# data[].attributes.headline
“So the Lord said, ‘I will wipe from the face of the earth the human race I have created — and with them the animals, the birds and the creatures that move along the ground — for I regret that I have made them.’ But Noah found favor in the eyes of the Lord” (Genesis 6:7-8).Floating on the endless waters of destruction for months, Noah might have felt cursed and forgotten, not favored. Christians can relate to the challenges Noah faced: Waiting on God and remembering his promises.Jesus and the ArkDr. Ray Pritchard compared the flood to “the Second Coming” because, for the unbelievers who scoff at Christians, “it will be business as usual until the very day Jesus returns.” On that day, as it was when Noah sealed the doors of the Ark against latecomers, it will be too late. “Just as God didn’t prepare two arks, he doesn’t have two plans of salvation.” Noah foreshadows the Messiah in this sense.He had to remain faithful for a long time. Scripture is not specific about how long it took him and his sons to build the Ark, but it was a massive undertaking. Since they were the only men God would save, were they the only men involved in building the Ark? If so, then the project would have taken even longer than with a team of boat builders on-board.We don’t know if Noah had ever sailed; if he knew how to build even a small structure: This might have been the first time he picked up the tools for such a job. Christians know what it’s like to wait for God to give a “yes” to prayer, and they understand what it’s like to wait for the real Savior to return.Noah and his sons needed patience to complete their work. They had to toil under the constant scrutiny and, perhaps, laughter of those who would pass them in their labors and shake their heads, express disbelief, or openly ridicule them.Jesus and his disciples were also mocked, rejected, and threatened with physical violence up until the end of Christ’s mortal life when those threats were realized. They could relate to Noah, the outsider, and laughingstock.The Planner’s PrecisionGod’s building plans for the Ark in the Bible are so precise that biblical scholars often use them to argue the veracity of Scripture. When scientists and boat builders consider the dimensions and type of wood used, they agree that this vessel could not only float but also hold two of every species of land animal, a few humans, and all of their food for one year. The Ark “had about as much space as 250 railroad stock cars, which some folks have calculated can hold between 20,000 and 40,000 animals roughly the size of sheep.”We are often tempted to imagine God designing only epic things: The universe, the plan for salvation, and the Exodus. Perhaps God is not interested or involved in the tiny details of life. Genesis 6:14-16 says otherwise. While the ark and the flood were, indeed, epic, God directed Noah in the finer points also.He was to use “cypress wood” and to coat rooms “with pitch inside and out.” He gave Noah exact dimensions for the Ark: “Three hundred cubits long, fifty cubits wide and thirty cubits high” with a one-cubit-high opening below the roof. Finally, God instructed Noah to “put a door in the side of the ark and make lower, middle and upper decks.” Noah knew exactly what to do and how to do it.The Hebrew word denoting this space below the roof is “sohar” or “window.” The Lord even thought ahead to how dark the interior of his vessel would be once the doors were closed, and it was sealed tight against the water. His people needed light to see by, and they needed light in the figurative sense also.The Ark and LightTwo thousand years after the Great Flood, Daniel prayed to God “because for our sins, and for the iniquities of our fathers, Jerusalem and your people have become a byword among all who are around us. [...] O Lord, make your face to shine upon your sanctuary” (Daniel 9:16-17).The Psalmist pleads, “O God, restore us, and cause Your face to shine upon us, and we will be saved” (Psalm 80:3). The prophet Micah proclaimed, “Though I dwell in darkness, the Lord is a light for me” (Micah 7:8).Jesus told his followers, “‘I am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness but will have the light of life’” (John 8:12). Not a single theme or word appears in Scripture by accident. Readers can find hope in God’s merciful reminder: I will supply the light you need. The modern reader can imagine a ferry or a cruise ship, where there