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A chemical element in its smallest form, made up of protons and neutrons within the nucleus and electrons circling the nucleus.

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A type of subatomic particle that is electrically neutral, having no net charge.

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A subatomic particle with a positive electric charge that is found in the nucleus of an atom. Often denoted with the symbol H+.

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The electric or magnetic separation of charge.

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van der Waals force
One of the forces (attraction/repulsion) between molecules.

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valence electron
Any of the outermost electrons of an atom, which are located in electron shells.

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temperature
A proportional measure of the average kinetic energy of the random motions of the constituent microscopic particles of a system. 

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solvent
The part of a solution that dissolves the solute. For example, water (H2O) is the solvent in a solution of saline water.

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solution
A homogeneous mixture made up of multiple substances generally referred to as solutes and solvents.

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The part of a solution that is dissolved into the solvent. For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) is the solute in a solution of saline water.

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A type of subatomic particle with a net charge that is negative.

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radiation
Energy released in the form of waves or subatomic particles when there is a change from high-energy to low-energy states.

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quantum mechanics
The study of how atoms, molecules, subatomic particles, etc. behave and are structured.

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quark
An elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter.

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precipitate
The formation of a solid in a solution or inside another solid during a chemical reaction or by diffusion in a solid.

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potential energy
The stored energy in a body or in a system due to its position in a force field or due to its configuration.

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Avogadro's number

The number of discrete constituent particles (such as molecules, atoms, or ions) in one mole of a substance, defined as exactly 6.02214076×1023 such particles.

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base
A substance that accepts a proton and has a pH above 7.0. A common example is sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

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compound
A substance that is made up of two or more chemically bonded elements.

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element
A species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei and hence the same atomic number. 

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entropy
The amount of energy not available for work in a closed thermodynamic system, usually symbolized by S.

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enthalpy
A measure of the total internal energy of a thermodynamic system, usually symbolized by H.

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heat
Energy transferred from one system to another by thermal interaction.

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molecule
A number of atoms that are chemically bonded together and collectively electrically neutral.

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pressure
The force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area. The SI unit for pressure is the pascal (Pa), 

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a compound which, when dissolved in water, gives a pH of less than 7.0, or donates a hydrogen ion.

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precision
How close the results of multiple experimental trials or observations are to each other.

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accuracy
How close a measured value is to the actual or true value.

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molality
Also molal concentration.

A measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution in terms of the amount of the solute per unit mass of the solvent. Molality is typically expressed in units of moles per kilogram (mol/kg);

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density
An intensive property of a substance defined as mass per unit volume and expressed by the equation d = m/V.

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mole (mol)
A unit that measures the amount of a substance in terms of the absolute number of particles.contains approximately 6.022×1023 particles .

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covalent bond
A bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces that occurs between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding.

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phase transition
1.  A transformation of a chemical substance between solid, liquid, and gaseous states of matter and, in rare cases, plasma.

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molar concentration

A measure of the concentration of a chemical species, especially of a solute in a solution, in terms of the amount of the species per unit volume of solution. Molarity is typically expressed in units of moles per litre (mol/L);