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https://docs.google.com/a/aps.edu/forms/d/1CXZev3T75zS-DfWUfLuqOXMIXSOQRprPDcE_dsrVuYE/edit

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After watching the film (available on NETFLEX) answer the following.

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https://voicenm.org/survey/student/d436b478c2f350eb

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answer the questions on a separate paper write the question and your answer

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EOC Practice Questions-Imperialism, 20's, 30's

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Use your book/notes to find the answers

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US Hist 11 –United States History EOC review

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Cuban Missile

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New Red Scar

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Affluent Society vs. The other side of American Life-
you will read and compare the two creating a poster of visuals on one side and writing on the back

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American Vision text book when using Ipad

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fchs-henry - 1A. The American Vision Textbook in PDF File Format

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The American Vision : US-Virginia History Textbook

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You will work in groups to answer only 1-4

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you will work with 3 people, only 1st 3 activities- each one of you is responsible for 1 activity

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Harry Truman and the Truman Doctrine | Harry S. Truman

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Harry Truman and the Truman Doctrine Introduction

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notes for the Cold War

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You will be looking over the documents and answering the questions on your own sheet of paper. You will only need pages 1-11.

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use the link to access articles, videos and info on Internment camps http://packs.eb.com/
login in: Albuquerqueps

password: cactus

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Britannica LaunchPacks allow teachers to personalize learning for K-12 classrooms through curriculum-aligned, multimedia content sets.

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access to news articles for your "newspaper"

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answer in complete sentences

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Write them down

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you may use your notes

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The Great Depression

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click on the link then put the following code in .
F64110E471

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WWI

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go to the link and read the passage and write down the questions. Then click on the link- The Great War Posters

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WWI-select video 1

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Answer the following question to the video above.

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WWI video

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1920's Recap

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Suffrage/Reform

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Roots of Progressivism

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Roots of Progressivism- fill out the questions as you watch the video

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Roots of Progressivism- make sure you are on ch. 8 sec. 1 video

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Test Link | This link takes you directly to this online test and will be the same for all published changes.

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notes

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select chapter 7 you will then do sec. 1, sec. 2 & sec. 3

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in groups of 3-4

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U.S. in Latin America The Spanish-American War in Cuba, 1898 Maximize your browser window to view the full detail of the map. If the map appears incomplete press the

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click the link

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You will be answering the following questions

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Spanish American War
finish taking notes- will be checked 1/24/17

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Notes Imperialism

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answers

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notes

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notes

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notes

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Notes

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notes:
Homework: go to slides 13 &14 and analyze the quote and cartoon. Answer the questions. Due 1/2/16

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notes

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notes

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Here is the link for the words:Vocabulary Chapter 6 sec. 2

-skyscraper

-tenement

-political machine

-party boss

graft

incentive

trigger

Louis Sulivan

George Plunkitt

William “Boss” Tweed

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By clicking on the links below, students can read a summary of the chapter, learn more about a chapter-related topic by completing a web-based activity, take a ten-question quiz to test their knowledge of the chapter, have fun and challenge themselves with a puzzle or game based on the chapter content, and quiz themselves or fellow students using eFlashcards for chapter-specific academic vocabulary, glossary terms, and people, places, and events.

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Immigration power point

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immigration -open top link
1st-read text
2nd- analysis answer the 3 questions

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Streetcar Suburbs in Nineteenth Century New Orleans The Election of 1896 Maximize your browser window to view the full detail of the map. If the map appears incomplete press the

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Immigration

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industry

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railroad

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Big Business: go to page 49-51
Unions 49-51

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activity for map

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power point - notes

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3rd article

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Because of a Lewis Hine photograph, Addie Card became the poster child of child labor. But what became of Addie Card?

Smithsonian Magazine |

She leans casually on her spinning frame, staring out at the camera, dressed in a filthy work smock. Her bare feet, planted firmly, are slick with black grease. Her left arm rests easily on the huge machinery but crooked at a strange angle, as if perhaps a bone had been broken and never set properly. To keep her hair from the frame's hungry grasp, it is pulled tight and pinned in a style befitting a grown woman. A few wispy strays float around her head like a halo. The elements of her face seem perfectly proportioned: the delicate nose, the small ears tucked back, the curve of her lips, the puff of her cheeks. She is a painter's dream. Or a photographer's.