is plenty of light. Compartments that are airy and passengers can climb to the top deck, watching waves roll, birds soar, and whales follow. The Ark was not like a modern ferry, it was not built for pleasure but protection.God’s blueprint included an opening at the top which would draw fresh air into the Ark and suck out the fetid smell of sweat and dung. The opening also let in light, which would have been practical for performing daily duties. Even more than that, light reached Noah during the long days when he might have felt hopeless and forgotten. God knew what psychiatrists and doctors understand today: We need light to survive.God speaks — he provides direction — and then, once a plan is set in motion, there is a long wait before the purpose of that plan becomes clear. The light goes out, the visual equivalent of God’s silence, leading to hopelessness. And then we remember the light. “During the darkness,” wrote Dr. James Boice, “you may have felt quite dead. But suddenly the life of God is there again, and you [...] begin to move forward.”This narrow space at the top of Noah’s floating world was a reminder to Noah that he not only needed light, but God had already worked light into his plans for Noah’s future. Not just light for Noah, but light for the world. In John 8:12, John Piper says, “We have a picture of people passing from death to life. They will not die in their sins.”Noah’s Ark gives Christians a foretaste of what that really means. Noah was not sinless, but he was faithful, and God saved him. As with Abraham, his “faith was counted to him as righteousness” (Romans 4:3). So, it is with Christians now, waiting for Christ to return just as Noah waited for light to glint off of a dripping mountain peak poking out of the water.God RemembersGod directed and Noah obeyed, built the Ark, loaded up, closed the doors, and water rose around him. All land disappeared. He waited for about a year from the first rainfall until a dove brought him an olive branch, the sign that land had reemerged.During this time, God might have spoken again, but no mention is made of it. “Noah must have begun to wonder whether God had forgotten him, his family and the animals as they floated like insignificant bits of refuse on the great tide.”Most believers know that feeling. At first, God seems to provide direction through Scripture, prayer, even advertisements on billboards and songs on the radio. They are signs that a door is opening or closing. What a relief to receive such clear direction! While one might feel abandoned or worthless during the long wait for step two, God does not forget his children. “God had never actually forgotten Noah, for God never forgets anything.”Scripture portrays God as forgetting and remembering in order to make him accessible and familiar. “If you think yourself to be abandoned by God […] the hope is in knowing that God will act again! And in the meantime, your job is to go on in faithful obedience to what he has already shown you — however long ago that may have been” for it is “God’s nature to remember. He is faithful.”The Faithful RememberLater, when Noah’s ordeal was over, he and his shipmates (animal and human) had disembarked, “Noah remembered [...] God. He showed it by [...] building an altar and then sacrificing some of all the clean animals and clean birds as sin offerings.” Although we forget God’s goodness “immediately after we have been delivered from some distressing situation,” Noah did not forget. What example has Noah set for the Christian living thousands of years after The Great Flood?We pick up our crosses and follow Christ, making a sacrifice of joy and gratitude; our desires for his desires. Our sacrifice is not duty or legalism. The Lord wants “mercy, not sacrifice, and acknowledgment of God rather than burnt offerings” (Hosea 6:6).We want signs, like the dove carrying an olive branch, but Christ’s death and resurrection was our sign of his love and faithfulness. Meanwhile, The Lord desires a sign from us, his children: Patience, which demonstrates our trust in him; thankfulness, which honors and glorifies the Lord.Noah knew God’s loving, omnipotent character before he closed the Ark door and shut out all latecomers who had ignored the evidence of God’s glory. He knew he could trust God. We also have evidence of God’s goodness, his kindness, his power, his faithfulness: God’s character, reflected in Jesus Christ. All we need to do now is to remember.

