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Normal [bell] curve- A graph where the median is in the middle of the graph and it curves down on both the left and right sides

Inferential statistics- we use inferential statistics to try to infer from the sample data what the population might think. Or, we use inferential statistics to make judgments of the probability that an observed difference between groups is a dependable one or one that might have happened by chance in this study.

Statistical significance- Statistics being worth attention, have a lot of importance.

T-test-  analysis of two populations means through the use of statistical examination; a t-test with two samples is commonly used with small sample sizes,testing the difference between the samples when the variances of two normal distributions are not known.

Anova- analysis of variance, a statistical method in which the variation in a set of observations is divided into distinct components.

P-value-calculated probability, is the probability of finding the observed, or more extreme, results when the null hypothesis of a study question is true – the definition of 'extreme' depends on how the hypothesis is being tested.
Mean- The average (Add all of the information then divide by the number of subjects)
Mode- The most reoccuring number
Median- The number in the middle of the data.
Descriptive Statistics- brief descriptive coefficients that summarize a given data set, which can be either a representation of the entire population or a sample of it.Descriptive statistics are broken down into measures of central tendency and measures of variability, or spread.
Skewed Distribution- when the graph is not a perfect bell curve but is slightly more to the right or life.
Range- Largest number - smallest number = range
Standard Deviation- 50th percentile, 65th percentile, 95th percentile

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Correlation is a statistical measurement that shows a relationship between two things.
Postitive correlation means both variables increase or decrease
Negative corrlation means one variable is postive and the other is negative, or vice versa

Correlation coefficient

Scatter plot- a graph in which the values of two variables are plotted along two axes, the pattern of the resulting points revealing any correlation present.

Illusory correlation-  phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between variables (typically people, events, or behaviors) even when no such relationship exists.

Experiment- a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.

Experimental group- the group in the experiment that recieves the independent variable.

Control group- the group in the experiment that doesn't recieve the independent variable.

Random assignment- the use of chance procedures in psychology experiments to ensure that each participant has the same opportunity to be assigned to any given group. Study participants are randomly assigned to different groups, such as the experimental group, or treatment group.

Double-blind procedure- participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment. This procedure is utilized to prevent bias in research results. Double-blind studies are particularly useful for preventing bias due to demand characteristics or the placebo effect.

Placebo effect- a beneficial effect, produced by a placebo drug or treatment, that cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo itself, and must therefore be due to the patient's belief in that treatment.

Independent variable- the variable that effects the experiment to get the result.

Confounding variable- an outside variable that can effect the experiment.

Dependent variable- depends on the independent variable.

Experimenter bias- bias introduced by an experimenter whose expectations about the outcome of the experiment can be subtly communicated to the participants in the experiment.

Sample bias- bias in which a sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population are less likely to be included than others.

Demand characteristics- a subtle cue that makes participants aware of what the experimenter expects to find or how participants are expected to behave. Demand characteristics can change the outcome of an experiment because participants will often alter their behavior to conform to the experimenters expectations.

Validity-

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Hindsight Bias- the inclination, after an event has occurred, to see the event as having been predictable, despite there having been little or no objective basis for predicting it.

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Nature-nurture issue- One of the oldest arguments in the history of psychology is the Nature vs Nurture debate. Each of these sides have good points that it's really hard to decide whether a person's development is predisposed in his DNA, or a majority of it is influenced by this life experiences and his environment.

Natural selection- the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.

Biopsychosocial approach- The biopsychosocial model is a broad view that attributes disease outcome to the intricate, variable interaction of biological factors (genetic, biochemical, etc), psychological factors (mood, personality, behavior, etc.), and social factors (cultural, familial, socioeconomic, medical, etc.).

Behavioral psychology- Behavioral psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the study and alteration of people's behaviors, including their actions, emotions and thoughts.

Biological psychology- he application of the principles of biology to the study of physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals.

Cognitive psychology- a branch of psychology concerned with mental processes (as perception, thinking, learning, and memory) especially with respect to the internal events occurring between sensory stimulation and the overt expression of behavior

Evolutionary psychology-a theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain useful mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, i.e., as the functional products of natural selection.

Psychodynamic psychology-the psychology of mental or emotional forces or processes developing especially in early childhood and their effects on behavior and mental states.

Social-cultural psychology- The sociocultural perspective is one approach to understanding why humans behave the way they do. The sociocultural perspective seeks to understand human behavior and personality development by examining the rules of the social groups and subgroups in which the individual is a member.

Psychometrics- of, relating to, or deriving from psychometry or psychometrics

Basic research- systematic study directed toward greater knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena and of observable facts without specific applications towards processes or products in mind.

Developmental psychology- the scientific study of how and why human beings change over the course of their life. Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult development, aging, and the entire lifespan.

Educational psychology- a branch of psychology that studies children in an educational setting and is concerned with teaching and learning methods, cognitive development, and aptitude assessment.

Personality psychology- the study of a traits of a person and how they effect their choices.

Social psychology- the branch of psychology that deals with social interactions, including their origins and their effects on the individual.

Applied research-  a form of systematic inquiry involving the practical application of science. It accesses and uses some part of the research communities' (the academia's) accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques, for a specific, often state-, business-, or client-driven purpose.

