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1. What is the different focus of linguistic studies in India, Greece, and the Roman Empire?

In ancient India, linguistic studies focused mainly on preserving sacred texts and analyzing the structure of language. Scholars such as Pāṇini developed detailed grammatical rules to describe Sanskrit accurately.

In ancient Greece, linguistics focused on philosophy and the relationship between language, thought, and reality. Greek scholars discussed whether words were naturally connected to their meanings or created by convention.

In the Roman Empire, linguistic studies were mainly concerned with grammar, rhetoric, and the correct use of Latin. Roman scholars adapted many ideas from the Greeks and emphasized language education and effective communication.

2. How could you relate these ancient views to modern linguistics?

These ancient traditions influenced modern linguistics in different ways. Indian grammar contributed to the study of language structure and formal rules. Greek ideas inspired research on meaning, language philosophy, and logic. Roman studies influenced modern grammar teaching and language standardization. Today, linguistics combines these perspectives by studying language structure, meaning, communication, and language use in society.

3. With which theory or theories do you mostly agree?

I mostly agree with the Indian grammatical tradition, especially the work of Pāṇini. His systematic analysis of language resembles modern linguistic approaches because it uses precise rules to explain how language works. I also appreciate the Greek focus on the connection between language and thought, since understanding meaning is an important part of linguistic study.

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how different is seen linguistics nowadays

A few decades ago

1. More associated with philology and language history.

People often thought of linguistics as the study of grammar, etymology, ancient texts, and language families.

2. Less visible to the general public.

It was mostly an academic field, with limited influence outside universities.

3. Formal theory dominated public perception.

Especially in the mid-20th century, linguistics was often identified with abstract models of syntax and language structure.

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Carlos: Yesterday I told my teacher, “I am very sheep.”

Luis: Sheep? Like the animal? 🐑

Carlos: Yes! I wanted to say “cheap.” Everyone laughed.

Luis: That’s nothing. I said, “I am bored” when I wanted to say “I am board.”

Carlos: Why were you a board? Like a piece of wood? 😂

Luis: Exactly! My English was terrible.

Carlos: I also have problems with “beach” and…

Luis: Don’t say it! Don’t say it!

Carlos: Don’t worry. I learned the difference after a very embarrassing vacation.

Luis: My biggest problem is “three.”

Carlos: How do you say it?

Luis: “Tree.”

Carlos: So you have tree brothers and tree sisters?

Luis: Yes, and a whole forest of relatives! 🌳😂

Carlos: English pronunciation is dangerous.

Luis: True. One wrong sound and suddenly you’re talking about animals, trees, or something completely different. 😆

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-I have so many threes, this is unfair

-Whats wrong about them?

-Well its not so good to have so many

- I would love to have one, I love them

-Love them? thats too much

-why? they are so good for the environment

-I meant THREES, we are playing cards, I was talking about the game

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Friends Series | English Intonation Example

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Why are languages different?

Languages are different because human societies developed separately across history and geography. Each culture created its own way of communicating based on its traditions, environment, and social needs. Over time, languages changed and evolved, creating different sounds, grammar, and vocabulary.

Why is it important to study the differences in languages?

Studying language differences helps us understand cultures, history, and human communication better. It also improves translation, language learning, and respect for linguistic diversity. In addition, it helps teachers and students communicate more effectively in multicultural environments.

Why are some languages similar to other languages?

Some languages are similar because they come from the same language family or because cultures had contact through trade, migration, or conquest. For example, Spanish, Italian, and French are similar because they all developed from Latin.

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-Hey, I haven´t seen Marquesita in a while.

- He is sick, he told me he wants to stay home the rest of the week.

-Oh.. but we have a important project with sweet mary in the gallineros.

-I know, but anyway I think he is lying, I bet he is speaking the language of love right now

-well he has his thoughts clear and decisive.

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me: Hi Mr Beltran,how are you?,How you doing?

