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Latin America - Latin American Dependency Theory

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Latin America - Latin American Dependency Theory

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The Dependency Theory was coined by Latin American economists Paul Prebisch and stated that developed Nations such as the US and Britain dominate world economics due to their exploitation of undeveloped Countries, forcing export based economies onto the less developed Countries. This definitely rang true in Latin America with their economy almost completely being centered on export despite efforts to internalize and develop their economies.

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The Sandinista Front for National Liberation (FSLN) was an organization that pushed for gender equality within Nicaragua. Despite struggling in the pursuit of their goals the FSLN, now AMNLAE (Luisa Amanda Espinoza Association of Nicaraguan Women) is credited with the increased participation of women in politics and economics.

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Argentina's militaristic tendencies are demonstrated by Juan Peron, who was a colonel during WW2 and was elected President due to catering to the lower classes, and his wife Evita Peron who also helped support the poor of Argentina in an effort to consolidate her husbands support.

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Due to Argentina's very southern position in Latin America and independence from the US, enabled Argentina to follow Mexico's example and tried to develop their economy. This would have been good due to Argentina's heavy agriculture based economy but their military based government prevented great progress.

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Mexican President Lazaro Cardenas applied many reforms in the Constitution of 1917 such as the confiscation and redistribution of land, retook control of the oil industry, and decreased Mexico's reliance on foreign markets bringing about a short golden age in Mexico.

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Africa - Organization of African Unity (OAU)

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Africa - Organization of African Unity (OAU)

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A political body meant to promote African unity among African States, promote economic development, and push cooperation among African States.

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The Iran/Iraq Gulf Wars were short but bloody killing hundred of thousands of soldier and having the effect of intensifying the Countries relations with the US due to leaders such as Ayatolla Khamenei and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad undertaking nuclear programs.

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Muslims despised the CIA sponsored government of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, especially Shia Muslims who hated the secular regime, sparking a revolution. Iran began to shut down US supported businesses and business ventures which inspired other Muslim Countries to do the same and inspired terrorist acts.

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Islamism was the revival of traditional Islamic values, such as sharia, or traditional Islamic law. This eventually spawned a revolution under the belief of Jihad, or the ability to defend Islam from attack.

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India - Indira Gandhi, Modern Sikh/Hindu Conflicts

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India - Indira Gandhi, Modern Sikh/Hindu Conflicts

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Indira Gandhi was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, and was Prime Minister of India and led the Congress Party. Gandhi's government was not popular and faced large opposition due to growing poverty among the lower classes and over population which made her command the forced sterilization of around 8 million people. Seeing the weakened government the Sikhs of India began to vie for more autonomy but were oppressed by Indira, who was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards in 1984.

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The Tiananmen Square Massacre was sparked by a student pro-democracy demonstration, however after Deng's experience in revolution and wishing to not cause a civil war ordered the massacre which soured his world image.

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Mao was far too ambitious in his proceedings and much like the Soviet Union in their pursuit of power sacrificed the well being and happiness of the people. After Mao's death Deng Xiaoping took over China and heavily limited and moderated previous actions taken by Mao Zedong in a period known and "Deng's Revolution"

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China - Great Leap Forward, Cultural Revolution

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China - Great Leap Forward, Cultural Revolution

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Mao Zedong had great ambitions for China to become a large world power once again, and vigorously pushed for China's economic development in acts known ad "The Great Leap Forward" and a cultural revolution centered upon the proletariat, or working class.

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Mao Zedong was the communist leader of the Republic of China from 1943 to 1976, transforming China into a capitalist Nation.

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South Africa - Nelson Mandela, African National Congress

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South Africa - Nelson Mandela, African National Congress

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In response to the oppressive Apartheid system the African National Congress was formed in 1912, headed by leaders such as Nelson Mandela and pushed for democratic rule in South Africa.

