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I learned that lac operon genes code for enzymes related to lactose and metabolism.

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I wonder if why the RNA polymerase does not bond well to the lac operon.

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I know that mRNA is transcripted from genes by RNA polymerase, which is then translated into the respective protein.

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I learned that RNA polymerase needs help from CAP in order to have high levels of transcription. -Moeka

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I wonder if there are any alternate sources of energy for glucose other than lactose. -Moeka

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I know that while lactose can be used as a source of energy, glucose is preferred. -Moeka

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I learned that the lac operon can not operate without cAMP. -Kaitlyn

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I wonder how cAMP and CAP are produced -Kaitlyn

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I know that lactose is a source of energy -Kaitlyn

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i wonder why e coli started to react different with lactose and if it is more effiecient in breaking that down as apposed to glucose

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i wonder why e coli started to react different with lactose and if it is more effiecient in breaking that down as apposed to glucose

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i know that the out of all the molecules glucose is the eaisest to break down

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i know that the out of all the molecules glucose is the eaisest to break down

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I learned about the different genes involved in the operon and the functions of the proteins they create

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I want to learn how the cell produce cAMP. What would a defection in this process look like

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I know lactose is made up of glucose and galactose. They are all sugars

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I learned there are three genes in the lac operon: lacZ, lacY, and lacA

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I want to learn more about camp and cap

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I know that lactose and glucose are sugars

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I learned that if there is no cAMP, CAP can't bind DNA making it become inactive.

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I wonder how did it get to the point where e.coli prefers glucose as a source of energy from lactose apart from it breaking down easier.

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I know that e.coli prefers glucose over lactose as a source of energy.

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I learned that the lac operon contains three genes: lacZ, lacY, and lacA.

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I wonder why RNA polymerase don't bind well with other promoters.

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I know that lactose takes more energy to break down than glucose.

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I know that lactose is a type of sugar.

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I learned that DNA was involved in how certain types of sugars were broken down.

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I wonder why E. coli bacteria evolved to break down lactose.

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I learned that there are sensors for differentiating between glucose and lactose in bacteria
- Luis Zepeda

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I wonder why the RNA Polymerase can't go on if the lacI is connected to the lac promoter
- Luis Zepeda

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Lactose takes more energy to be broken down than glucose does.
- Luis Zepeda

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I wonder if there are other proteins that do the same as CAP such as helping bind.

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I know that lactose and glucose are broken down for energy by bacteria.

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I learned that RNA polymerase doesn't bind well to the lac operon promoter and it can even take multiple transcriptions to do it. It also needs help from CAP.

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I want to learn how the CAP system works more.

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I learned that lactose is broken down by LacZ which is produced by lac promoters and lac operators.

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I know that lactose is broken down into glucose and galactose for energy and that glucose is more preferred in terms of lower energy requirement.

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What happens if cAMP were to be replaced with its counterpart from the other cell type?

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What happens if cAMP were to be replaced with its counterpart from the other cell type?

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cAMP helps CAP become active and bind  DNA together

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cAMP helps CAP become active and bind  DNA together

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lac repressor loses/repressing revoke DNA binding ability in order for the RNA to bind to the promoter --> the RNA does not bind very well so it also requires a few transcript for this process to run efficiently

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I wonder how different CAP is when it's active vs when it is low in activity; I'm confused on the wording, and I would like to have some clarification.

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I learned that lacY controls the amount of lactose that enters through the cell membrane which helps slow the process.

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I learned that lacY controls the amount of lactose that enters through the cell membrane which helps slow the process.

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I wonder what it looks like microscopically :D

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I wonder what it looks like microscopically :D

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Lactose and glucose are forms of energies, but glucose is easier to process so is more preferred.

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Glucose requires less energy to break down; therefore, it's the most preferred sugar for fuel

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I learned that RNA polymerase cannot permanently bind itself to the lac operon promoter and it actually requires catabolite activator protein (CAP) to assist in this process.

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I wonder if lacZ, lacY, lacA, lac operator etc are named after "lac"tose

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I knew that E. coli is present when breaking down glucose and lactose.

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I learned that three different genes are made from the transcription of mRNA from the RNA polymerase in the DNA chain

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I wonder if RNA polymerase can ever overcome a gene obstacle such as the lac operator in the simulation

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I knew that E. coli can break down glucose and lactose, but prefer to break down glucose

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I'm wondering in specifics like why does RNA polymerase not bind well to the lac operon promoter

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I learned the CAP is only active when glucose levels are low. Also they need cAMP in order to promote transcription and actually bind to the DNA

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I knew that glucose is easier to break down which is why it's considered the "favorite fuel"

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I learned that cAMP allows CAP bind to DNA by changing the shape of the CAP protein. This allows it to increase transcription. CAP is also able to attach to DNA when glucose levels are low.