# data[].attributes.subject
“So the Lord said, ‘I will wipe from the face of the earth the human race I have created — and with them the animals, the birds and the creatures that move along the ground — for I regret that I have made them.’ But Noah found favor in the eyes of the Lord” (Genesis 6:7-8).Floating on the endless waters of destruction for months, Noah might have felt cursed and forgotten, not favored. Christians can relate to the challenges Noah faced: Waiting on God and remembering his promises.Jesus and the ArkDr. Ray Pritchard compared the flood to “the Second Coming” because, for the unbelievers who scoff at Christians, “it will be business as usual until the very day Jesus returns.” On that day, as it was when Noah sealed the doors of the Ark against latecomers, it will be too late. “Just as God didn’t prepare two arks, he doesn’t have two plans of salvation.” Noah foreshadows the Messiah in this sense.He had to remain faithful for a long time. Scripture is not specific about how long it took him and his sons to build the Ark, but it was a massive undertaking. Since they were the only men God would save, were they the only men involved in building the Ark? If so, then the project would have taken even longer than with a team of boat builders on-board.We don’t know if Noah had ever sailed; if he knew how to build even a small structure: This might have been the first time he picked up the tools for such a job. Christians know what it’s like to wait for God to give a “yes” to prayer, and they understand what it’s like to wait for the real Savior to return.Noah and his sons needed patience to complete their work. They had to toil under the constant scrutiny and, perhaps, laughter of those who would pass them in their labors and shake their heads, express disbelief, or openly ridicule them.Jesus and his disciples were also mocked, rejected, and threatened with physical violence up until the end of Christ’s mortal life when those threats were realized. They could relate to Noah, the outsider, and laughingstock.The Planner’s PrecisionGod’s building plans for the Ark in the Bible are so precise that biblical scholars often use them to argue the veracity of Scripture. When scientists and boat builders consider the dimensions and type of wood used, they agree that this vessel could not only float but also hold two of every species of land animal, a few humans, and all of their food for one year. The Ark “had about as much space as 250 railroad stock cars, which some folks have calculated can hold between 20,000 and 40,000 animals roughly the size of sheep.”We are often tempted to imagine God designing only epic things: The universe, the plan for salvation, and the Exodus. Perhaps God is not interested or involved in the tiny details of life. Genesis 6:14-16 says otherwise. While the ark and the flood were, indeed, epic, God directed Noah in the finer points also.He was to use “cypress wood” and to coat rooms “with pitch inside and out.” He gave Noah exact dimensions for the Ark: “Three hundred cubits long, fifty cubits wide and thirty cubits high” with a one-cubit-high opening below the roof. Finally, God instructed Noah to “put a door in the side of the ark and make lower, middle and upper decks.” Noah knew exactly what to do and how to do it.The Hebrew word denoting this space below the roof is “sohar” or “window.” The Lord even thought ahead to how dark the interior of his vessel would be once the doors were closed, and it was sealed tight against the water. His people needed light to see by, and they needed light in the figurative sense also.The Ark and LightTwo thousand years after the Great Flood, Daniel prayed to God “because for our sins, and for the iniquities of our fathers, Jerusalem and your people have become a byword among all who are around us. [...] O Lord, make your face to shine upon your sanctuary” (Daniel 9:16-17).The Psalmist pleads, “O God, restore us, and cause Your face to shine upon us, and we will be saved” (Psalm 80:3). The prophet Micah proclaimed, “Though I dwell in darkness, the Lord is a light for me” (Micah 7:8).Jesus told his followers, “‘I am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness but will have the light of life’” (John 8:12). Not a single theme or word appears in Scripture by accident. Readers can find hope in God’s merciful reminder: I will supply the light you need. The modern reader can imagine a ferry or a cruise ship, where there is plenty of light. Compartments that are airy and passengers can climb to the top deck, watching waves roll, birds soar, and whales follow. The Ark was not like a modern ferry, it was not built for pleasure but protection.God’s blueprint included an opening at the top which would draw fresh air into the Ark and suck out the fetid smell of sweat and dung. The opening also let in light, which would have been practical for performing daily duties. Even more than that, light reached Noah during the long days when he might have felt hopeless and forgotten. God knew what psychiatrists and doctors understand today: We need light to survive.God speaks — he provides direction — and then, once a plan is set in motion, there is a long wait before the purpose of that plan becomes clear. The light goes out, the visual equivalent of God’s silence, leading to hopelessness. And then we remember the light. “During the darkness,” wrote Dr. James Boice, “you may have felt quite dead. But suddenly the life of God is there again, and you [...] begin to move forward.”This narrow space at the top of Noah’s floating world was a reminder to Noah that he not only needed light, but God had already worked light into his plans for Noah’s future. Not just light for Noah, but light for the world. In John 8:12, John Piper says, “We have a picture of people passing from death to life. They will not die in their sins.”Noah’s Ark gives Christians a foretaste of what that really means. Noah was not sinless, but he was faithful, and God saved him. As with Abraham, his “faith was counted to him as righteousness” (Romans 4:3). So, it is with Christians now, waiting for Christ to return just as Noah waited for light to glint off of a dripping mountain peak poking out of the water.God RemembersGod directed and Noah obeyed, built the Ark, loaded up, closed the doors, and water rose around him. All land disappeared. He waited for about a year from the first rainfall until a dove brought him an olive branch, the sign that land had reemerged.During this time, God might have spoken again, but no mention is made of it. “Noah must have begun to wonder whether God had forgotten him, his family and the animals as they floated like insignificant bits of refuse on the great tide.”Most believers know that feeling. At first, God seems to provide direction through Scripture, prayer, even advertisements on billboards and songs on the radio. They are signs that a door is opening or closing. What a relief to receive such clear direction! While one might feel abandoned or worthless during the long wait for step two, God does not forget his children. “God had never actually forgotten Noah, for God never forgets anything.”Scripture portrays God as forgetting and remembering in order to make him accessible and familiar. “If you think yourself to be abandoned by God […] the hope is in knowing that God will act again! And in the meantime, your job is to go on in faithful obedience to what he has already shown you — however long ago that may have been” for it is “God’s nature to remember. He is faithful.”The Faithful RememberLater, when Noah’s ordeal was over, he and his shipmates (animal and human) had disembarked, “Noah remembered [...] God. He showed it by [...] building an altar and then sacrificing some of all the clean animals and clean birds as sin offerings.” Although we forget God’s goodness “immediately after we have been delivered from some distressing situation,” Noah did not forget. What example has Noah set for the Christian living thousands of years after The Great Flood?We pick up our crosses and follow Christ, making a sacrifice of joy and gratitude; our desires for his desires. Our sacrifice is not duty or legalism. The Lord wants “mercy, not sacrifice, and acknowledgment of God rather than burnt offerings” (Hosea 6:6).We want signs, like the dove carrying an olive branch, but Christ’s death and resurrection was our sign of his love and faithfulness. Meanwhile, The Lord desires a sign from us, his children: Patience, which demonstrates our trust in him; thankfulness, which honors and glorifies the Lord.Noah knew God’s loving, omnipotent character before he closed the Ark door and shut out all latecomers who had ignored the evidence of God’s glory. He knew he could trust God. We also have evidence of God’s goodness, his kindness, his power, his faithfulness: God’s character, reflected in Jesus Christ. All we need to do now is to remember.