I first saw her four years ago in a show devoted to Lewis Hine's pictures of child workers in Vermont. Hine had been hired by the National Child Labor Committee to bolster its written reports with documentary photographs. Records show that he was a traveling man. From 1908 to 1918, he crisscrossed the country by train and automobile, taking pictures that brought home the hard realities of child labor. Because of Hine, comfortable middle-class Americans were forced to look at children embroidering lace in airless tenements on New York's Lower East Side, selling newspapers on crowded streets in St. Louis, cutting sardines in Eastport, Maine. He talked his way into mines in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, where the bounce of his magnesium flash off the whites of a breaker boy's eyes illuminated a blackened, airless landscape. To back up his photographs, Hine scribbled details in a notebook hidden in his pocket. About this sad-eyed Vermont girl he wrote: "Anaemic little spinner in North Pownal [Vt.] Cotton Mill."

Hine took several photographs that August day in 1910, but the image of the girl somebody named Addie Laird is the one that endured. Who was she? Lewis Hine once said that he was "more interested in persons than in people." The same is true of a novelist. Even though I didn't know what had happened to that child, I decided to imagine a life for her. After I finished my novel about her, I began to search for Addie herself.

I had little hope; the U.S. Postal Service had been unable to locate her in 1998, when officials there put Addie's picture on a 32-cent stamp. But it turns out they didn't look hard enough.

I found her in the 1910 Census when I thought to put "Adelaide" and any logical variant into a database search form. On sheet 12B in Bennington County, Vermont, on May 4, 1910, a Census worker recorded a Mrs. Adalaid Harris, listed as head of household living with six orphaned or abandoned grandchildren, including the Card sisters: Anna, female, white, 14 years of age, single; and Addie, female, white, 12 years of age, single.

So Addie's name was not Laird, but Card. That clue led me and fellow researcher Joe Manning down a trail that twisted through town offices, dusty historical societies, funeral homes and Social Security death records.

Hine's little spinner lived the dark side of the American dream, according to records and relatives. Her mother died of peritonitis when Addie was 2. She was put to work in the mill at the age of 8. (She had to stand on a soapbox to reach the bobbins.) She renamed herself Pat and married twice, neither time happily. Months after losing custody of her biological daughter in 1925, she adopted another girl, the newborn illegitimate child of a Portuguese sailor. Mother and daughter moved often from the dreary mill towns of upstate New York to the big city itself, where Addie and friends were captured in a studio photo celebrating victory in Europe.

Recently, Manning and I met with two of Addie's adoptive descendants. We learned that by the time she died, at 94, she was living in low-income housing and surviving on a Social Security check. "She didn't have anything to give, but she gave it," Piperlea Provost, her great-granddaughter, told us. "I could not imagine my life without Grandma Pat's guidance."

Addie never knew that her face ended up in a Reebok advertisement or on a postage stamp issued 100 years after her birth, or that Hine's glass plate negative resides in the Library of Congress. Addie Card LaVigne never knew that she had become a symbol.

Like so many of the subjects of his photographs, Lewis Hine also died in poverty. In the 1930s, the work began to dry up, and he was perceived as rigid and difficult; efforts of friends such as fellow photographer Berenice Abbott to resuscitate his career failed. He died at age 66 on November 3, 1940, a widower whose rent was covered by a friend.

And like Addie, Hine seemed to recede into the mists of history. But his child labor images secured his reputation as a documentarian and as an artist. We return to the photograph of Addie again and again because Hine saw her not just as a symbol but as a "person" with a life beyond the mill. For that reason, the "anaemic little spinner" remains as firmly burned into our national memory as she was etched into the glass of Hine's negative almost a century ago.

Elizabeth Winthrop is the author of Counting on Grace, a novel based on the Lewis Hine photograph of Addie Card.

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Smithsonian Magazine | She leans casually on her spinning frame, staring out at the camera, dressed in a filthy work smock. Her bare feet, planted firmly, are slick with black grease. Her left arm rests easily on the huge machinery but crooked at a strange angle, as if perhaps a bone had been broken and never set properly.

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2nd article

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Well, damn, I deserve what I get for mentioning taxes in a lead-in. Let's pretend I didn't do that, okay? It makes me feel kind of useless to spend my time not publishing comments.

More on topic, Jim Nash mentioned that there are some large JPEGs of Lewis Hine pictures at shorpy.com, as indeed there are. Including many which I've never seen before, which is exciting for me.

