# data[].attributes.body
Question:  How are food preserved with chemical preservatives?

Chemical preservative retard food spoilage caused by microorganisms.
Different chemicals have different ways of preserving food. One of the chemicals is Sulfur Dioxide.
Sulfur Dioxide mixed with water forms sulfites which are used to preserve dried fruits. It does so by reacting with water preventing oxidation of the dried fruits, lengthening the shelf life of the fruits.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/v5030e/v5030e0d.htm
https://www.courses.psu.edu/fd_sc/fd_sc400_jnc3/small/preserve.htm

# data[].attributes.body
Question:
What is first ionisation energy and how does the atomic radius affect it?

Answer:
The first ionisation energy is the energy required to remove the most loosely held electron from one mole of gaseous atoms to produce 1 mole of gaseous ions each with a charge of 1+. Attraction falls off very rapidly with distance. An electron close to the nucleus will be much more strongly attracted than one further away.
Source: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/properties/ies.htmlRelevance: This will be relevant to what we will be learning about the periodic table

# data[].attributes.body
Question: Why are noble gases the most unreactive elements in the periodic table?
Answer: Noble gases are unreactive because their outer electron shells are full and therefore in their most stable state. Normally, elements react with one another because they have incomplete electron shells. They lose, gain or share electrons in order to gain a more stable electron configuration.
Source: https://www.reference.com/science/noble-gases-reactive-fca44fa177795a2e#
Relevance: it is relevant in the periodic table chapter in IPC

# data[].attributes.body
Q: How is ammonia produced?
A: By a reversible process called the Haber process, where hydrogen and nitrogen react under certain conditions. Hydrogen is obtained by reacting methane with steam, or through the cracking of oil. Nitrogen is obtained by burning hydrogen in air. Air is 80 per cent nitrogen; nearly all the rest is oxygen. When hydrogen is burned in air, the oxygen combines with the hydrogen, leaving nitrogen behind. The conditions for this process are:

a high temperature - about 450ºC

a high pressure - about 200 atmospheres (200 times normal pressure)

an iron catalyst

Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/chemreac/energychangesrev3.shtml
Relevance: We will be learning about gases in IPC.

# data[].attributes.body
Qn: Why are group 1 metals/ alkali metals so reactive as compared to the rest of the metals?
Ans: Group 1 metals also commonly known as alkali metals are the most reactive among all the metals found in the periodic table. These metals include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium caesium and francium. All of these metals have very similar properties and all of them have only once valence electron in their outermost shell. Since all atoms tend towards a completely full outer electron shell, they will give away or gain electrons in order to obtain one. In the case of the Alkali family, each possesses a single electron that they wish to give away to achieve a stable outer shell, which makes them extremely reactive. Furthermore, the reactivity of the elements increases going down the group. This is because the atom becomes bigger, therefore the electrons are held tightly and are more likely to escape.
Link: http://www.leekhigh.staffs.sch.uk/science/chemistry/chim/PTfolder/PTTa.htm
Relevance: It is part of the electronic structure and periodic table chapter and it serves as good recap because we learnt this before.

# data[].attributes.body
Question: How does limiting reagents affect the chemical reaction?
Answer: The amount of product produced by the reaction is limited by this reactant because the reaction cannot proceed further without it. From stoichiometry, the exact amount of reactant needed to react with another element can be calculated. However, if the reagents are not mixed or present in these correct stoichiometric proportions, the limiting reagent will be entirely consumed and the reaction will not go to stoichiometric completion.
Link: https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/mass-relationships-and-chemical-equations-3/reaction-stoichiometry-44/limiting-reagents-233-3704/
Relevance: we will be learning about stoichiometry and chemical reactions in lecture 3

# data[].attributes.body
Question:
Why does glue stick?
Answer:
A process called adsorption allow Van der Waals forces (weak intermolecular forces) to bind glue molecules and molecules on a surface, with no chemical bonding. Another process called chemisorption allow adhesives to form strong chemical bonds with surfaces, giving a new compound at the junction. The processes above are chemical links. Glues can also form physical links when a surface is filled with holes. Also known as the mechanical theory of adhesives, glue can flow into the holes and cling onto them.
Link:
http://www.explainthatstuff.com/adhesives.html
Relevance: Chemical bonding will be learned in Inorganic and Physical Chemistry.

# data[].attributes.body
Question: How do Fire Extinguishers work?
Answer: There are 3 types of fire extinguishers. Namely, Water, Dry Chemical, and Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers. Water extinguishers work by taking the heat out of the fire. Dry Chemical extinguishers starve the flame from its fuel source, oxygen. This eventually will lead to the fire being extinguished. Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers do both, starving the fire of its oxygen and removing heat as it is cold.
Link: http://www.explainthatstuff.com/fireextinguisher.html
Relevance : We will be learning about enthalpy changes and also chemical reactions such as combustion (fire)

# data[].attributes.body
Question: How does sulfur dioxide affect our health and where is it present?
Answer: Sulfur dioxide irritates our nose, throat, and airways, resulting in coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Its effects are felt very quickly and after 10 to 15 minutes after it is breathed in, most people would feel the symptoms. If people with asthma are exposed to sulfur dioxide ,they are at a very high risk of developing health problems
The highest concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the air are found around petrol refineries, chemical manufacturing industries, mineral ore processing plants and power stations.

