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"Everyone today in the United States is either an immigrant or the descendant of immigrants."-p.1

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Became American from Coercian, Colonists, 4 Waves of Immigrants.

1st wave: Before 1820
British, Northern
European, etc.

2nd wave:
1820–1860
Irish and German

3rd wave: 1860–1914
Southern European
and East European

4th wave:
1965–Present
Hispanic and Asian

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"Roughly 17 million school-age children spoke a language other than English at home, and more than 3 million children reported problems in speaking English." (pg.5)

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"Contemporary transportation and communication technologies allow people to move between countries and continents with unprecedented frequency and speed, and permit them to maintain economic, social, and political ties in two or more societies."-p.2

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“Because immigrant students bring with them different life experiences and beliefs, cultural communication patterns, languages, and educational traditions, their immediate addition to U.S. schools places strong demands for reform on many public education systems” - p. 15

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"Pluralists believe that immigrants’ optimism, work ethic, and cultural and linguistic resources not only enrich the United States’ national heritage, but also enhance its status in an increasingly globalized world by providing new talents, contemporary skills, and increased trade that fuel economic expansion." - p. 15

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"Pluralists believe that immigrants' optimism, work ethic, and cultural and linguistic resources not only enrich the United States' national heritage, but also enhance its status in an increasingly globalized world by providing new talents, contemporary skills, and increased trade that fuel economic expansion."-p. 15

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"It recommends
a corrective curriculum that devalues belief structures outside the mainstream. As a result, it dismisses the influence of ethnic cultures and discredits the authority of parents as well as the support systems of ethnic
communities" (pg. 16)

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"They have asserted that community input and family agency are useful tools in assimilating immigrant youth."-p.16

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"A larger proportion of U.S. citizens share nonmainstream heritages than ever before." - p. 17

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"This wave of immigration has resulted in the emergence of many multiethnic communities; it has substantially changed the racial and ethnic mix in most urban schools in the South as well as in some rural Southern schools, which have a long-established racial pattern of only Black and White students." (Pg.5)