to know. Then they dimbed back into their moon-landing craft.
Next day the landing-craft rockets roared as the two men blasted off from the moon. They joined Michael Collins in the space ship that waited for them above the moon. Then they began the long trip back to earth.Behind them they left the craters, plains, and tall mountains of the moon. They left the machines they had set up. And they left footprints that may last forever.

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The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the No. 4 reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, near the city of Pripyat in the north of the Ukrainian SSR in the Soviet Union. It is considered the worst nuclear disaster in history both in cost and casualties. It is one of only two nuclear energy accidents rated at seven the maximum severity on the International Nuclear Event Scale, the other being the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan. The initial emergency response, together with later decontamination of the environment, involved more than 500,000 personnel and cost an estimated 18 billion Soviet rubles.

The accident occurred during a safety test on the steam turbine of an RBMK-type nuclear reactor. During a planned decrease of reactor power in preparation for the test, the power output unexpectedly dropped to near-zero. The operators were unable to restore the power level specified by the test program, which put the reactor in an unstable condition. This risk was not made evident in the operating instructions, so the operators proceeded with the test. Upon test completion, the operators triggered a reactor shutdown. But a combination of operator negligence and critical design flaws had made the reactor primed to explode. Instead of shutting down, an uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction began, releasing enormous amounts of energy.

The core melted down and two or more explosions ruptured the reactor core and destroyed the reactor building. This was immediately followed by an open-air reactor core fire. It released considerable airborne radioactive contamination for about nine days that precipitated onto other parts of the USSR and Western Europe, before finally ending on 4 May 1986. Some 70% of fallout landed in Belarus, 16 kilometres away. The fire released about the same amount of contamination as the initial explosion. As a result of rising ambient radiation levels off-site, a 10-kilometre radius exclusion zone was created 36 hours after the accident. About 49,000 people were evacuated from the area, primarily from Pripyat. The exclusion zone was later increased to 30 kilometres when a further 68,000 people were evacuated from the wider area, and later it became the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone covering an area of approximately 2,600 km2.

Chernobyl's health effects to the general population are uncertain. An excess of 15 childhood thyroid cancer deaths were documented as of 2011. A United Nations committee found that to date fewer than 100 deaths have resulted from the fallout. Determining the total eventual number of exposure related deaths is uncertain based on the linear no-threshold model, a contested statistical model. Model predictions of the eventual total death toll in the coming decades vary. The most robust studies predict 4,000 fatalities when solely assessing the three most contaminated former Soviet states, to about 9,000 to 16,000 fatalities when assessing the whole of Europe. Following the disaster, Pripyat was replaced by the new purpose built city of Slavutych.

The USSR built the protective Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant sarcophagus by December 1986. It reduced the spread of radioactive contamination from the wreckage and protected it from weathering. It also provided radiological protection for the crews of the undamaged reactors at the site, which were restarted in late 1986 and 1987. Due to the continued deterioration of the sarcophagus, it was further enclosed in 2017 by the Chernobyl New Safe Confinement. This larger enclosure allows the removal of both the sarcophagus and the reactor debris, while containing the radioactive hazard. Nuclear clean-up is scheduled for completion in 2065.

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The Alcazar of Segovia (Alcazar de Segovia) in Segovia, Castile and Leon, Spain, is an imposing medieval fortress which embodies much of what one would consider to be the ideal vision of a fairy-tale castle, complete with picturesque turrets and cliff-top location.

Though it is believed that a fort has existed on the site since Roman times, the first known written mention of the Alcazar of Segovia is found in twelfth century Christian records. Having started life as an Arab fort, in the thirteenth century, the Alcazar of Segovia made the transition from military stronghold to palatial residence and was slowly renovated in a gothic style, with further changes made in the sixteenth century.

It served as a state prison for almost two centuries before King Charles III founded the Royal Artillery School in 1762. It functioned in this capacity before it was badly damaged by fire in 1862. In 1896, it was handed over to the Ministry of War as a military college. Today, it serves as a museum and military archives building.