Link:https://www.environment.gov.au/protection/publications/factsheet-sulfur-dioxide-so2

Relevance: We will be learning about gases in IPC

# data[].attributes.body
Qn: Why does oxidation and reduction always occur together?
Ans: In electrochemical reactions, electrons will have to go from one place to another and cannot wander around aimlessly, popping in and out of existence. When we oxidise or reduce one species, the elctrons will have to go and end up somewhere. Oxidation and reduction are just ways of describing movement of electrons. When a compound loses electrons, we say that it is oxidised and when it gains electrons, we say it is reduced.
Link: https://www.quora.com/Why-does-oxidation-and-reduction-always-occur-together
Relevance: We will be learning about redox reactions in IPC

# data[].attributes.body
Question: How does the atomic radius affect the electronegativity of an atom?
Answer: From the left to right across a period of elements where the atomic radius decreases, electronegativity increases. If the valence shell of an atom is less than half full, it needs less energy to lose an electron than to gain one. Conversely, if the valence shell is more than half full, it is easier to pull an electron into the valence shell than to donate one. from top to bottom down a group, electronegativity decreases. This is because atomic number increases down a group, and thus there is an increased distance between the valence electrons and nucleus, or a greater atomic radius.
Link: http://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Inorganic_Chemistry/Descriptive_Chemistry/Periodic_Trends_of_Elemental_Properties/Periodic_Trends
It is relevant as we will learn about periodic trends in IPC

# data[].attributes.body
Question: How is geothermal energy harnessed?
Answer:  The heat energy that is continually being produced by the magma under the earth crust is called geothermal energy.  Currently, the most common way of capturing the energy from geothermal sources is to tap into naturally occurring "hydro-thermal convection" systems, where cooler water seeps into Earth's crust, is heated up, and then rises to the surface. Once this heated water is forced to the surface, it is a relatively simple matter to capture that steam and use it to drive electric generators. Geothermal power plants drill their own holes into the rock to more effectively capture the steam.
Link: http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/how-geothermal-energy-works.html#.WAvMd-B97IU
Relevance: We may learn about energy and how it works in inorganic chemistry

# data[].attributes.body
Question: Why Do Onions Make You Cry?
Answer: When cutting an onion, some cells will break, releasing their contents. Amino acid sulfoxides form sulfenic acids and enzymes that were kept separate now are free to mix with the sulfenic acids on the onions to produce propanethiol S-oxide, a volatile sulfur compound that wafts upward toward your eyes. This gas reacts with the water in your tears to form sulfuric acid. The sulfuric acid burns, stimulating your eyes to release more tears to wash the irritant away.
Link: http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2010/11/why-onions-make-your-eyes-water/
Relevance: We will learn about chemical reactions soon

# data[].attributes.body
QNS: How does a carbon monoxide detector works?
Carbon monoxide detector sounds an alarm when the levels of carbon monoxide in the air become dangerously high. One type of carbon monoxide detector contains palladium(II) chloride. When carbon monoxide is present, orange palladium chloride oxidised to form black palladium metal. This change in colour cause the alarm to be sound.
http://www.explainthatstuff.com/carbonmonoxidedetectors.html
It is relevant to transition elements which is one of the chapters taught in IPC.

# data[].attributes.body
Question: How does nuclear energy work?
Answer: Nuclear energy is derived from, the cleaving of uranium ions in a process called fission, which generates heat to produce steam. The steam is then used my a turbine generator to generate electricity.
Fun Fact: Nuclear energy does not produce greenhouse gas emissions as the do not burn fuel and they are responsible for two-thirds of all emissions-free energy.
https://www.duke-energy.com/energy-education/how-energy-works/nuclear-power
Relevance: We would be learning about nuclear chemistry in the later weeks.

# data[].attributes.body
Question: How do gases produced by livestock ( e.g : cows) affect the environment?
The feed that the cows consume are difficult to digest. Hence , this results in cows 'burping'  out methane gas ( CH4) ,which is a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. Methane gas can also cause dizziness and headaches as well as vomiting or nausea due to it displacing the oxygen supply. The decrease in oxygen supply can also cause suffocation or loss of consciousness.
Link: http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=2569
Relevance : There will be a chapter on Gases in IPC.

# data[].attributes.body
Add a sticky note, titled with your name, and answer the following questions:
1. Think of a question in the context of inorganic and physical chemistry that intrigued you.
2. State the question and cite a picture applicable to it.
3. Describe a short answer to the question.
4. Cite a link/website for further reading.
5. Comment on how it is relevant to the content of your module.

# data[].attributes.body
Question: How does batteries work?
Answer: Batteries. The series of chemical reactions that occurs in the battery will result in the accumulation of electrons at the anode. Batteries power our electrical devices daily.
Link:
http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/power/2-how-do-batteries-work.html
Relevance: In IPC, we will be learning about electrochemistry.