Mr Beltran: Hello Santiago,i’m doing good thanks for asking,what about you?

me: well as you can see i’m aheading to the 56 building to my psychology class

Mr Beltran: oh really,do well in your class,who’s your teacher?

me: Mr Bernardino is my psychology teacher

Mr: Bernis i know him well,have a nice morning then santiago,catch you later in pragmatics class

me:see you later in the gallineros Mr Beltran

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What is the different focus on linguistic from India, Greece and the Roman Empire ? The indians were focused on grammar and rules over-all, The greeks were more focused on how we use the language rather than giving it a complex structure and the Romans wanted to preserver their language and transmit it to the new generation.

2-How could you relate this to moden linguistics?

I personally think that we can still relate each one of this ways to modern studies, for example we still have tons of dictionaries, grammar and its rules still are an important subject in schools. We also keep stuying languages as the greeks did an so on

3-With which theory you mostly agree? i think with all of them it is importan to keep studying languages with all its branches, i think it would be fatal if we only focuse in one this subjects, knowing that each one has given us a unique way of understanding what languages are

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Why are languages different?

1. Languages are different because groups of people developed separately over time. Geography, culture, history, migration, and contact with other communities changed the way people spoke. As generations passed, pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary evolved differently in each group.

Why is it important to study the differences in languages?

Studying language differences helps us understand cultures, communication, and human history. It also improves translation, language teaching, international communication, and respect for linguistic diversity. In linguistics, comparing languages helps explain how language works in the human mind.

Why are some languages similar to other languages?

Some languages are similar because they come from the same language family or because cultures had contact with each other through trade, migration, or colonization. For example, English, German, and Dutch are similar because they belong to the Germanic language family. Spanish, French, and Italian are similar because they come from Latin.

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1

I work as a nurse in a busy hospital, and I see many different cases every day. Last week, a patient came in with severe kidney pain. He looked pale and worried, and he was holding his side while he was walking slowly into the emergency room.

2

While I was checking his vital signs, he was breathing heavily and saying that the pain was getting worse. The doctor arrived and explained that he might have kidney stones.

2.2

We were preparing the equipment while the patient was trying to stay calm. I was asking him questions about his symptoms, and he said he feels this pain often but never this strong.

3

Later, we sent him for tests, and the results confirmed that he had kidney stones. While we were waiting, he was resting, but he was still feeling uncomfortable. I stayed with him and explained the treatment. I tell my patients that drinking water and following medical advice is very important for recovery.

4

Now, I continue my work, and I am helping other patients every day. In this hospital, people are always coming and going, and we are constantly learning from each case. This experience reminds me why I chose this profession, and I am always trying to give my best care.

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diana's answers activity 2

the different ideas about linguistics in different ages:

medieval linguistics focused on the logical and theological structure of latin. Language was limited and not very diverse. During the renaissance, language became more diverse because new languages appeared, and people did not only give importance to latin. In addition, language spread to more people because of the printing press. I think that during the renaissance, language had more importance because it was considered the basis of communication and knowledge, while in the medieval age, language was mainly used to persuade people or communicate a specific topic.

how different is seen linguistics nowadays?

before, linguistics was a tool mainly used for theological studies. Nowadays, it is a science that studies how language is acquired, how it changes over time, and the relationships it has with the mind and society.

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Diana's answer activity 1

what is the different focus on linguistic studies in India, Greece and the Roman Empire?

In india, linguistic studies focused in the structure and preservation of the language like the sanskrit, this structure was developed by Panini in order to preserve sacred religious texts and correct pronunciation.

in greece linguistic studies focused more on the philosophical relationship between language, meaning, and reality, Philosophers like plato and aristotle explored questions about the origin of words, logic, and how language represents thought and in Rome linguistic studies focused on grammar, rhetoric, and the practical use of language in order to improve public speaking, education, and literary style.

How could you relate these ancient views to modern linguistics?

I think all ancient linguistic studies are important nowadays because each one of them contributed to the grammar we know today and became the foundation of modern communication.

With which theory or theories you mostly agree?