# data[].attributes.body
Medical thermometer

# data[].attributes.body
Alchemy | c. 1st century BC | Alchemy, a forerunner or Chemistry has its origin in Hellenistic Egypt. |
Souvlaki | c. 17th century BC | Excavations in Santorini, Greece, unearthed sets of stone cooking supports used before the 17th century BC. In the supports there are pairs of indentations that were likely used for holding skewers. The line of holes in the base allowed the coals to be supplied with oxygen.[1] |
Arch bridge | c. 1300 BC | Possibly the oldest existing arch bridge is the Mycenaean Arkadiko bridge in Greece from about 1300 BC. The stone corbel arch bridge is still used by the local populace.[2] |
Olympic Games | 776 BC | The ancient Olympic Games were originally a festival of the god Zeus, observed every four years in Olympia by visitors from all over Greece. Later, events such as a footrace, a javelin contest, and wrestling matches were added, evolving into a series of cut-throat athletic competitions among representatives of the various Greek city-states and one of the Panhellenic Games of ancient Greece. The first Olympics is traditionally dated to 776 BC.[3] |
Evidence-based medicine | c. 700 BC | The Greek medical schools at Knidos and Kos were the first to develop rational theories of disease disconnected from religion and superstition and advocate healing based on empirically verified cures. [4] |
Surgical instruments | c. 700 BC | Ancient medical treatises including the Hippocratic corpus describe surgical tools used for examining injuries, making small incisions, removing arrowheads, gynecological examinations, abortions, tooth extraction, and removing bladder stones. |
Geography | c. 600 BC | Building on the mapmaking practices of the Near East,[5] the philosopher Anaximander, a student of Thales, was the first known person to produce a scale map of the known world,[6] while some decades later Hecataeus of Miletus was the first to combine map-making with vivid descriptions of the people and landscapes of each location, taken from interviews with sailors and other travellers,[7] initiating a field of study which Eratosthenes later named γεωγραφία (geography).[8] |
Railway | c. 600 BC | The 6 to 8.5 km long Diolkos represented a rudimentary form of railway.[9] |
Caliper | 6th century BC. | Earliest example found in the Giglio wreck near the Italian coast. The wooden piece already featured one fixed and a movable jaw.[10][11] |
Theatre | c. 6th century BC | Theatre, in its modern sense, involving the performance of pre-written tragic, dramatic and comedic plays for an audience, first originated in Classical Athens in the 6th century BC.[12] |
Truss roof | 550 BC[13] | See List of Greco-Roman roofs. |
Crane | c. 515 BC | Labor-saving device that allowed the employment of small and efficient work teams on construction sites. Later winches were added for heavy weights.[14] |
Democracy | 508 BC | Led by Cleisthenes, Athenians established what is generally held as the first democracy in 508–507 BC. Cleisthenes is referred to as "the father of Athenian democracy."[15] |
Spiral staircase | 480–470 BC | The earliest spiral staircases appear in Temple A in Selinunte, Sicily, to both sides of the cella. The temple was constructed around 480–470 BC.[16] |
Winch | 5th century BC | The earliest literary reference to a winch can be found in the account of Herodotus of Halicarnassus on the Persian Wars (Histories 7.36), where he describes how wooden winches were used to tighten the cables for a pontoon bridge across the Hellespont in 480 BC. Winches may have been employed even earlier in Assyria, though. By the 4th century BC, winch and pulley hoists were regarded by Aristotle as common for architectural use (Mech. 18; 853b10-13).[17] |
Shower | 4th century BC | The Ancient Greeks were the first known people to have showers, which were connected to their lead pipe plumbing system. A shower room for female athletes with plumbed-in water is depicted on an Athenian vase. A whole complex of shower-baths was also found in a 2nd-century BC gymnasium at Pergamum.[18] |
Streets | c. 400 BC | Example: The Porta Rosa (4th–3rd century BC) was the main street of Elea (Italy) and connected the northern quarter to the southern quarter. The street is 5 meters wide. At its steepest, it has an inclination of 18%. It is paved with limestone blocks, grinders cut in square blocks, and on one side a small gutter for the drainage of rain water. The building is dated during the time of the reorganization of the city during Hellenistic age. (4th to 3rd centuries BC) |
Catapult | 399BC | The historian Diodorus Siculus mentions the invention of a mechanical arrow-firing catapult (katapeltikon) by a Greek task force in 399 BC.* Campbell, Duncan (2003), Greek and Roman Artillery 399 BC – AD 363, Oxford: Osprey, p. 3, ISBN 1-84176-634-8 |
Central heating | c. 350 BC | The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was warmed by heated air that was circulated through flues laid in the floor, the first known central heating system. Central heating of buildings was later employed throughout the Greek world. |
Lead sheathing | c. 350 BC | To protect a ship's hull from boring creatures. See Kyrenia ship. |
Astrolabe | c. 300 BC | First used around 300 BC by astronomers in Greece. Used to determine the altitude of objects in the sky.[19][20] |
Canal lock | early 3rd century BC | Built into Ancient Suez Canal under Ptolemy II (283–246 BC).[21][22][23] |
Ancient Suez Canal | early 3rd century BC | Opened by Greek engineers under Ptolemy II (283–246 BC), following earlier, probably only partly successful attempts.[24] |
Escapement | 3rd century BC | Described by the Greek engineer Philo of Byzantium (3rd century BC) in his technical treatise Pneumatics (chapter 31) as part of a washstand automaton for guests washing their hands. Philon's comment that "its construction is similar to that of clocks" indicates that such escapement mechanisms were already integrated in ancient water clocks.[25] |
Archimedes' screw | c. 3rd century BC | This device, capable of lifting solid or liquid substances from a lower plane to a higher elevation, is traditionally attributed to the Greek mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse.[26][27] |
