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1.- Why was agricultural production low in early 20th century Russia?

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1.- Why was agricultural production low in early 20th century Russia?

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Mainly because tools used were very rudimentary and land was still in property of a noble minority under the feudal system.

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2.- How was the Russian political system in the early 20th century different from those of other European countries?

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2.- How was the Russian political system in the early 20th century different from those of other European countries?

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Russia in the 20th century was still governed under the Old Regime.
The political system there was called an authocracy where the tsar ruled as an absolute monarch who supported the nobility, the orthodox church, the army and the bureaucracy. Opposition was severely repressed.
Although there was a parliament (Duma), it had limited powers and it was the tsar who had full power (even more than in the German and Austria-Hungary authoritarian governments) and he was the highest religious authority.
Since there were people with very different ethnicities throughout the vast empire, a policy of Russianitation was applied where citizens were forced to adapt to Russian culture and language.

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3.- What was the origin of Bolsheviks and Mensheviks? What were the differences between these groups?

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3.- What was the origin of Bolsheviks and Mensheviks? What were the differences between these groups?

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Following Marxists ideas the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' party was formed. This was divided into two groups:
- The Mensheviks who were moderate and favoured a liberal regime that would make a gradual transition to socialism.
- The Bolsheviks (led by Vladimir Lenin) who were radicals that rejected cooperation with the bourgueoisie and wanted to establish a proletarian dictatorship.

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4.- Make a list with the causes and consequences of the 1905 Revolution.

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4.- Make a list with the causes and consequences of the 1905 Revolution.

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- Causes:
Russian expansion to the east which led to a war with Japan where they were defeated. This sumed up to the Russian economic crisis and angry riots, led to the revolution on the 9th of January 1905. In the revolution, crowds demanded improved living conditions and political reform, but not an end to tsarism.

- Consequences:

Demonstrators were severely repressed and many were injured or killed in what was called the Bloody Sunday.

Strikes and protests on the following months.

Peasants and workers met in soviets (popular assemblies).

The tsar made a few concessions; he published the October Manifesto which led Russia to become a parliamentary monarchy (However he continued to rule on his own in spite of his commitments, without the Duma).

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5.-What was the first stage of Revolutions that Lenin refers to in his April Theses?

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5.-What was the first stage of Revolutions that Lenin refers to in his April Theses?

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He meant the imperialist war of rapine. Lenin criticised Russia's participation in the Great War, which had a totally imperialist and capitalist character that would only benefit the small liberal section leading the government ("that handed power to the bourgueoisie"). Therefore, he supported a second stage where the hands of proletariat and peasants gained power (in his April theses he claimed, among other aims, redistribution of land, factory control for workers and rule by soviets).

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6.- How did the Bolsheviks come to power in 1917?

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6.- How did the Bolsheviks come to power in 1917?

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The Bolsheviks were a Russian political grouping which, at the beginning of the 20th century and at the beginning of the Russian Revolution, confronted the prevailing monarchy. In 1917, workers, soldiers and peasants formed soviets all over the country. The bolsheviks soon gained the soviets´support as it demands included withdrawal from World War I, improved working conditions and for land to be shared amongst the peasants. Eventually, giving origin to the October Revolution of 1917, the soviets ruled by the bolsheviks took strategic points around the city, they stormed the Winter palace and detained the provisional government, succeeding in that way in coming to power and dissolving the autocracy. Led by Lenin, the bolsheviks was made up of workers and peasants who were in a bad situation and who formed strikes and protests to attack the Tsarist empire of Russia, ruled by Nicholas II of the Romanov dynasty.

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7.-What caused the Russian Civil War? What sides fought it? What were the results?

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7.-What caused the Russian Civil War? What sides fought it? What were the results?

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Causes: when the bolshevik took power and defeated the russian government in 1917. It lasted from 1918 to 1921
There were two different sides: the  White Army ( the tsartists, including landowners, military commanders and the orthodox Chruch and those who favoured a liberal political system) and the Bolshevik Red Army.
Results: the Bolsheviks won the war so war communism was instroduced to guarantee supplies to the cities and the war fronts, all decisions were taken by the Bolsheviks(Communist Party) and the harsh political and economic measures led to strikes and revolts

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8.-How are the Russian Revolutions and World War I connected?

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8.-How are the Russian Revolutions and World War I connected?

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In 1914, the Russian Empire entered World WarI with Fance and Britain. The war unleashed the revolutionary movement that put an end to tsarism

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9.- Place the main events of the Russian Revolutions (1905-1921) in a timeline.

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9.- Place the main events of the Russian Revolutions (1905-1921) in a timeline.

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1905: defeat against Japan + economic crisis and rioting--> Revolution of 1905.

22th of January 1905: Bloody Sunday.

October of 1905: October manifesto (few unfulfilled concessions by the tsar).

1914: Russia joins World War I.

23rd of February 1917: A demonstration ("peace, bread and land") which the revolution of 1917 begins with.

27th of February 1917: The Provisional government is formed.

15th of March 1917: Nicholas II abdicates.

4th of April 1917: Lenin proposes his April Theses.

July 1917: popular insurrection.

September 1917: General Kornilov leads the most conservative wing in a coup against the provisional government. He is stopped with bolsheviks´ help.

24th of October 1917: Lenin joins the Petrograd soviet.

25th of October 1917: Soviets take strategic points around the city, they storm the Winter palace and detain the provisional government --> The October Revolution begins.

March 1918: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk is signed for peace.

1918-1921: Civil war --> White Army (counter-revolutionaries) against the Red Army (bolsheviks) who eventually win and establish a communist dictatorship.