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Apartheid was a system of laws in place in South Africa from 1948 to 1994 and was meant to keep the Black African and white European populations separated. F.W. de Klerk dismantled the Apartheid system once he was elected as the South African President in 1989.

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The Kenyan revolution was a hard fought battle for the independence of Kenya, which was earned in 1963 from negotiation after the bloody war.

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Kwame Nkrumah was a leader during Ghana's push for independence, and for his contributions to gaining independence was voted as Ghana's first Prime Minister.

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The Negritude was a revival and promotion of African culture in opposition to colonial rule. Spawned in French West Africa by scholars, negritude promoted black and African culture, music, poetry, art, everything.

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Algeria - Liberation War and Nationalism

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Algeria - Liberation War and Nationalism

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in 1954 the National Liberation Front (NLF) committed to a guerrilla warfare campaign against their French colonizers, which picked up in 1955 when the French buckled down in order to secure their rule in Algeria, but failed to do so and in 1962 Algeria gained their independence from France. This resounding victory against colonialism in Africa added to the long standing nationalist movement in Africa, spawning negritude.

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The Suez Crisis was an astounding success on the part of Nasser, who gained recognition, money, and support from the incident. It stated from Nasser declaring the Suez Canal to be nationalist and took all profits from it to build a dam in Aswan, which prompted the British, French, and Israeli to attack, which succeeded, but they did not abide by the customs set forth by the Cold War and paid the price.

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Egypt - Arab Nationalism, Opposition to Israel

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Egypt - Arab Nationalism, Opposition to Israel

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Muslim were oppressed in Egypt under the rule of Gamal Abdel Nasser, however Nasser was able to greatly develop the economy of Egypt which prompted an Arab nationalist movement. Nasser, despite opposing the Cold War and any Countries/Nations involvement, he also saw opportunity and signed economic support agreements with both sides to be the beneficiary of a competition that soon ensued.

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In Palestine the British had tried to maintain control but in 1947 decided to give up, however the Arabs and Jews did not want to cede control to each other so the UN split divided Palestine, creating Israel.

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Palestine was meant to serve as a haven for all Jewish peoples so that they could avoid persecution and was even backed by the British. The British in support allowed Jewish migration to Palestine after WW2 and pressure from a growing Zionists movement in Europe, however due to Arabs fearing for their rights had to limit migration.

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Due to aggression on the part of the Viet Cong, the US decided to intervene in the Vietnam War, but despite having a large advantage the US could only force a draw with the Viet Cong.

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The Geneva conference was held in Vietnam due to the opposition to Ho Chi Min's communist regime, and resulted with Vietnam being split upon the 17th parallel.

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Vietnam - Ho Chi Min, French Decolonization

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Vietnam - Ho Chi Min, French Decolonization

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Ho Chi Min was the communist leader of Vietnam, and aimed to gain Vietnam's independence from the French.

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Despite failing due to a lack of unity within its members, the non-aligned movement was a remarkable milestone in global progress, being presented as the first international meeting for Countries of colored people. The movement was first presented at the Bandung conference and was meant to maintain the formal neutrality of Asia.

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After India gained independence in 1947, another issues was addresses, the large minority of Muslims who did not wish to be under Hindu rule. Despite prominent figures such as Gandhi opposing the division of India, it was done later that year, with the Muslim Country of Pakistan being formed.

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Both Hindus and Muslims resided largely in India, however they did not peacefully coexist. Muslims despised being under the general rule of the Hindus, so they formed the Muslim league and forced the division of India in order to form the Countries of West Pakistan and East Pakistan (Bangladesh).

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The Indian National Congress was a political body formed on December 28th 1885 meant to fight for Indian independence form Britain, eventually gaining independence on August 15 1947.

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Led by Jawaharlal Nehru and Mohandas Gandhi, the Indian independence movement was a non-violent protest against British rule in India. After WW2 once Winston Churchill was voted out of power India gained independence on August 15th 1947.