Lighthouse | c. 3rd century BC | According to Homeric legend, Palamidis of Nafplio invented the first lighthouse, although they are certainly attested with the Lighthouse of Alexandria (designed and constructed by Sostratus of Cnidus) and the Colossus of Rhodes. However, Themistocles had earlier established a lighthouse at the harbor of Piraeus connected to Athens in the 5th century BC, essentially a small stone column with a fire beacon.[28] |
Water wheel | 3rd century BC | First described by Philo of Byzantium (c. 280–220 BC).[29] |
Alarm clock | 3rd century BC | The Hellenistic engineer and inventor Ctesibius (fl. 285–222 BC) fitted his clepsydras with a dial and pointer for indicating the time, and added elaborate "alarm systems, which could be made to drop pebbles on a gong, or blow trumpets (by forcing bell-jars down into water and taking the compressed air through a beating reed) at pre-set times" (Vitruv 11.11).[30] |
Odometer | c. 3rd century BC | Odometer, a device used in the late Hellenistic time and by Romans for indicating the distance travelled by a vehicle. It was invented sometime in the 3rd century BC. Some historians attribute it to Archimedes, others to Heron of Alexandria. It helped revolutionize the building of roads and travelling by them by accurately measuring distance and being able to carefully illustrate this with a milestone. |
Chain drive | 3rd century BC | First described by Philo of Byzantium, the device powered a repeating crossbow, the first known of its kind.[31] |
Double-action principle | 3rd century BC | Universal mechanical principle that was discovered and first applied by the engineer Ctesibius in his double action piston pump, which was later developed further by Heron to a fire hose (see below).[32] |
Levers | c. 260 BC | First described about 260 BC by the ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes. Although used in prehistoric times, they were first put to practical use for more developed technologies in Ancient Greece.[33] |
Water mill | c. 250 BC | The use of water power was pioneered by the Greeks: The earliest mention of a water mill in history occurs in Philo's Pneumatics, previously been regarded as a later Arabic interpolation, but according to recent research to be of authentic Greek origin.[34][35] |
Three-masted ship (mizzen) | c. 240 BC | First recorded for Syracusia as well as other Syracusan (merchant) ships under Hiero II of Syracuse.[36] |
Gimbal | 3rd century BC | The inventor Philo of Byzantium (280–220 BC) described an eight-sided ink pot with an opening on each side, which can be turned so that any face is on top, dip in a pen and ink it-yet the ink never runs out through the holes of the side. This was done by the suspension of the inkwell at the center, which was mounted on a series of concentric metal rings which remained stationary no matter which way the pot turns itself.[37] |
Fore-and-aft rig (spritsail) | 2nd century BC | Spritsails, the earliest fore-and-aft rigs, appeared in the 2nd century BC in the Aegean Sea on small Greek craft.[38] |
Air and water pumps | c. 2nd century BC | Ctesibius and various other Greeks of Alexandria of the period developed and put to practical use various air and water pumps which served a variety of purposes,[39] such as a water organ and, by the 1st century AD, Heron's fountain. |
Sakia gear | 2nd century BC | First appeared in 2nd-century BC Hellenistic Egypt, where pictorial evidence already showed it fully developed.[40] |
Surveying tools | c. 2nd century BC | Various records relating to mentions of surveying tools have been discovered, mostly in Alexandrian sources, these greatly helped the development of the precision of Roman aqueducts. |
Analog computers | c. 150 BC | In 1900–1901, the Antikythera mechanism was found in the Antikythera wreck. It is thought that this device was an analog computer designed to calculate astronomical positions and was used to predict lunar and solar eclipses based on Babylonian arithmetic-progression cycles. Whereas the Antikythera mechanism is considered a proper analog computer, the astrolabe (also invented by the Greeks) may be considered as a forerunner.[41] |
Differential gears | c. 100-70 BC | The Antikythera mechanism, from the Roman-era Antikythera wreck, employed a differential gear to determine the angle between the ecliptic positions of the sun and moon, and thus the phase of the moon.[42][43] |
Fire hose | 1st century BC | Invented by Heron in the basis of Ctesibius' double action piston pump.[32] Allowed for more efficient fire fighting. |
Vending machine | 1st century BC | The first vending machine was described by Heron of Alexandria. His machine accepted a coin and then dispensed a fixed amount of holy water. When the coin was deposited, it fell upon a pan attached to a lever. The lever opened up a valve, which let some water flow out. The pan continued to tilt with the weight of the coin until it fell off, at which point a counter-weight would snap the lever back up and turn off the valve.[32] |
Wind vane | 50 BC | The Tower of the Winds on the Roman agora in Athens featured atop a wind vane in the form of a bronze Triton holding a rod in his outstretched hand rotating to the wind blowing. Below, its frieze was adorned with the eight wind deities. The 8 m high structure also featured sundials and a water clock inside dates from around 50 BC.[44] |
Clock tower | 50 BC | See Clock tower.[45] |
Steam Engine | 1st century AD | The aeolipile is a simple bladeless radial steam turbine which spins when the central water container is heated. Torque is produced by steam jets exiting the turbine, much like a tip jet. Hero of Alexandria first described the aeolipile in the 1st century AD and many sources give him the credit for its invention.[46][47] |
Automatic doors | c. 1st century AD | Heron of Alexandria, a 1st-century AD inventor from Alexandria, Egypt, created schematics for automatic doors to be used in a temple with the aid of steam power.[32] |
Algebra | c. 2nd century AD | Diophantus was an Alexandrian Greek mathematician and the author of a series of books called Arithmetica. These texts deal with solving algebraic equations,[48] and have led, in number theory to the modern notion of Diophantine equation. In the context where algebra is identified with the theory of equations, Diophantus is credited as its inventor and thus the "father of algebra".[49]
