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Democritus was a Greek philosopher and came up with the idea of tiny particles. This was the first idea of an atom and he called it Atomos, meaning indivisible. He thought that all of these particles were indestructible and could change size and shape depending on what it was creating. They were tiny indestructible particles.

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Aristotle completely disagreed with Democritus's idea of the atom and instead said that everything is made from just 4 elements, Air, water, fire and earth. Because Aristotle was a popular philosopher people believed him more than Democritus. This meant that no one investigated more about atoms for another 2000 years.

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Dalton was also known as the father of atomic theory because he started to think about the idea of an atom.  He theorized that atoms were too small to see and that they made up everything in the world.  He did lots of experiments to prove to the world that atoms were real. He also theorized that atoms of a certain element were the same, and that atoms of 2 different elements would be different from each other.

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Thomson was the first to discover that there were smaller particles that made up an atom. He discovered that there was a negatively charged particle and he called it an electron. He came up with the idea that there would be a positively charged substance and within that substance there would be negatively charged electrons scattered in like a cookie with chocolate chips.

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Rutherford did an experiment where he shot positively charged particles at some gold foil. What he saw was that some of the particles went through the atoms and some bounced off. He concluded that atoms had a positively charged center (the nucleus) with electrons orbiting it at a distance. He concluded that most of the atom is empty space because that is why some of the the particles went through the atoms. He also said that the nucleus is very tiny compared to the whole atom. The ones that bounced off must have hit the nucleus.

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Bohr agreed with Rutherford and added to his model. He came up with the idea that electrons had certain energy levels. The electrons could go up an energy level if it had gained energy and it would move down if it lost energy. The electrons would orbit around the nucleus in a fixed path. The higher the energy level the farther away it would be from the nucleus.

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Chadwick discovered a new particle in the atom, the neutron. The neutron is a neutral particle, meaning it has no charge. Chadwick used wax to catch the particles and discovered neutrons. This was very important after Enrico Fermi shot neutrons at atoms and split them, and started the nuclear age.

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Now the scientists slightly disagree with Bohr that electrons orbit in neat, perfect, orderly energy levels. Now scientists like Heisenberg think that electrons orbit around the nucleus billions of times a second and that they create a sort of cloud, not orbits. Electrons do not travel in perfect circles, creating the cloud because they orbit so fast. But the electrons still orbit based on the amount of energy it has. (The picture shows electrons, but the whole orange fuzz is where the electrons could be and is the cloud.)