The Alcazar of Segovia was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985.

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The Eiffel Tower is an iron tower built on the Champ de Mars on the banks of the River Seine in Paris. The tower has become a global icon of France and one of the most famous structures in the world.

The structure was built between 1887 and 1889 as the entrance to the Exposition Universelle, the World's Fair celebrating the centenary of the French Revolution. Eiffel had originally planned to build a tower in Baecelona, ​​for the Universal Exhibition of 1888, but those in charge of Barcelona City hall found it strange and expensive, and not suited to the city.

After the rejection of the Barcelona Plan, Eiffel sent his draft to those responsible for the Universal Exhibition in Paris, where he built the tower a year later, in 1889. The tower was inaugurated on March 31, 1889, and opened on May 6.

Three hundred workers joined together 18,083 parts of cast iron (a pure form of structural iron), using two and a half million nails, in structural form by Maurice Koechelin. The risk of accident is very great, for an unusual modern skyscraper this tower opens with no middle level except for two platforms. But because Eiffel took a lot of caution, including the use of moving tackles, auxiliary rails and sails, and in this case only one died.

The tower received various criticisms from the public when it was built, calling it disturbing to the eye. The daily newspapers are filled with critical letters from the art community in Paris.

Eiffel had a permit to stand for the tower for 20 years, which meant it had to be demolished in 1909, when ownership was handed over to the City of Paris. The city had planned to demolish it (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower that was easy to take down) but after the tower proved to be profitable in terms of communications, it was left standing after the permit expired.

For example, the Military used it to organize Parisian taxis on the front lines during the First Battle of the Marne, and became a victorious monument to that battle.

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The Meuse-Argonne Offensive, also known as the Battle of the Argonne Forest, was the main battle of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) during World War I. This battle became one of the last major offensive of World War I to take place on the entire Western Front or rather in the French Argonne Lachalade Forest. This battle lasted from September 26, 1918 until the armistice was agreed on November 11, 1918.
The offensive which lasted for 47 days was the largest offensive in United States military history and involved 1.2 million United States troops. This battle was part of the Hundred Days Offensive that ended the war. This battle claimed the lives of more than 350,000 victims including 28,000 German soldiers and 26,277 american soldiers, thus becoming the largest and bloodiest operation for the American Expeditionary forces during World War I, as well as one of the deadliest battles in American history.
The American death toll was exacerbated by the inexperience of the troops, the tactics used in the early stages of the operation, and the spread of the global influenza epidemic known as the "Spanish flu".
The Meuse-Argonne Offensive was very important in breaking down the German barrier and stopping World War I. The Meuse-Argonne attack became a battle that will never be forgotten because it was the largest attack in American history.

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On 15 August, Korea celebrates National Liberation Day of Korea or  Independence Day to celebrate Korea's independence from Japanese colonial rule in 1945.Korea was ruled by Japanese empire in 1910.It all started when Japan made a treaty with the Joseon dynasty of Korea or called Ganghwa Treaty in 1876 and increasing spate of assassinations of Queen Myeongseong at the hands of Japanese agents in 1895.

The peak of Japanese occupation in Korea was when the Eulsa Agreement or the Japan-Korea Protectorate Treaty in 1905 and the annexation agreement in 1910 was declared by both parties in 1965.During the colonial period, Korean people continued to suffer even though the Japanese had built access roads and communications.Japanese occupation of Korea ended with Japan's surrender to the Allies in 1945 at the end of World War II.And then Korea was divided by South Korea and North Korea.

Korea succeeded in independence on August 15, 1945. Japan's colonization of Korea was not a very long time but also not a moment. Korean independence day is not far from Indonesia's independence day.