Brain surgery | c. 500 AD | Adelphi University reported that ten sets of skeletal remains, among them six men and four women, all of them believed to be of high social standing, were discovered on the island of Thasos in the North Aegean Sea, with the remains dated back to the Proto-Byzantine period and showing signs of a complex form of brain surgery being performed on one of the individuals.Anagnostis, Agelarakis. "Early evidence of cranial surgical intervention in Abdera, Greece, A nexus to on head wounds of the Hippocratic corpus". |
Pointed arch bridge | c. 5th century AD | The earliest known bridge resting on a pointed arch is the 5th or 6th century AD Karamagara Bridge in Cappadocia.[50] Its single arch of 17 m spanned an affluent of the Euphrates.[51] A Greek inscription, citing from the Bible, runs along one side of its arch rib.[52] The structure is today submerged by the Keban Reservoir.[53] |
Greek fire | c. 672 AD | Greek fire was an incendiary weapon used by the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire that was first developed c. 672. The Byzantines typically used it in naval battles to great effect, as it could continue burning while floating on water. |
Flamethrower | 7th century AD | Greek fire, heated in a brazier and pressurized by means of a pump, was ejected by an operator through a siphon in any direction against the enemy.[54] Alternatively, it could be poured down from swivel cranes or hurled in pottery grenades.[55] |
Grenades | 8th century AD | Grenades appeared not long after the reign of Leo III (717–741), when Byzantine soldiers learned that Greek fire could not only be projected by flamethrowers, but also be thrown in stone and ceramic jars.[56] Larger containers were hurled by catapults or trebuchets at the enemy, either ignited before release or set alight by fire arrows after impact.[57] Grenades were later adopted for use by Muslim armies: Vessels of the characteristic spheroconical shape which many authors identify as grenade shells were found over much of the Islamic world.[58] |
Optical telegraph | c. 840 AD | In the 9th century, during the Arab–Byzantine wars, the Byzantine Empire used a system of beacons to transmit messages from the border with the Abbasid Caliphate across Asia Minor to the Byzantine capital, Constantinople.The main line of beacons stretched over some 450 miles (720 km). In the open spaces of central Asia Minor, the stations were placed over 60 miles (97 km) apart, while in Bithynia, with its more broken terrain, the intervals were reduced to ca. 35 miles (56 km). Based on modern experiments, a message could be transmitted the entire length of the line within an hour.[59] The system was reportedly devised in the reign of Emperor Theophilos (ruled 829–842) by Leo the Mathematician, and functioned through two identical water clocks placed at the two terminal stations, Loulon and the Lighthouse. Different messages were assigned to each of twelve hours, so that the lighting of a bonfire on the first beacon on a particular hour signalled a specific event and was transmitted down the line to Constantinople.[59] |
Hand trebuchet | 965 AD | The hand-trebuchet (cheiromangana) was a staff sling mounted on a pole using a lever mechanism to propel projectiles. Basically a portable trebuchet which could be operated by a single man, it was advocated by emperor Nikephoros II Phokas around 965 to disrupt enemy formations in the open field. It was also mentioned in the Taktika of general Nikephoros Ouranos (ca. 1000), and listed in the Anonymus De obsidione toleranda as a form of artillery.[60] |
Feta | c. 10th century | Feta cheese, specifically, is first recorded in the Byzantine Empire in Avicenna's Poem on Medicine under the name prósphatos (Greek: πρόσφατος, "recent" or "fresh"), and was produced by the Cretans and the Vlachs of Thessaly.[61] |
Counterweight Trebuchet | 12th century AD | The earliest written record of the counterweight trebuchet, a vastly more powerful design than the simple traction trebuchet,[62] appears in the work of the 12th-century historian Niketas Choniates. Niketas describes a stone projector used by future emperor Andronikos I Komnenos at the siege of Zevgminon in 1165. This was equipped with a windlass, an apparatus required neither for the traction nor hybrid trebuchet to launch missiles. |
Tsipouro | c. 14th century | The first production of tsipouro was the work of Greek Orthodox monks in the 14th century on Mount Athos in Macedonia, Greece.[63] |
Metaxa | 1888 | Metaxa is a Greek spirit invented by Spyros Metaxas in 1888. It is exported to over 65 countries and it is among the 100 strongest spirit brands worldwide.[64] |
Pap smear | 1923 | A test for cervical cancer developed by the Greek physician George Papanikolaou in 1923.[65] |
Frappé coffee | 1957 | The Greek version of café frappé, using instant coffee, was invented in 1957 at the Thessaloniki International Fair.[66] |
Mini | 1959 | This distinctive two-door car was designed for the British Motor Corporation by Greek engineer Sir Alec Issigonis.[67] His grandfather Demosthenis migrated to Smyrna from Paros in Greece in the 1830s and through the work he did for the British-built Smyrna-Aydın Railway. |
Caller ID | 1968 | In 1968, Theodore Paraskevakos, while working in as a communications engineer for SITA in Athens, Greece, began developing a system to automatically identify a telephone caller to a call recipient. Developing the method for the basis for modern-day Caller ID technology. [68] |
Libor | 1969 | The London Inter-bank Offered Rate interest rate benchmark was devised by Greek banker Minos Zombanakis.[69][70] |
BlackBerry | 1996 | Greek-Canadian businessman Mike Lazaridis founded BlackBerry, which created and manufactures the BlackBerry wireless handheld device. Lazaridis served in various positions including Co-Chairman and Co-CEO of BlackBerry from 1984 to 2012 and Board Vice Chair and Chair of the Innovation Committee from 2012 to 2013.[71] |
Epi-LASIK eye surgery | 2000 | Greek ophthalmologist Ioannis Pallikaris, who was the first person to perform LASIK eye surgery in 1989,[72] developed the improved epi-LASIK technique at the University of Crete.[73]