I think greek theory because it's more interesting, I think that the greek theory is the best for me because they tried to understand linguistics from a deeper perspective related to logic and meaning. I feel that in this way it is easier to understand words and communication, unlike systematization and organization.

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1-what is the different focus on linguistic studies in India , Greece and the Roman Empire? India focused on grammar and rules, Greece the relation between language and thought. Rome teaching correct grammar.

2-how could you relate these ancient views to modern linguistics? Are still present in modern linguistics for the formal grammar, the way grammar is taught in schools.

3-with which theory or theories you mostly agree? I agree with Indian theory, because is organized and precise.

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Questions

1. Wich was the main debat in Grece?

They ask: Is languaje by Nature or by Convencion?. Also studyd the diferens betwen Name & Verb.

2. Who was Panini?

Indyan wiseman. He rote the first scienc gramar: Asthadhyayi. He divyded words in smal parts.

3. Whats the diferens betwen Donato & Prisciano?

Bot are Romman teechers. Donato maded simpl gramar for childs. Prisciano rote biger book for advansed studdents.

4. What is Speculativ Gramar?

Midle Age ideya: Gramar show the order of God & the Univers. Very logik way.

5. Who was Antonio de Nebrija?

Spanich teecher (1492). He rote the FIRST gramar for Spenish languaje. Big chang for history.

6. Why Renesance is importan?

Peopl stop only using Latin. They start valuing ther own natal languajes (frenche, spenish, italiyan).

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1. Different ideas about linguistics in different ages

India: Studed words struccher and sounds to protec sanskrit for religion. First scientiphic grammar.

Grece: Discused if languaje is naturel or made by humans. Focused on logic and speach art.

Rome: Copied greek rules to teach Latin. They fixed the languaje for education and goverment.

2. Conection with modern lingwistics

Panini is the base for gramar rules today.

Greeks startd the studdy of meaning and logic.

Romans creatd the sistem of teaching gramar in schools.

3. Wich one do I agre with?

I prefare Panini, lingwistics shud describe how peple realy speak, not only tell us how to speack "corect".

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1. Different ideas about linguistics in different ages

In the medieval ages, linguistics focused on religion, Latin, and grammar rules.
In the Renaissance, people studied more languages and used books to share knowledge.

2. How linguistics is seen nowadays

Nowadays, linguistics studies how people communicate in real life.
Technology and computers also help people study languages today.

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What is the different focus on linguistic studies in India, Greece, and the Roman Empire?

India focused on grammar and rules, especially to preserve sacred texts. Greek scholars focused more on philosophy, meaning, and the relation between language and thought. The Romans focused on teaching correct grammar, especially for Latin and education.

2. How could you relate these ancient views to modern linguistics?

These views are still present in modern linguistics. India influenced formal grammar and rule-based analysis, Greece influenced semantics and philosophy of language, and Rome influenced the way grammar is taught in schools today.

3. With which theory or theories do you mostly agree?

I mostly agree with the Indian approach because it is more systematic and precise. It explains language through clear rules, which is similar to modern linguistics.

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1. In India linguistics focused on grammar rules and correct pronunciation to keep sacred texts accurate. In Greece the focus was on meaning, thinking and how language expreses ideas. In the Roman Empire the focus was more practical, mainly grammar rules and correct Latin for education and goverment.

2. These ancient ideas are still used in modern linguistics. We study grammar structure like in India, meaning and ideas like in Greece, and practical grammar for teaching languages like in Rome.

3. I mostly agree with the Indian theory because it is very organized and helps to understand language structure clearly.

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Sanskrit

Sanskrit is an ancient Indo-Aryan language of India and one of the oldest documented languages in the world. It belongs to the Indo-European family, like Latin and Greek.

Its earliest form, Vedic Sanskrit, appeared around 1500 BCE and was used in the sacred texts called the Vedas, especially the Rigveda. Around the 4th century BCE, the grammarian Pāṇini created a very detailed grammar that standardized the language. This later form is known as Classical Sanskrit.