Those of you who don't visit Shorpy, or have never heard of it, might not know that the site itself is named after the subject of a Lewis Hine photograph:

December 1910. Shorpy Higginbotham, a 'greaser' on the tipple at Bessie Mine, of the Sloss-Sheffield Steel and Iron Co. in Alabama. Said he was 14 years old, but it is doubtful. Carries two heavy pails of grease, and is often in danger of being run over by the coal cars.
(Photograph and caption by Lewis Wickes Hine.)

Shorpy Higginbotham died in a mining accident, aged 31.

Poking around the Hine photographs on Shorpy, I was interested to see how the site's community dives into researching the pictures and their elements. Consider this one -the commenters have figured out the real name and age of the "newsie," the location of the store, and even the fact that the toilet paper in the window was made by the Waldorf Company, whose employee education program was the ancestor of the still-thriving Waldorf Schools.

That led me naturally enough to the site of Joe Manning, "author, historian and geneologist," whose site I have actually surfed past before, looking for pictures, without realizing its full import. Joe's "Lewis Hine Project" involves tracking down what happened to the subjects of some of Hine's pictures.

February 1910. Addie Card,12 years old, anemic little spinner in North Pownal Cotton Mill, Vermont. Girls in mill say she is ten years. She admitted to me she was twelve; that she started during school vacation and would 'stay.' (Photograph and caption by Lewis Wickes Hine.)

One of Lewis Hine's most famous child-laborer photographs is of Addie Card, an "anemic little spinner" in a Vermont cotton mill. A book author, Elizabeth Winthrop, wrote a novel inspired by the photograph, imagining the life of the girl in the picture, who she named "Grace." But she became curious about the identity of the real person in the photograph, and asked Joe Manning to help her find out more about her.

Joe Manning's account of several months of detective work starts here.

It's not a fast read, but his search certainly succeeded-he was able to track Addie Card through marriages, divorce, a lost child, and all the way to her headstone (she died in 1993). He met a number of her descendants and uncovered several later pictures of her, and one possible earlier one, including a picture of her as an old woman.

Based on Joe's researches, Elizabeth Winthrop wrote a short article for Smithsonian magazine about Addie, which can be found here.

And to think, there are probably similar stories waiting to be uncovered about so many of the pictures on Shorpy...if you've never visited, don't do it when you're in a hurry.

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Well, damn, I deserve what I get for mentioning taxes in a lead-in. Let's pretend I didn't do that, okay? It makes me feel kind of useless to spend my time not publishing comments. More on topic, Jim Nash mentioned...

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1st article

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Lewis Hine caption: Addie Laird, 12 years. Anemic little spinner in North Pownal Cotton Mill. Vt. Girls in mill say she is ten years. She admitted to me she was twelve; that she started during school vacation and now would "stay." Location: North Pownal, Vermont, August 1910.
*Note: I have withheld the names, or partial names of some of Addie's family members, in order to protect their privacy.
Chapter One: Discovering Addie And Her World
If you drive about two miles north on Route 7 from Williamstown, Massachusetts, you cross the border into Pownal, Vermont. As the road curves around to the left, there is an abrupt change in the topography. The land opens up to the Green Mountains and the vast valley formed by the Hoosic River. The road rises gently for several miles, making it feel like you are taking off in a light plane. Looking west into the valley, the uncluttered, rural landscape looks magical - a church steeple here - a barn there. You are tempted to reverse direction and turn down the road you just passed, Route 346, and see Pownal close up.

That's when the magical becomes the melancholy. Almost immediately, it appears that the area has somehow been untouched by the celebrated economic and cultural changes of the 20th century. Except for the (mostly) paved roads, cars, telephone poles, and an occasional satellite dish, the scene looks like an old postcard, or like the Appalachia towns of Depression-era Kentucky and West Virginia.

The winding road passes a few farms and then comes to a crossroads in the village of North Pownal. The first thing you notice are the shacks and tiny houses on French Hill Road, and the badly maintained wood-frame duplexes that look like what they once were - mill housing. The mill is long gone, but it has left its legacy. By the river, there is a glass-enclosed sign on the spot once occupied by the North Pownal Manufacturing Company, a cotton mill that prospered in the 1800s and early 1900s, later becoming a tannery. It was demolished after it closed in 1988, resulting in a daunting and expensive hazardous waste cleanup project.

