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We are all aware of the ripples created on the surface of water when a stone is dropped in it. The water molecules oscillate up and down around their equilibrium positions but they do not move from one point to another along the surface of water. The disturbance created by dropping the stone, however travels outwards.
This type of wave is a periodic and regular disturbance in a medium which does not cause any flow of material but causes the flow of energy and momentum from one point to another.

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There are different types of waves and not all types require material medium to travel through. We know that light is a type of wave and it can travel through vacuum. Here we will first study different types of waves, learn about their common properties and then study sound waves in particular.

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A wave is said to be mechanical if a material medium is essential for its propagation. Examples of these types of waves are water waves, waves along a stretched string, seismic waves, sound waves, etc.

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These are generated due to periodic vibrations in electric and magnetic fields. These waves can propagate through material media, however, material medium is
not essential for their propagation.

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The properties described here are valid for all types of waves, however, here they are described for mechanical waves.

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Amplitude of a wave motion is the largest displacement of a particle of the
medium through which the wave is propagating, from its rest position. It is measured in metre in SI units.

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Wavelength is the distance between two successive particles which are in the same state of vibration. It is measured in metre.

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Time required to complete one vibration by a particle of the medium is the period T of the wave. It is measured in seconds.

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Frequency of a wave is the number of vibrations performed by a particle during each second. SI unit of frequency is hertz. (Hz) Frequency is a reciprocal of time period, i.e., n = (1/T)

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