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Glycogenolysis occurs when the body, which prefers glucose as an energy source, needs energy. The glycogen previously stored by the liver is broken down to glucose and dispersed throughout the body.

This reaction takes place in the hepatocytes and the myocytes. The process is under the regulation of two key enzymes: phosphorylase kinase and glycogen phosphorylase.

Glycogenolysis is stimulated by glucagon, which is mediated by an intracellular increase of cAMP and Ca+2, which is mediated either by the adenylate cyclase or phospholipase C pathway. Glucagon activates adenylate cyclase via GR2 receptors. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, which activates PKA, which activates glycogenolysis enzymes via ATP-dependent phosphorylation.

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The main source of protein for our meal is the egg. Protein breakdown is also known as protein catabolism. It is the breakdown of proteins into absorbable monomers for further degradation. This process begins in the stomach and continues in the small intestines. The final proteins that can be used in our body are in the form of amino acids.

Amino acids or proteins are believed to be the major contributor to the athletes muscles.

Oxidative deamination is the first step to breaking down the amino acids so that they can be converted to sugars. The process begins by removing the amino group of the amino acids. The amino group becomes ammonium as it is lost and later undergoes the urea cycle to become urea, in the liver. It is then released into the blood stream, where it is transferred to the kidneys, which will secrete the urea as urine.

The remaining portion of the amino acid becomes oxidized, resulting in an alpha-keto acid. The alpha-keto acid will then proceed into the TCA cycle, in order to produce energy. The acid can also enter glycolysis, where it will be eventually converted into pyruvate. The pyruvate is then converted into acetyl-CoA so that it can enter the TCA cycle and convert the original pyruvate molecules into ATP, or usable energy for the organism.

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Making Poster of Pre Workout Meals For Mini Project-Based-Learning

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Making Poster of Pre Workout Meals For Mini Project-Based-Learning

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My part for this MINI PROJECT- BASED-LEARNING

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My part for this MINI PROJECT- BASED-LEARNING

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NUR SURIANI BINTI MUSTAFFA
(D20192091060)

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SITI AISYAH BINTI ISMAIL
(D20192091056)

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NURMALA BINTI NAWI
(D20192091067)

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NURUL NATASHA BINTI HAMID
(D20192091061)

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This is a meal that our members designed for our friend before she does the workout to supply energy during the workout.

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This is a meal that our members designed for our friend before she does the workout to supply energy during the workout.

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In our meal, bread is the major carbohydrate that is present to supply energy to our friend during her breakfast. Carbohydrate in bread is a form of polysaccharide formed from the linkage of many glycosidic bond.

After digestive processes break polysaccharides down into monosaccharides, including glucose, the monosaccharides are transported across the wall of the small intestine and into the circulatory system, which transports them to the liver.

Cells in the body take up the circulating glucose in response to insulin and, through a series of reactions called glycolysis, transfer some of the energy in glucose to ADP to form ATP. The final product of glycolysis is pyruvate.

Glycolysis begins with the phosphorylation of glucose by hexokinase to form glucose-6-phosphate. This step uses one ATP, which is the donor of the phosphate group. Under the action of phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate is converted into fructose-6-phosphate. At this point, a second ATP donates its phosphate group, forming fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. This six-carbon sugar is split to form two phosphorylated three-carbon molecules, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which are both converted into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is further phosphorylated with groups donated by dihydrogen phosphate present in the cell to form the three-carbon molecule 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

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In conclusion, we choose bread, banana, boiled egg, and peanut butter as pre-meals since a peanut butter and banana sandwich is a healthier alternative to classic peanut butter and jelly sandwich. Bananas provide more nutrients per serving than jelly, and there is no added sugar in the fruit. Peanut butter, boiled egg and banana sandwich is a nutritious food that provides a healthy dose of ﬁbers, protein, and certain vitamins and minerals when made with the right kind of bread. Potassium is a nutrient found in sliced bananas.

Two slices of whole-wheat bread contain 138 calories, 1.8 grams of fat, and 3.8 grams of soluble fiber, which aids digestion and helps to prevent constipation. Iron boosts immunity and can help you avoid exhaustion. Calcium, potassium, folate, and vitamin E are all found in modest levels in whole-wheat bread. The remaining fat in peanut butter is unsaturated, which is good for the heart and can help lower cholesterol and lower your risk of heart disease. Niacin is a B vitamin that aids in the health and function of your skin and nerves. Vitamin E protects cells from oxidative stress, which can lead to heart disease and cancer. Potassium, magnesium, and folate are all present in modest levels in peanut butter. Daily, you require 4,700 milligrams of potassium, and a 1-cup meal of sliced banana provides 537 mg. Potassium keeps your heart beating regularly and promotes healthy muscular function. It also aids the correct functioning of your bones and digestive system. In addition, sliced bananas include trace levels of iron, magnesium, vitamin C, and vitamin A in a serving size.

These meals assisted me in losing weight, and they may also be used as a diet plan. This is because it provides vital nutrients that the body needs.

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Are peanut butter & banana sandwiches healthy? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://healthyeating.sfgate.com/peanut-butter-banana-sandwiches-healthy-3793.html

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Das, B. (2013). Estimation of maximum oxygen uptake by evaluating cooper 12-min run test in female students of West Bengal, India. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 8(4), 1008-1014.

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Champe, P. C., Harvey, R. A., & Ferrier, D. R. (2005). Biochemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

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Discussion With Lecturer for MINI PROJECT- BASED-LEARNING

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Discussion With Lecturer for MINI PROJECT- BASED-LEARNING

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Reflection Of MINI PROJECT- BASED-LEARNING

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Reflection Of MINI PROJECT- BASED-LEARNING

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Reflection Of PRBL SITI AISYAH BINTI ISMAIL

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REFLECTIVE WRITING SITI AISYAH BINTI ISMAIL D20192091056

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SITI AISYAH BINTI ISMAIL (D20192091056) .mp4

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Engagement with participant to collect the data

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Engagement with participant to collect the data

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Engagement with participant to collect data

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Making Poster for Participant's Daily Routine

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Making Poster for Participant's Daily Routine

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Marijuana~