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Francis Drake and the Voyage of The Golden Hind
During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, many important voyages of discovery were made by sailors in search of new routes, new lands to conquer and treasure to plunder. One of these voyages was made by an English sailor, Francis Drake, in his ship The Golden Hind.
On 13 December 1577 Francis Drake set out from England with five ships. He sailed across the Atlantic Ocean until he reached the coast of South America. The voyage was full of danger and some of the ships were not strong enough, so after some months Drake abandoned two of the ships and continued with just three.
Drake’s own ship was originally called The Pelican, but on the voyage he decided to rename it The Golden Hind.
Nearly a year after leaving England, Drake found a way to reach the Pacific Ocean, through a passage called the Straits of Magellan. Unfortunately, when they reached the Pacific Ocean the ships found themselves in great danger from a terrible storm. The seas were so fierce that one of the ships was destroyed.
After two months the storm came to an end and Drake was able to head northwards along the coast of South America. The ships were now passing through waters that were usually used by Spanish ships, but those ships did not normally meet any enemies there and so Drake was easily able to attack and capture the Spanish ships. Many of them were laden with treasure, which Drake happily seized.
At last Drake’s voyage took him almost to the top of North America where he found a harbour in which he could carry out some repairs to The Golden Hind. Once the ship was ready again Drake sailed westwards across the Pacific and into the Indian Ocean. From there he could sail into the Atlantic and then head back to England.
He arrived home in September 1580. His voyage had lasted nearly three years and he was the first English sailor to lead a voyage that went right the way around the world.

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The 1980 Gwangju Student Massacre

The Gwangju Movement is one of the incidents in South Korean history. After
the assassination of Korea third president Park Chunghee, appeared an army
major general named Chun Doo Hwan. On December 12, 1979, Chun Doo Hwan
announced that the military had changed, to change the army former image,
namely the image that the army was a dictator. No one wanted to believe the
statements of the soldiers. Until finally in the early 1980s, students began
demonstrating against the army which had excess power. May 15, 1980, about
100,000 students who came from all over gathered at Seoul Station. They
gathered to reject the country still ruled by the military. However, at that time a
lot of soldiers were carrying weapons. Because of this, the movement was
disbanded by the student leaders at the time. Other cities did not carry out
democratic movements, only Gwangju continued to struggle for democracy.
Chun Doo Hwan, who at that time held the position of president,
the major media which at that time was the only news media. Meanwhile, he sent
soldiers to Gwangju to kill anyone who disobeyed. As a result of this incident,
many students died because they were beaten or shot by the soldiers. But the city
of Gwangju didn’t give up. Everyone plays a role in this movement. Parents,
children, students, and taxi drivers who at that time played a role in taking the
injured students to the hospital without asking for a penny. Also, the petrol
sellers there are giving free petrol to taxis to help this movement. This incident
officially occurred on May 18, 1980. At first, the people of Gwangju had no
weapons at all. Until in the end they collect weapons to fight the soldiers. But
Chun Doo Hwan didn’t want to lose. He sent helicopters, tanks, and many soldiers
to defeat this Gwangju Movement. On May 25, 1980, Gwangju was declared
defeated. Despite losing, but thanks to this incident in 1987 the Koreans
succeeded in removing Chun Doo Hwan from his position. From then on, Korea
used a voting system in presidential elections.