The sign includes a picture of the mill, and another of a young mill girl, once erroneously identified as Addie Laird, who was photographed by Lewis Wickes Hine, one of the world's most renowned and influential documentary photographers. He referred to her in his notes as "an amemic little spinner." From 1908 to 1917, Hine took thousands of pictures for the National Child Labor Committee, exposing the dangerous and unhealthful conditions that children endured working at textile mills, coal mines, vegetable farms, fish canneries, and as late-night "newsies" on urban streets. In 1910, Addie became what would later be one of Hine's most famous subjects, her 12-year-old frail body leaning against a spinning machine, her tired eyes staring out as if to say, "Hey, mister, what are you gonna do about me?"

Addie's iconic photo appeared on a US postage stamp in 1998, in a Reebok advertisement, and has hung quietly on the walls of museums for decades. One of those museums is the Bennington Museum, just up the road from Pownal. In 2002, during a special exhibit of Hine's work, author Elizabeth Winthrop saw the photo, and subsequently wrote Counting On Grace (Random House, 2006), a haunting novel about the life of a fictional mill girl (Grace) in Pownal, who has an encounter with Hine when he takes her picture.

I met Elizabeth in the summer of 2000. She came to North Adams, Massachusetts, to begin research on Dear Mr. President: Letters from a Mill Town Girl (Winslow Press, 2001), a children's book that was to focus on a fictional Italian-American girl named Emma, who writes to President Franklin Roosevelt during the Great Depression. I had recently moved from Torrington, Connecticut, to the Florence section of Northampton, Massachusetts, and was working on Disappearing Into North Adams (Flatiron Press, 2001), my second book about the city. Elizabeth was living in the Berkshires as a summer resident. We became good friends, frequently meeting in coffee shops to compare notes and talk about our books.

Several years later, she showed me Addie's photo and told me about Counting On Grace, which she was just starting to write. After the book was finished in the summer of 2005, she confided that she was overwhelmed with curiosity about what the life of the real mill girl had been like, but she had been unable to find a record of anyone in Pownal named Addie Laird, or for that matter, anyone at all with the surname of Laird. She told me that when the postage stamp was created, the US Dept. of Labor had suffered the same frustration with their research.

Shortly thereafter, Elizabeth made a startling discovery. By searching the US census in 1900 and 1910, at the Conte National Archives in Pittsfield, she was able to determine that although Hine had written down Laird, Addie's correct name was Card. With this new information, she learned through town records that Addie was born in Pownal on December 6, 1897, and that she had an older sister named Annie, who also worked at the mill and later married Eli Leroy of Cohoes, New York. Annie moved to Cohoes, where she and Eli had three children.

In 1900, when Addie was two years old, her mother died and her father left home, and she and Annie went to live with their grandmother in North Pownal. In 1915, Addie married fellow mill worker Edward Hatch. In the 1920 census, she is apparently childless and living with her mother-in-law, while Edward is serving in the Navy. Elizabeth could find no further records of Addie or Edward, not even in the 1930 census, which is the last one currently available to the public.

That subject came up immediately when she invited me for dinner in Williamstown, on October 17, 2005. She dropped the search for Addie in my lap and offered to hire me to find the rest of the story.

How long did she work at the mill? Did she finish school? Did she have children? How long did she live? Could she have living descendants? Had she been aware of Hine's famous photo? That's what Elizabeth wanted to know - and at that moment, so did I. As a historian, author and genealogist, I had experienced the excitement of the hunt and the elation of turning over the right rock at the right time. I wanted to forget dessert and just bolt out the door and start looking.

Elizabeth assigned me one special task for starters: take photos of all the gravestones of people named Card that I could find in the cemeteries in Pownal. I started my research the next morning, excited, confident, but unaware of the many serendipitous and eureka moments that were to follow.

I have a paid subscription to Ancestry.com, which has the most comprehensive data bank of genealogy information on the Web. And so before my first trip to the cemeteries, I camped out in front of my computer. Elizabeth had identified Edward Hatch's eight siblings, including Margaret, whose married name was Harris. It occurred to me that if I could find an obituary of one of those siblings, Edward might be listed as a survivor, and I might learn where he was living at the time. While searching on some Pownal-related websites, I found a list of the names and dates of death of Pownal residents from 1921 to 1980. One of those listed was sister Margaret, who died in 1954. I called the Bennington Library and learned that it had the Bennington Banner archived on microfilm.

On October 20th, I left early on a chilly, foggy morning. Around 9:00, I entered Addie's dreary little world. I parked at the spot along the Hoosic River where the cotton mill once stood, and where Addie's photo stares out toward the hovels on French Hill. There's a bench next to the sign, so I sat there and listened to the river and wondered about her life. Then I headed for the cemeteries.