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I learned about CAP and how it is used by the RNA polymerase to bind with the promoter and that it is regulated by cAMP.
Kayla

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I wonder why the RNA polymerase does not bind well with the promoter. I also wonder when else CAP is used and am interested to know more about it.
Kayla

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I wonder what would happen to bacteria and other prokaryotes if the lac operon regulation failed to work. I also want to learn more about the functions of cAMP and CAP in more depth.

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I knew that glucose is the preferred source of energy in cells because it's easier to break down compared to lactose.

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I knew that lactose is not the preferred source of energy and that glucose is.
Kayla

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i learned that CAP utilizes cAMP to better bind to the DNA and increase levels of transcription. It was also interesting to learn that it does so by changing its shape.

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i wonder more about the functionality of CAP. i understood the basics of what it does, definitely want to dig a little deeper to cement it.

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i knew that glucose is the preferred energy source in cells.

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Something intriguing I gained from this lesson was the RNA Polymearse does not bind well with lac operon promoter. Beforehand, I thought it was a straightfoward process, but CAP fulfills that role - without the DNA Polymearse would not be able to bind properly.

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Since CAP is a fundamental aspect of lactose breakdown, what factors could contribute to non- functionality of the activator protein. What precautions are set in place after that?

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In short, I learned that cAMP production is prompted due to lack of glucose to activate CAP to promote transcription of RNA Polymerase - as it can’t do it on its own. When glucose does become present, cAMP isn’t needed so it becomes low.

-Alexander Tadeo

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I learned that E. coli is able to detect different glucose levels and cAMP is a hunger signal that helps CAP change its shape and bind to DNA in order to promote transcription

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I wonder what are different things that could cause the lac operon to fail, and more specifically how CAP in the diagrams works

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I knew that glucose takes less steps and less energy to break down, and it is the preferred source of energy

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I learned that RNA polymerase does not bind well to a lac operator so it must get help from a Catabolite activator protein allowing it to attach to the promoter and Catabolite must be regulated by cAMP in order to drive high levels of transcription. Moreover, a molecular relationship between these 3 molecules :)
-Jerry Nguyen

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I would like to learn more about how the levels of glucose plays an important role in how the lac operons function and why they behave the way they do on these levels.
- Jerry Nguyen

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I knew that lactose took more steps and energy to break down compared to glucose.
- Jerry Nguyen

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I learned that there is no cAMP when there is high glucose. (kelly)

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I learned that there is no cAMP when there is high glucose. (kelly)

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I wonder what things could cause this system to fail. (kelly)

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I wonder what things could cause this system to fail. (kelly)

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I knew that this system was reliant on the shape of the enzymes. (kelly)

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I knew that this system was reliant on the shape of the enzymes. (kelly)

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I learned how the E. coli's lac operon works to produce energy for the bacteria when there is no glucose present. I learned how the RNA polymerase and genes are able to transcribe specific proteins like the lacZ and lacY protein.

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I wonder what are the consequence of overproduction of the enzyme lacZ because that is one question I didn't know how to answer.

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One thing I knew before this asych lesson is that lactose breaks down to galactose and glucose. Now I know how it is broken down by E. coli bacteria: through the lac operon.

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I already knew that a lacY was used to let certain things in -ernesto

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I already knew that a lacY was used to let certain things in -ernesto

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i still wonder what would happen if the lactose in the simulation wasn´t broken down or let into through the cell membrane? is that what happens to people who are lactose intolerance? -ernesto

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i still wonder what would happen if the lactose in the simulation wasn´t broken down or let into through the cell membrane? is that what happens to people who are lactose intolerance? -ernesto

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I learned that glucose requires fewer steps and less energy to break down than lactose. - ernesto

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I learned that glucose requires fewer steps and less energy to break down than lactose. - ernesto

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I learned that E. coli is able to start the makings of lactose

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I wonder what would happen if the blue and yellow molecules were never broken down? What would be their effect?

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I learned that glucose takes significantly less energy to break itself down compared to other molecules

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I wonder more about the diagrams as well, specifically with the CAP site and how it looks & functions in the grand scheme of things.

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I learned that E. coli is able to discern when glucose levels are low and send cAMP as a "hunger signal", which supports the functioning of CAP.

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I know glucose is the main or most preferred sugar for fuel, but there are other sources of fuel/energy that cells and molecules will resort to using as well.

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I learned that CAP relies on cAMP in order to bind with DNA and promote transcription. Without cAMP, CAP is inactive and cannot bind to DNA.

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I wonder more about the diagrams in the doc because it's kind of confusing.

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I know that glucose requires less energy to break down unlike lactose.

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I learned how E. coli is able to detect the glucose levels and how that is able to allow for lactose production.

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I wonder more about what the promoter and the operator do because I understand the basics but would love to know more.

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Glucose is the preferable type of sugar for most molecules.

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Cells signal by using receptors like protein bindings. It's a little foggy.

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I know how E. coli functions and how it breaks down glucose/lactose by protein bindings

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I'm wondering how the glucose levels work in the diagram since it's a little confusing.