Sanskrit became the main language of religion, philosophy, science, and literature in ancient India. Important Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain texts were written in it. Although it is not widely spoken today, it is still used in religious ceremonies and studied in schools and universities.

Sanskrit has a complex grammar, with many noun cases and verb forms. It is written mainly in the Devanagari script. Today, it remains culturally important and has influenced many modern Indian languages.

Sanskrit is primarily a fusional language.

For nouns, one ending can show case, number, and gender together. For verbs, one ending can mark person, number, tense, mood, and voice simultaneously. Because these grammatical categories are fused into one ending and cannot be separated into smaller parts, Sanskrit is classified as a fusional language.

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Today i had an unexpected situation i accidantally lentes my keys incidente my car at first i tried to say calm and think about what to do the keys were on the seat,and I could see them through the Window I called a locksmith and he told me hw would arrive in about one hour. I waitwd for him and when he arrived he opened the car in less than two minutes.He was very profesional and solved the problem quickly.This experiencia helped me understand the importance of being more careful.In the future I Will take better precautions to aviad this situation again.

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Today I found out something very important about myself, I can not be trusted with keys anymore.

It was quite a normal afternoon when I parked my vehicle then fixed myself a good cup of coffee and took a last checked on my cellphone then I stepped out like a very responsible grown up whom has got his life sorted out.

Hence I closed the vehicles door and heard that little click sound.

And in that exact moment I just felt shivers down my spine.

Because I had just realised that I had left my keys peacefully seated in the drivers seat.

I could clearer look at them it even appeared as if they were smiling at me.

So I stood there around 10 second or more ,letting the situation hit me. Therefore I thought to myself “maybe the door is not fully close”, so I tried the opening the case by using the handle. It was fully locked, now I had no doubt that my car hated me

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In movies, people call a locksmith, and the person arrives very fast. However, in real life, it is different. I used my phone to search for a locksmith near me. My phone battery was at 12%, so I felt worried.

First, I called a number, but nobody answered. Then, I called a second number. The person said, “We will arrive in three to four hours.” I was surprised and thought that it was too long.

After that, I called a third locksmith. He said he might be available, but he needed to check. I felt stressed because I was waiting in the sun.

While I was waiting, some people walked by. One man looked at me in a strange way. I wanted to explain that the car was mine and that I was not stealing it.

I tried to open the car again. I pulled the handle and checked all the doors, but everything was still locked.

It was a difficult and uncomfortable situation

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This morning started normally, but I messed it up very fast.

I was eating my breakfast quickly because I was late, and I accidentally spilled juice all over my shirt. I tried to clean it, but the stain only got bigger.

I looked at myself in the mirror and realized I had no time to change.

So I had to leave my house with a big orange spot on my clothes, hoping nobody would notice.

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Part 1

Today I learned something important about myself i’m not very careful with my keys.

It was a normal afternoon I parked my car, took my coffee, and checked my phone. Then I got out of the car and closed the door I heard the lock sound.

In that moment I realized my keys were still inside the car. They were on the driver’s seat, and I could see them clearly.

I stood there for a few seconds and hoped the door was not locked. Then I tried to open it, but it was locked.

I felt frustrated because I was outside my car without my keys.

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Part 1

Earlier today, I came to an important realization about myself: I am not particularly responsible when it comes to handling keys.

It was an ordinary afternoon. I parked my car, picked up my coffee, checked my phone, and stepped out with the confidence of someone who believed everything was under control. I locked the door, and it made that familiar clicking sound.

At that exact moment, I felt a sudden sense of panic. My keys were still inside the car, resting calmly on the driver’s seat. They were clearly visible through the window. I stood there for several seconds, hoping that perhaps the door had not actually locked. However, when I tried the handle, it was completely closed. Unfortunately, my car had locked automatically, leaving me outside for the whole day.

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THE STORY IS ABOUT A GUY WHO LOST HIS KEYS INSIDE HIS VEHICLE........ FORMAL BLAHS