When I drove into the Oak Hill Cemetery, a large one on a slope overlooking the valley, I chose to park in a small grassy space near the top, just off the winding dirt road. I got my camera and started looking. To my surprise, the first gravestones I encountered, no more than 30 feet from my car, were members of the Card family. In a total of five cemeteries, I spent the whole morning walking past rows and rows of family history, anticipating that at any moment, I might discover Addie's grave, although there were no records of her death in Pownal. That didn't happen.

Then I headed to Bennington. A half-hour later, I was in front of the microfiche at the library, with Margaret Harris's obituary staring back at me. There it was, "survived by a brother, Edward Hatch, of Millerton, New York." On the way home, I thought, "If Addie was still married to him then, she might be buried in Millerton."

The next day, I called the only funeral home listed in Millerton. They looked up Hatch and found only one, Edward, who died December 12, 1982. He was buried at Irondale Cemetery. But his surviving widow was listed as Elvina (maiden name Goguen), not Addie. So I knew that Edward had married a second time. Had Addie died, or had her marriage ended in divorce? I called the local paper and ordered a copy of Edward's obituary.

I went back to the 1930 census. That's when I found Edward Hatch in Detroit, living with wife Elvina, but no children. His occupation was listed as automobile mechanic, and I figured that he had moved out there to work for General Motors or Ford. I looked up Elvina, and learned that she was born in New Brunswick, Canada, and had immigrated to Bennington in 1922.

My wife Carole and I talked about Addie all evening. Carole thought out loud: "If Addie had any children by Edward, and then died soon after, or in childbirth, the children might have been placed in the care of one of his relatives. In those days, it wouldn't have been traditional for the father to raise them alone." That intuitive thought turned out to be a turning point in the search.
Chapter Two: "Addie, Tell Me Where You Are"

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Addie Card, North Pownal, Vermont: The Search For An Anemic Little Spinner - Mornings on Maple Street

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Lewis Hine caption: Addie Laird, 12 years. Anemic little spinner in North Pownal Cotton Mill. Vt. Girls in mill say she is ten years. She admitted to me she was twelve; that she started during school vacation and now would "stay." Location: North Pownal, Vermont, August 1910.

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Industrial Rev. PP

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fallow the directions from the sheet provided.

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pick an inventor and investigate

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power point

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PDF book

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You must click VIEW ORIGINAL to be taken to  website

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planning sheet

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Power point

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activity-images

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The Anasazi

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MAP

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English Colonial Expansion

Sixteenth-century England was a tumultuous place. Because they could make more money from selling wool than from selling food, many of the nation's landowners were converting farmers' fields into pastures for sheep. This led to a food shortage; at the same time, many agricultural workers lost their jobs.

Did you know? Virginia Dare, the first American-born child of English parents, was born in Roanoke in 1587.

The 16th century was also the age of mercantilism, an extremely competitive economic philosophy that pushed European nations to acquire as many colonies as they could. As a result, for the most part, the English colonies in North America were business ventures. They provided an outlet for England's surplus population and (in some cases) more religious freedom than England did, but their primary purpose was to make money for their sponsors.

The Tobacco Colonies

In 1606, King James I divided the Atlantic seaboard in two, giving the southern half to the London Company (later the Virginia Company) and the northern half to the Plymouth Company.

The first English settlement in North America had actually been established some 20 years before, in 1587, when a group of colonists (91 men, 17 women and nine children) led by Sir Walter Raleigh settled on the island of Roanoke. Mysteriously, by 1590 the Roanoke colony had vanished entirely. Historians still do not know what became of its inhabitants.

In 1606, just a few months after James I issued its charter, the London Company sent 144 men to Virginia on three ships: the Godspeed, the Discovery and the Susan Constant. They reached the Chesapeake Bay in the spring of 1607 and headed about 60 miles up the James River, where they built a settlement they called Jamestown.

The Jamestown colonists had a rough time of it: They were so busy looking for gold and other exportable resources that they could barely feed themselves. It was not until 1616, when Virginia's settlers learned how to grow tobacco, that it seemed the colony might survive. The first enslaved African arrived in Virginia in 1619.

In 1632, the English crown granted about 12 million acres of land at the top of the Chesapeake Bay to Cecilius Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore. This colony, named Maryland after the queen, was similar to Virginia in many ways. Its landowners produced tobacco on large plantations that depended on the labor of indentured servants and (later) enslaved workers.

