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Savage AE, Gratwicke B, Hope K, Bronikowski E, Fleischer RC. Sustained immune activation is associated with susceptibility to the amphibian chytrid fungus. Molecular Ecology. 29:2889-2903.; 2020. doi: 10.1111/mec.15533

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euthanized via intracoelomic injection of MS-222

collected 1 cm² of drink patch skin and whole spleen of each individual

(Ward et al., 2015)

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Differential Gene Expression of Immune System

control

early-infection

late infection "surviving"

late infection "susceptible"

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2.8 MHC Class IIβ genealogical relationships

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2.8 MHC Class IIβ genealogical relationships

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Bayesian Model of analysis
(Kharlamova, 2018)

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2.9 MHC class IIβ supertyping and disease associations 

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2.9 MHC class IIβ supertyping and disease associations 

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Peptide bonding capabilities
Supertypes -Relative Risk
z1- hydrophobicity
z2- steric bulk
z3- polarity
z4 & z5 - electronic effects

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Summative Figure: Sustained immune activation is associated with susceptibility to the amphibian chytrid fungus  

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Summative Figure: Sustained immune activation is associated with susceptibility to the amphibian chytrid fungus  

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By Elizabeth Shaw and Destinee Barbosa

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Frogs surviving Bd infection would show an earlier and larger magnitude of acquired immune gene expression compared to susceptible frogs

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Parts (a), (b) and (c) are displaying MHC class IIβ expression on the y access and how it correlates to different the different treatment groups (early, late surviving, and late susceptible) and the control. Part (d) displays the phylogeny created using the genes that they mapped during the experiment.

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a) disease signs over the course of infection
b) Bd intensity over the course of infection
c) immune response gene expression in surviving versus susceptible frogs
d) representation of immune gene functions categorized by clutch number

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Genes sequences were pooled, filtered, aligned, mapped, and annotated.

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(Martin, 2020)

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immunocompetent frogs swabbed the day before exposure to Bd strain JEL423

52 individuals infected

30 individuals sham-exposed

5 experimental and 3 controls were randomly euthanized on 1st, 8th, 15th, 29th, and 42nd DPI to determine effect of infection over time

(others once clinical signs of chytridiomycosis appeared)

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7 clutches collected from 4 locations in Arizona (4 treatment and 3 control)

tested for Bd presence using qPCR then reared at the National Zoological Park's Reptile Discovery Center

once metamorphosed, they are placed in a slanted cage with water pooled on one end and a moistened shelter on the other.

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Single cell analyses-amphibian skin

More taxa

Immunizations

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High immune function = more susceptibility (Optum Perks Author, 2019)
Ineffective acquired immune response

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Comparison of expressed immune response genes in spleen and skin among Bd exposed and unexposed individuals

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2.10 GLMM analyses of Bd infection intensity, disease, and gene expression relationships 

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2.10 GLMM analyses of Bd infection intensity, disease, and gene expression relationships 

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GLMM- Generalized linear mixed model
Early infection individuals

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Measure of MHC Class IIβ polymorphism by extracting transcriptome contigs with significant homology

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Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Scanning electron micrograph, 2009)
Chytridiomycosis- decrease in amphibian populations

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Rana yavapaiensis
(Kettenburg, 2007)
Intraspecific variation
Acquired and Innate Immunity