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The Internet

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Romans invented oil lamps and water wheels.

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mathamatics
geometry
surveying
metallury
astronomy accounting writing paper
medicine
the ramp
the lever

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canon

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Contraceptives

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Penicillin

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Their technology included the ability to build large construction projects such as pyramids and palaces, simple machines such as ramps and levers, and a complex system of government and religion. One of the most important inventions of the Ancient Egyptians was writing. They wrote in hieroglyphics.

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Their technology included the ability to build large construction projects such as pyramids and palaces, simple machines such as ramps and levers, and a complex system of government and religion. One of the most important inventions of the Ancient Egyptians was writing. They wrote in hieroglyphics.

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The light bulb

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Musical Instruments

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egyptians made tooth past

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ha ha they mad ecaninpolts

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The telephone

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While Romans cannot be credited with creating a modern system of daily, paper newspapers, they did have something similar. They often inscribed news of current affairs unto stones, papyri, or metal slabs, which were placed in public spaces.

This publication was called Acta Diurna or 'daily acts' and originated as early as 131 B.C.

This Roman invention had much the same purpose as modern newspapers, giving Roman citizens information about military victories, births and deaths, and even human interest stories. Unfortunately, there are no surviving intact copies.

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ya boy

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woodblock printing
Printing press
film
Kite
fire arrow
Huangdi neijing
Acupuncture
Internet { medicine }

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DNA analysis is even possible in some relatively well-preserved ancient remains. That's helping us understand how diseases like tuberculosis have evolved over the centuries so we can build better treatments for people today. Ancient skeletons can tell us a surprisingly great deal about the past.

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DNA analysis is even possible in some relatively well-preserved ancient remains. That's helping us understand how diseases like tuberculosis have evolved over the centuries so we can build better treatments for people today. Ancient skeletons can tell us a surprisingly great deal about the past.

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The internal combustion engine

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The printing press

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egypt also made

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The ancient Romans were particularly skillful at both quickly building new structures and maintaining their structural integrity. The revolutionary concrete developed by the Romans helped to build impeccable and lasting structures, playing a huge part in the architectural accession of ancient Rome. The scientists who studied its composition in detail found it to be superior to modern-day concrete and far more environmentally friendly.

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the compass

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Wheel.

Compass. ...

Automobile. ...

Steam Engine. ...

Concrete. ...

Petrol. ...

Railways. ...

Airplane.

printing press

light bulbs

Medical thermometer.

Stethoscope.

X-Ray imaging.

Antibiotics.

Hypodermic Needle.

Spectacles.

Cardiac Pacemaker.

CT Scanner and MRI.

Anaesthesia (1846) ...

Germ theory (1861) ...

Medical imaging (1895) ...

Penicillin (1928) ...

Organ transplants (1954) ...

Stem cell therapy (1970s) ...

Immunotherapy (1970s) ...

Artificial intelligence (21st century)
TelephoneChewing gum that fixes your teeth. ...

A mouth guard that can detect concussions. ...

An Internet-enabled, portable hand sanitizer. ...

A smokeless solar cooker for developing countries. ...

A cheap, portable water filtration device. ...