But unlike Virginia's founders, Lord Baltimore was a Catholic, and he hoped that his colony would be a refuge for his persecuted coreligionists. Maryland became known for its policy of religious toleration for all.

The New England Colonies

The first English emigrants to what would become the New England colonies were a small group of Puritan separatists, later called the Pilgrims, who arrived in Plymouth in 1620 to found Plymouth Colony. Ten years later, a wealthy syndicate known as the Massachusetts Bay Company sent a much larger (and more liberal) group of Puritans to establish another Massachusetts settlement. With the help of local natives, the colonists soon got the hang of farming, fishing and hunting, and Massachusetts prospered.

As the Massachusetts settlements expanded, they formed new colonies in New England. Puritans who thought that Massachusetts was not pious enough formed the colonies of Connecticut and New Haven (the two combined in 1665). Meanwhile, Puritans who thought that Massachusetts was too restrictive formed the colony of Rhode Island, where everyone-including Jewish people-enjoyed complete "liberty in religious concernments." To the north of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, a handful of adventurous settlers formed the colony of New Hampshire.

The Middle Colonies

In 1664, King Charles II gave the territory between New England and Virginia, much of which was already occupied by Dutch traders and landowners called patroons, to his brother James, the Duke of York. The English soon absorbed Dutch New Netherland and renamed it New York.

Most of the Dutch people (as well as the Belgian Flemings and Walloons, French Huguenots, Scandinavians and Germans) who were living there stayed put. This made New York one of the most diverse and prosperous colonies in the New World.

In 1680, the king granted 45,000 square miles of land west of the Delaware River to William Penn, a Quaker who owned large swaths of land in Ireland. Penn's North American holdings became the colony of "Penn's Woods," or Pennsylvania.

Lured by the fertile soil and the religious toleration that Penn promised, people migrated there from all over Europe. Like their Puritan counterparts in New England, most of these emigrants paid their own way to the colonies and had enough money to establish themselves when they arrived. As a result, Pennsylvania soon became a prosperous and relatively egalitarian place.

The Southern Colonies

By contrast, the Carolina colony, a territory that stretched south from Virginia to Florida and west to the Pacific Ocean, was much less cosmopolitan. In its northern half, hardscrabble farmers eked out a living. In its southern half, planters presided over vast estates that produced corn, lumber, beef and pork, and-starting in the 1690s-rice.

These Carolinians had close ties to the English planter colony on the Caribbean island of Barbados, which relied heavily on African slave labor, and many were involved in the slave trade themselves. As a result, slavery played an important role in the development of the Carolina colony. (It split into North Carolina and South Carolina in 1729.)

In 1732, inspired by the need to build a buffer between South Carolina and the Spanish settlements in Florida, the Englishman James Oglethorpe established the Georgia colony. In many ways, Georgia's development mirrored South Carolina's.

The Revolutionary War and the Treaty of Paris

In 1700, there were about 250,000 European settlers and enslaved Africans in North America's English colonies. By 1775, on the eve of revolution, there were an estimated 2.5 million. The colonists did not have much in common, but they were able to band together and fight for their independence.

The American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) was sparked after American colonists chafed over issues like taxation without representation, embodied by laws like The Stamp Act and The Townshend Acts. Mounting tensions came to a head during the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, when the "shot heard round the world" was fired.

It was not without warning; the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770 and the Boston Tea Party on December 16, 1773 showed the colonists' increasing dissatisfaction with British rule in the colonies.

The Declaration of Independence, issued on July 4, 1776, enumerated the reasons the Founding Fathers felt compelled to break from the rule of King George III and parliament to start a new nation. In September of that year, the Continental Congress declared the "United Colonies" of America to be the "United States of America."

France joined the war on the side of the colonists in 1778, helping the Continental Army conquer the British at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781. The Treaty of Paris ending the American Revolution and granting the 13 original colonies independence was signed on September 3, 1783.

13 Colonies Flag

During the Revolutionary War, a flag featuring thirteen alternating red and white stripes and thirteen five-pointed stars arranged in a circle was adopted. This variant is also known as the " Betsy Ross Flag," as she was believed to have designed it. The stars and stripes represent the 13 colonies.

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The 13 Colonies: Map, Original States & Facts | HISTORY

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The 13 Colonies were a group of colonies of Great Britain that settled on the Atlantic coast of America in the 17th and 18th centuries. The colonies declared independence in 1776 to found the United States of America.