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World War I, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was an international conflict that began on 28 July 1914 and ended on 11 November 1918. It involved much of Europe, as well as Russia, the United States and Turkey, and was also fought in the Middle East, Africa and parts of Asia. One of the deadliest conflicts in history, an estimated 9 million were killed in combat, while over 5 million civilians died from occupation, bombardment, hunger or disease. The genocides perpetrated by the Ottomans and the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic spread by the movement of combatants during the war caused many millions of additional deaths worldwide.In 1914, the Great Powers were divided into two opposing alliances, the Triple Entente, consisting of France, Russia, and Britain, and the Triple Alliance, made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Tensions in the Balkans came to a head on 28 June 1914 following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the Austro-Hungarian heir, by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia and the interlocking alliances involved the Powers in a series of diplomatic exchanges known as the July Crisis. On 28 July, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia; Russia came to Serbia's defence and by 4 August, the conflict had expanded to include Germany, France and Britain, along with their respective colonial empires. In November, the Ottoman Empire, Germany and Austria formed the Central Powers, while in April 1915, Italy joined Britain, France, Russia and Serbia as the Allied Powers.Facing a war on two fronts, German strategy in 1914 was to defeat France, then shift its forces to the East and knock out Russia, commonly known as the Schlieffen Plan. This failed when their advance into France was halted at the Marne; by the end of 1914, the two sides faced each other along the Western Front, a continuous series of trench lines stretching from the Channel to Switzerland that changed little until 1917. By contrast, the Eastern Front was far more fluid, with Austria-Hungary and Russia gaining, then losing large swathes of territory. Other significant theatres included the Middle East, the Alpine Front and the Balkans, bringing Bulgaria, Romania and Greece into the war.Shortages caused by the Allied naval blockade led Germany to initiate unrestricted submarine warfare in early 1917, bringing the previously neutral United States into the war on 6 April 1917. In Russia, the Bolsheviks seized power in the 1917 October Revolution and made peace in the March 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, freeing up large numbers of German troops. By transferring these to the Western Front, the German General Staff hoped to win a decisive victory before American reinforcements could impact the war, and launched the March 1918 German spring offensive. Despite initial success, it was soon halted by heavy casualties and ferocious defence; in August, the Allies launched the Hundred Days Offensive and although the German army continued to fight hard, it could no longer halt their advance.Towards the end of 1918, the Central Powers began to collapse; Bulgaria signed an Armistice on 29 September, followed by the Ottomans on 31 October, then Austria-Hungary on 3 November. Isolated, facing revolution at home and an army on the verge of mutiny, Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on 9 November and the new German government signed the Armistice of 11 November 1918, bringing the fighting to a close. The 1919 Paris Peace Conference imposed various settlements on the defeated powers, the best known being the Treaty of Versailles. The dissolution of the Russian, German, Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires led to numerous uprisings and the creation of independent states, including Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. For reasons that are still debated, failure to manage the instability that resulted from this upheaval during the interwar period ended with the outbreak of World War II in 1939.

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March 31, 1889 or 126 years ago, a sturdy tower that became a landmark of Paris was opened for the first time. The Eiffel Tower has been completed and is ready to be enjoyed by the local community.

The Eiffel Tower was originally built as one of the exhibitors of the world masterpiece l'Exposition Universelle in Paris which was held to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution.

The building was built for two years from 1887 to 1889, by an architect named Gustave Alexandre Eiffel. Although this building was actually not the result of his design, but two of his subordinates, Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier. Architect Charles Leon Stephen Sauvestre also took part in the construction of the Eiffel.

The tower consists of three floors. The first floor is at a height of 57 meters, the second floor is 115 meters, and the third floor is 276 meters. The tower is 312.27 meters high, plus the antenna height is 324 meters.

Until 1930, the Eiffel which was built of iron weighing 15 thousand tons was designated as the tallest tower in the world.

Even though it looks solid, this tower can actually still be a little swayed when it's windy. Even in 1999, a hurricane had caused the tower to move 13 cm from its original position. In fact, once, due to the Sun, Eiffel slightly inclined up to 18 cm.

In addition, there are many stories behind the existence of this tower. Starting from the rejection of local residents because it is considered dangerous when one day it collapses. Once built, the tower was supposed to be demolished 20 years later.

However, in the end, the people turned their backs to agree because this masterpiece brought benefits to the image of the City of Paris.MENARA EIFFEL
March 31, 1889 or 126 years ago, a sturdy tower that became a landmark of Paris was opened for the first time. The Eiffel Tower has been completed and is ready to be enjoyed by the local community.

The Eiffel Tower was originally built as one of the exhibitors of the world masterpiece l'Exposition Universelle in Paris which was held to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution.

The building was built for two years from 1887 to 1889, by an architect named Gustave Alexandre Eiffel. Although this building was actually not the result of his design, but two of his subordinates, Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier. Architect Charles Leon Stephen Sauvestre also took part in the construction of the Eiffel.