I/O psychology- the study of how people work and function in the work place.

Human factors psychology- a scientific discipline which examines human behavior and capabilities in order to find the best ways to design products, equipment and systems for maximum safe, effective, satisfying use by humans.

Counseling psychology- a specialty within professional psychology that maintains a focus on facilitating personal and interpersonal functioning across the life span. The specialty pays particular attention to emotional, social, vocational, educational, health-related, developmental, and organizational concerns.

Clinical psychology- the branch of psychology concerned with the assessment and treatment of mental illness and disability.

Psychiatry- the study and treatment of mental illness, emotional disturbance, and abnormal behavior.

Positive psychology-the scientific study of human flourishing, and an applied approach to optimal functioning. It has also been defined as the study of the strengths and virtues that enable individuals, communities and organisations to thrive

Community psychology- the branch of psychology concerned with person environment interactions and the ways society affects individual and communityfunctioning. Community psychology focuses on social issues, social institutions, and other settings that influence individuals, groups, and organizations.

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I understand correlational research
Correlation is a statistical measurement that shows a relationship between two things.
Postitive correlation means both variables increase or decrease
Negative corrlation means one variable is postive and the other is negative, or vice versa

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I can follow ethical guidelines/ Module 8
Ethical Guidelines:
-A subjects participation in research should be voluntary and based on informed consent
-Subjects should not be exposed to harmful or dangerous research procedures
-If an investigation requires some deception of subjects, the researcher is required to explain and correct any misunderstanding as soon as possible
-Subject's right to privacy should never be violated
-Harmful or painful procedures imposed upon animals must be thoroughly justified in terms of the knowledge to be gained from the study
-Lab animals are entitled to decent living conditions and there must be justified reasons to use them

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Basic Principles of Human Behavior
1. biological mechanisms 2. development
3. cognition 4. psychological disorders
5. social interaction
Cognitive Psychologist- study the thought processes and focus on perception, language, attention, problem solving, memory, judgement, decision making, forgetting, and intelligence
Development Psychologist- study age related behavior changes and applies scientific knowledge to educational, child-care, policy, and other related settings
Educational Psychologists- psychological processes in learning
Experimental Psychologists- investigate basic behavior changes
Psychometric and Quantitive Psychologist- study how to become a psychologist
Social Psychologist- Study inteactions with others
Forensic Psychologist- apply psychological principles to legal issues
Health Psychologist- interested in psychology's contribution to healt and disease prevention
Industrial-Organizational Psychologist- study the relationship between people and their work environments
Neuropsychologist- Investigate relationships between neurological processes and behavior
Rehabilitation Psychologist- work with people who have lost optimal functioning after an accident, illness, or other event
School Psychologist- assessment of children in educational settings
Sport Psychologists- study psychological factors that influence and are influenced by participation in sports and physical activities
Clinical Psychologist- promote psychological heath in individuals, groups, and organizations
Community Psychologist- move beyond focusing on specific individuals/families and deal with broad problems of a community
Counselling Psychologist- help to adjust to lifestyle transitions or help encourage lifestyle changes

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I understand statistics in psychology.

Mean- The average (Add all of the information then divide by the number of subjects)
Mode- The most reoccuring number
Median- The number in the middle of the data.
Standard Deviation- 50th percentile, 65th percentile, 95th percentile

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I can understand how to create an experiment and identify variables.

Longitudinal: involving information about an individual or group gathered over a long period of time.
Attrition: drop-out rate

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Target: I can understand the perspectives and types of research in psychology
*look to module 2 & 3*

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5.1:
A Good Theory should...
1. Effectively organize a range of self reports and obervations
2. Leads to clear hypothesis that anyone can use to check the theory
3. often stimulates research that leads to a revised theory which better organizes and predicts what we know
Ways to test our hypotheses and refine our theories...
1. Descriptive methods describe behaviors, often by using case studies, surveys, or naturalistic observations
2. Correlational method associate different factors, or variables.
3. Experimental methods manipulate variables to discover their effects
Case study- a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
Naturalistic Observations illuminate human behaviors.
Survey- a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behavior of a particular group, usually by questioning a representitive, random sample of the group

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Prescientific Psychology
-Ancient Greece, socrates and his student Plato conclude the mind is seperate from the body and continues after death.
-Aristotle, Plato's student, concludes knowledge is not preexisting.
-Frenchmen, Renee Descartes agrees with Socrates and Plato and believed mind can survive death
-Francis Bacon became one of the founders of modern science and influenced psychological science.
-John Locke, political philosopher, wrote a one-page essay on "our abilities"
-Psychology was born in Germany in 1879
-Windt's student, Edward Titcher, soon joined the Cornell U Staff and introduced structuralism
-William James thought it's be more useful to study the evolved functions of our bodies
-Sigmund Freud emphasized the ways emotional response to childhood experiences and our unconcious thought process affects our behavior

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8-26-16
Hypothesis: an if... then... statement that states the purpose of the experiment (what you're testing for) and how you're going to test for it so that everyone can understand it.
Independent Variable: the variable that the dependent variable depends on, it is not effected by the experiment. On a graph it is the y-axis.
Dependent Variable: Depends on what happens with the independent variable, on a graph it would be the y-axis.
Constant Variable: never changes throughout the entire experiment.