Water pipes that monitor their own leaks. ...

A way to scan food's nutritional content.

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light hows

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As the ancient Romans became the biggest civilization of the ancient Western world, they realized the complications of maintaining a standard calendar which could apply to the whole empire. It did not help that they introduced months with odd numbers of days because of a prevailing superstition against even numbers. Eventually, the calendar was so far from a regular timeline that Julius Caesar implemented a new reform, making the duration of a solar year the basis for the calendar. He also instituted the 12 months of the year. It is clear from the name that the calendar was named after Julius Caesar himself, and some Eastern orthodox churches use it to calculate holidays even today. Even though it was a seemingly perfect innovation for its time, the Julian calendar miscalculated the solar year by about 11 and a half minutes. This eventually led to the creation of the Gregorian calendar that relied heavily on the Julian model and was adopted in 1582 AD.

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The nail

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Surgery Tools and Techniques

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Chinese invented paper making, printing, gunpowder and the compass Chinese was the first nation to invent paper.

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egiptions ate garlec

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Aqueducts

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The wheel

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Egypt would make wigs so they would not get lice

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-Greeks
railways
theatre
crane
democracy
shower
lighthouse
water wheel
levers
fire house
clock tower
algebra
brain surgery
flame thrower
feta
alchemy
arch bridge
Olympic games

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Roads and Highways

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"Bowling. Who said Pharaohs didn't have fun every once and a while? ...

Sail boats. With the Nile runing through all of Egypt, ancient Egyptians decided to use it in every way possible. ...

The 365-day calendar. ...

Toothpaste and breath mints.

Black ink.

Make-up and paint.

Surgical instruments.

High heels."

Hair comb

Door locks

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This is probably where the concept of health started. Some of the earliest records of medical care come from ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptians believed in prayer as a solution to health problems, but they also had natural, or practical, remedies, such as herbs. The ancient Egyptians were known to use honey as medicine, and the juices of pomegranates served as both an astringent and a delicacy." In the Ebers Papyrus, there are over 800 remedies; some were topical like ointments, and wrappings, others were oral medication such as pills and mouth rinses;still others were taken.architect Imhotep

Physicians in ancient Egypt could be male or female. The "first physician", later deified as a god of medicine and healing, was the architect Imhotep (c. 2667-2600 BCE) best known for designing the Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara. Ancient Orthodontics

The first attempt at fixing these teeth was found in the remains of ancient Egyptian mummies. ... Evidence has also been found that shows the ancient Greeks, Romans, and Etruscans (predecessors of the Romans in Italy) also practiced some form of orthodontia.If the thought leaves you with a bad taste in your mouth, you're not alone. But that's exactly what the ancient Egyptians did in an effort to fix their smiles. ... Interestingly enough, the bulk of Egyptian braces were placed on individuals after death.

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Egypt made

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Sewers and Sanitation

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Chinese people invented toilet paper, gun powder, trains, lanterns, submarines, the internet, and tangrams.

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Despite the hot, sunny Mediterranean summers, the ancient Greeks still needed to find ways of staying warm. In addition to thick cloaks and indoor fires, they came up with a far more technical and effective solution to keeping the cold at bay.

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Egyptians made braces.
Dental hygiene

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Arches

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Grid-based cities

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Egyptians made mathematics
Egyptians made geometry
Egyptians made toothpaste and toothbrushes

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Greek people made the alarm clock Romans made the highways and roads the Chinese made gunpowder they also made umbrellas they also made the compass the Greek also invented the Olympics The Romans also invented the calendar

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Egypt made toothpast

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.Chinese arts are very popular in Europe. Chinese paintings are inspired by poetry and calligraphy
. In china it is the 4th largest country in the world!
.Chinese people basically eat all animals' meat, such as pork, beef, mutton, chicken, duck, pigeon, as well as many others.
.Qin Shi Huang was the first personto find China/Chinese!
.Chinas country is 5,000 kilometers
.Some people in China prefer to eat baby rat meat, and they will even eat them alive after dipping them into a sauce to add a favorite flavor. While this practice is not common throughout the Chinese population, it is done by some.
.In chinayou canonly have two children
.While divorce remains rare in China, the 1.96 million couples applying for divorce in 2010 represented a rate 14% higher than the year before and doubled from ten years ago.
.In parts of China, the monkey's brain is eaten raw. While it is most likely an urban legend, some people claim that monkeys' brains are, or were, eaten from the head of a live monkey. ... A teaspoon is used to scoop up the brain, which is immediately eaten. This has to be done before the monkey dies.
.Today, the Japanese eat almost as much meat as they do seafood. While it took a few decades, meat is now as much a part of Japanese cuisine as sushi. The Manchu-led Qing dynasty ruled China proper from 1644 to 1912.

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china printing press
china nuclear weapon
china gun powder

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Research Ancient Greeks, Romans, and Chinese. What have we learned from these ancient civilizations?

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Research Ancient Greeks, Romans, and Chinese. What have we learned from these ancient civilizations?

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-Inventions
-Scientific Discoveries
-Math Discoveries
-Medicine...