The tower consists of three floors. The first floor is at a height of 57 meters, the second floor is 115 meters, and the third floor is 276 meters. The tower is 312.27 meters high, plus the antenna height is 324 meters.

Until 1930, the Eiffel which was built of iron weighing 15 thousand tons was designated as the tallest tower in the world.

Even though it looks solid, this tower can actually still be a little swayed when it's windy. Even in 1999, a hurricane had caused the tower to move 13 cm from its original position. In fact, once, due to the Sun, Eiffel slightly inclined up to 18 cm.

In addition, there are many stories behind the existence of this tower. Starting from the rejection of local residents because it is considered dangerous when one day it collapses. Once built, the tower was supposed to be demolished 20 years later.

However, in the end, the people turned their backs to agree because this masterpiece brought benefits to the image of the City of Paris.

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                                                       Russian Revolution 1917       

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                                                       Russian Revolution 1917       

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The Russian Revolution of 1917, the Revolution that overthrew the imperial government and put the Bolsheviks in power. Rising government corruption, Tsar Nicholas II's reactionary policies , and Russia's heavy losses in World war I contributed to widespread discontent andeconomic hardship. In February 1917 riots broke out due to food shortages in Petrograd(St.Petersburg). When the army joined the rebeles, Nicholas was forced to abdicate.
An interim government, headed by Georgy Lvov, was appointed in March and tried to continue Russia's participation in World war I, but was opposed by the powerful Petrograd workers' soviet, which supported Russia's withdrawal from the war.
Other Soviets were formed in towns and cities, electing members from factories and military units.The soviet movement was dominated bt the Socialist Revolutionary Party, followed by the Mensheviks and Bolsheviks.  Between March and October , the interim government was reorganized four times; Aleksadr Kerensky became Chairman in July; he survived a coup attempt by Lavr kornilov but was unable to stop Russia's decline into political and military chaos.
By September the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, had achieved majorities in the Petrograd and Moscow Soviets and won increasing support among the hungry urban workes and soldiers. In October they staged a nearly bloodless coup (“October Revolution”), occoupying government buildings and stragic points. Kerensky failed to organize resistance , the fled the country. The soviet congress approved the formation of a new government consisting mostly of Bolsheviks.

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Kristallnacht or Reichskristallnacht literally means the night of glass or the Night of Glass spent the massive or violent anti-Semitic pogroms that occurred on November 9 and 10, 1938. These pogroms occurred throughout Germany, which then included Austria and the Sudetenland region of new Czechoslovakia. Hundreds of synagogues throughout the German Reich were attacked, vandalized, looted and controlled. Many synagogues burned down. Firefighters were ordered to let the synagogue burn. They only prevent the fire from spreading to the surrounding buildings. Thousands of shops owned by people were broken and the windows of merchandise inside were robbed. Jewish burials desecrated. Many Jews were attacked by Storm Troopers (SA).

The Nazi regime had exhausted this as a spontaneous outcry from the death of the German diplomat in Paris, Ernst vom Rath, on November 9, 1938. Who was shot in two days by a German-born Polish Jew, Herschel Grynszpan. The riots were ordered by German Führer Adolf Hitler. This riot resulted in the destruction of 267 synagogues (Jewish houses of worship) in Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland. Meanwhile, 7,500 Jewish-owned shops and businesses were damaged. This incident itself was chosen for Kristallnacht to refer to the shards of glass that were scattered in front of the shop of the Jews who were attacked. There were at least 91 Jews who died during the Kristallnacht. Goebbels itself was destroyed to be stopped at noon on November 10, and then this message was disseminated by the Deutsches Nachrichtenbüro around 16.00.

As the pogrom spread, SS and Gestapo units arrested 20,000 to 30,000 Jewish men and transferred most of them to local prisons in Dachau, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, and other concentration camps. hundreds of people died in the camps as a result of the brutal treatment they endured. Three months later, most were freed but on the condition that they begin the process of emigration from Germany. Kristallnacht is now remembered in Germany through a memorial service. This commemoration is an important component in rebuilding Germany's national identity and also demonstrates Germany's commitment to fighting antisemitism and racism. In German literature itself, the term used is "November pogrom" or Reichspogromnacht, because the term Kristallnacht is considered to distract from the physical violence suffered by the Jews at that time.

