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During the 1994 Northridge earthquake in USA, many buildings and highways that were strengthened with steel frames were badly damaged. However the newly built earthquake resistant buildings in the same area were unaffected.

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The limitations are that the effectiveness of Seismic Retrofitting is limited as the strengthened infrastructure may not be as strong as new earthquake resistant infrastructure.

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Ways of how to strengthen existing infrastructure. 

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Ways of how to strengthen existing infrastructure. 

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Fire Proof materials and Automatic shut-off valves can be installed into gas pipes and electricity supplies to prevent the risk of fires in the event of en earthquake

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Secondly, existing infrastructure can be strengthened by wrapping steel frames around the pillars of buildings and bridges. Or simply just placing steel rods in existing structures.

A way that is common is Seismic Retrofitting.

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A limitation on these new buildings are that there are still many people who are not economically stable to live in the buildings.

In Tokyo there are at least a million older buildings which are not able to withstand the tremors.

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An example would be the Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco which costed $75 Million to build.

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Shock absorbers absorb the tremors of the earthquake.

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Shear walls are concrete walls with steel bars in them to reduce rocking movements

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Cross-bracing is to reinforce walls by using two steel beams.

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New infrastructure should be specially designed to withstand strong tremors by using the latest technology

Firstly, Earthquake resistant buildings should have  Cross-bracing , shear walls and shock absorbers/base insulators.