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The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of London from Sunday, 2 September to Thursday, 6 September 1666. The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall.
The fire started in a bakery shortly after midnight on Sunday, 2 September, and spread rapidly. The use of the major firefighting technique of the time, the creation of firebreaks by means of demolition, was critically delayed due to the indecisiveness of the Lord Mayor, Sir Thomas Bloodworth. By the time large-scale demolitions were ordered on Sunday night, the wind had already fanned the bakery fire into a firestorm which defeated such measures. The fire pushed north on Monday into the heart of the City. Order in the streets broke down as rumours arose of suspicious foreigners setting fires. The fears of the homeless focused on the French and Dutch, England's enemies in the ongoing Second Anglo-Dutch War; these substantial immigrant groups became victims of street violence. On Tuesday, the fire spread over nearly the whole City, destroying St Paul's Cathedral and leaping the River Fleet to threaten Charles II's court at Whitehall. Coordinated firefighting efforts were simultaneously getting underway. The battle to put out the fire is considered to have been won by two key factors: the strong east wind dropped, and the Tower of London garrison used gunpowder to create effective firebreaks, halting further spread eastward.
The social and economic problems created by the disaster were overwhelming. Flight from London and settlement elsewhere were strongly encouraged by Charles II, who feared a London rebellion amongst the dispossessed refugees. Various schemes for rebuilding the city were proposed, some of them very radical. After the fire, London was reconstructed on essentially the same medieval street plan which still exists today.

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The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a political movement in Russia that culminated in 1917 with the overthrow of the provincial government that had replaced the Russian tsarist system, and led to the founding of the Soviet Union, which lasted until its collapse in 1991.
The Russian Revolution occurred as a result of the authoritarian attitude of Tsar Nicholas II. This action gave birth to the union of the workers, peasants and Russian soldiers. The emergence of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) also influenced the course of the revolution.
The PSD was a party founded by George Plekhanov in 1898, but in 1903 the PSD was
divided into two sects, namely the Mensheviks (social democrats or socialists) led by George Plekhanov and Alexander Karensky while the Bolsheviks (radical revolutionaries or communists) led by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ( Lenin), Leon Trotsky, and Joseph Vissarionovic (Stalin).
Dissatisfaction with the leadership of Tsar Nicholas II. One of the triggers for people's
dissatisfaction with the leadership of Tsar Nicholas II was the Bloody Sunday event (Bloody Sunday 1905). This incident was caused by protests by the people who asked Tsar Nicholas II for justice because they were treated unfairly. This action triggered the death of 1000 people
due to a shootout between the security forces and the demonstrators.

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The French Revolution was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy,while phrases like liberté, égalité, fraternité reappeared in other revolts, such as the 1917 Russian Revolution, and inspired campaigns for the abolition of slavery and universal suffrage.The values and institutions it created dominate French politics to this day.

Its causes are generally agreed to be a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the existing regime proved unable to manage. In May 1789, widespread social distress led to the convocation of the Estates General, which was converted into a National Assembly in June. Continuing unrest culminated in the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July, which led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, including the abolition of feudalism, the imposition of state control over the Catholic Church in France, and extension of the right to vote.

The next three years were dominated by the struggle for political control, exacerbated by economic depressIon and Civil disorder. Opposition from external powers like Austria, Britain, and Prussia resulted in the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in April 1792. Disillusionment with Louis XVI led to the establishment of the French First Republic on 22 September 1792, followed by his execution in January 1793. In June, an uprising in Paris replaced the Girondins who dominated the National Assembly with the Committee of Public Safety, headed by Maximilien Robespierre.

This sparked the Reign of Terror, an attempt to eradicate alleged "counter-revolutionaries"; by the time it ended in July 1794, over 16,600 had been executed in Paris and the provinces. As well as its external enemies, the Republic faced internal opposition from both Royalists and Jacobins and in order to deal with these threats, the French Directory took power in November 1795. Despite a series of military victories, many won by Napoleon Bonaparte, political divisions and economic stagnation resulted in the Directory being replaced by the Consulate in November 1799. This is generally seen as marking the end of the Revolutionary period.

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The history of the statue of liberty in America

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The history of the statue of liberty in America

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On June 17, 1885, the Statue of Liberty which was a gift of friendship from the French arrived in New York Harbor. when shipped, the statue is disassembled into 350 pieces packaged in 200 boxes.The copper and iron statue was reassembled a year later and inaugurated in a ceremony presided over by US President Grover Cleveland.Cleveland is known worldwide as an enduring symbol of freedom and democracy.
The Statue of Liberty was designed by French sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi with the help of Gustave Eiffel, with the aim of commemorating the American Revolution and a century of friendship between the US and France.The statue was originally scheduled for completion in 1876, the 100th anniversary of the US Declaration of Independence.However, fundraising efforts, which included auctions, lotteries and boxing matches, took longer than expected, in both Europe and the US.Until finally making the Statue of Liberty was completed in the summer of 1884 at a cost of 250,000 US dollars.
The Statue of Liberty is a woman in a robe with her arms raised while holding a torch.After being reassembled, the 450,000 pound statue was officially declared on October 28, 1886.However, he revisited this early model when designing the monument now known as the Statue of Liberty.The statue is officially named Liberty Enlightening the World.The National Park Service (NPS) asserts that the Statue of Liberty is modeled after the Roman goddess Liberty or Libertas, and the classic image of Liberty is often depicted as a woman.

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In May 1588 Spain was the most powerful country in the world. King Philip II of Spain was determined to conquer England and become its King. He ordered a large number of ships to be prepared to set sail and invade England.
At first Queen Elizabeth I ignored the rumours of a Spanish Invasion, but soon she came to realise the great danger the country was in and she made sure that England would be prepared for a Battle. Eventually the Spanish were ready and over 100 ships set sail Towards the English Channel.
As soon as the Spanish ships were seen from the English coast, fires were lit on the hills as a signal that the invasion was coming. When the Spanish ships got close enough the English navy closed in and a great sea battle began.
Once the battle began it was obvious to the Spanish that they would be defeated. Not only did the English sailors have stronger and more powerful ships, they also made terrifying use of fire ships –boats that were deliberately set ablaze and then sent in amongst the Spanish fleet.
At last the battle was over. A few Spanish ships escaped and eventually reached home, but many were sunk and to this day some Of their wrecks still lie on the seabed in the English Channel.

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Starting with Hitler's Concerns

They are frequently given carte blanche to engage in illegal activities and commit acts of violence. Hitler was concerned that the SA and its leader, Ernst Röhm, posed a challenge to his leadership. This anxiety was heightened when Göring and Himmler warned Hitler that Röhm was planning a coup. Furthermore, the old conservative elite – who held many crucial positions in the government and army during the early years of the Third Reich – and the SA had a mutual hatred.

During the growth of the Nazi Party, the SA played a key role in gaining support for the party. Following Hitler's election as chancellor, the SA, particularly Röhm, intended to continue the'revolution' by replacing the previous conservative elite with Nazis. Their method was opposed by Hitler and other Nazi officials.

The Commencement of the Massacre

Leaders of the SA were summoned to a meeting at Bad Wiesse, Bavaria. On July 1, 1934, he was shot by two SS guards for refusing to commit suicide. While the purge was primarily aimed against the SA, it was also used to kill other political opponents, including former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher. By eliminating political opposition, the events of the Night of the Long Knives aided Hitler and the Nazi Party in consolidating absolute control in Germany.

After the incident, Goebbels manipulated media coverage to portray it as a preventive measure in response to the 'SA plot to topple the government.' Many consider this as a reasonable government measure to maintain public order in South Africa, which is infamous for being aggressive and rowdy.