# data[].attributes.body
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
founded
most successful civil rights association then and now
(seen again in the civil rights movement)

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WEB Du Bois
full civil rights for blacks
#1 and most important being the right to vote
2 civic equality
3 right to higher edu
led to NAACP
run by the talented tenth: the top 10% of blacks who were highly educated that would lead the niagara movement

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born a free man in the north, highly educated
for confrontation and agitation
wanted full civi rights economically, socially, and politically
against Booker T. Washingtong (Souls of Black Folk)

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Booker T. Washington
1895

blacks would work for whites if whites provided them with education and were not taken advantage of

focus on economic opportunity and not necessarily political and social equality

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born a slave, self-educated
for accommodation
wanted economic equality first, did not care for social and political equality right away
thought if given economic opportunity, then blacks could do well and prove their right to political and social equality
founded Tuskegee institute, edu about industrial work
ATL Compromise, "cast down your bucket"

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civil rights movement - gilded age: Booker T. Washington

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civil rights movement - gilded age: Booker T. Washington

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Lochner v. New York, 1905 - court overturned limits on wokring hours
Hammer v. Dagenhart, 1918 - said keating-own act unconst. soooo it allowed child labor :/

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progressive Supreme Court decisions (not mentioned below already)

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progressive Supreme Court decisions (not mentioned below already)

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swift and company v. US, 1905 - business can be regulated if a part of "stream of commerce"
muller v. orgeon, 1908 - state could regulate working hours for women

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helped farmers get loans easier

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reg. big business, investigate, demand company reports, stop business when a violation is found

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Underwood-simmons tariff, 1913,  lowered the tariff YAY

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Underwood-simmons tariff, 1913,  lowered the tariff YAY

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12 regional banks
1st national bank since Jacksonian time
Fed Reserve board would oversee it

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Stopped price discrimination, holding companies, and directorates (a director on a corporation who controls other boards)

Replaced Sherman Antitrust act → was actually used against big businesses and not unions
undid Hatter's case of use of injunctions to stop strikes

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preogressive democratic prez
New Freedom = platform

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because repubs split, a dem won instead
Wilson (dem) v. Roosevelt (Progress.) v. Taft (repub) v. Debs (Social.)

Woodrow Wilson Won

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Low tariffs, women’s suffrage, business regulation, no child labor, 8hr work day, workers

comp, direct primary, popular election of senators

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Bull Moose Party
ran in 1912

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Ballinger = taft's man
Pinchot = TR's man
Ballinger was accused by Pinchot  to sell conservation land to a JP Morgan Company, Pinchot was fired by Taft → TR very angry

Split in repubs: TR makes the progressive party

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tried to lowered tariff but was still too high
led to split between Old Guard Repubs (w/ Taft) and insurgents (absorbed by dems later)

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ICC regulate telegraph and telephone too

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Taft trustbusted, conserved land,  tariff issues

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Taft trustbusted, conserved land,  tariff issues

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outpsoken
not really a good prez, alienated a lot of people
prez: 1909-1913

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preservationist
wanted to not touch natural resources
nat'l parks, yellowstone
sierra club

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conservationist
plan out use of natural resources

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conservationist
Pinchot was his man
saved lots of land w/ US Forest Service
Newlands Reclamation Act: conservation, irrigation and dams in the west

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TR's story about reading the jungle @ breakfast
Pure Food and Drug Act: no sale of adulterated foods, required ingredient labels
Meat Inspection Act: fed. meat standards and inspection increase

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pro-labor, pro-union
helped w/ anthracite coal strike, 1902 --> was the arbitrator
1ST TIME GOVT INTERVENED W/ LABOR ON THE LABORER'S SIDE
settled dispute with higher wages, shorter hours, but price of coal went up
was very fair
defended both union and business, depending on reason

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trustbusting, figured out which were good and bad trusts
anti monopoly
took down Northern Securities
broke up Standard Oil after Ida Tarbell...
Elkins RR Act: no rebates
Hepburn Act: ICC could set max RR rates

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Roosevelt's Square Deal: Business, Labor, Consumerism, Environmentalism

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Roosevelt's Square Deal: Business, Labor, Consumerism, Environmentalism

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prez: 1901-1909

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TR
Taft
Wilson

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progressive amendments ALL UNDER WILSON's TERM

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congress could not regulate manufacturing, only commerce
resulted in less govt action in economy ):

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supposed to stop monopolies
used against unions instead

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outcome of Wabash cases in 1886
ICC could reg. RR
no rebates

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Alice Paul: fought for women's suffrage
Margaret Sanger: spread information about birth control
Jeanette Rankin: first woman in congress

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clerical (secretary, typewriter, telegraph/telephone operator - call girl)
nursing
teaching
sewing factories
settlement workers

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acts
court cases
amendments
presidents

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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire led to increase in safety regulations and safety boards 

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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire led to increase in safety regulations and safety boards 

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primary elections
initiative and referendum (& recall)
workers' comp
state reg of RR and utilities
direct election of senators
graduated income tax / progressive tax
coop between UW's scientific management and the govt

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very socialistic
came up with wisconsin idea
very progressive!!

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wisco idea
triangle shirtwaist facotry fire

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city takes control of utilities like water, electricity

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Pendleton Act replaced patronage with people elected and appointed based on merit
tried to bring down political machines
Commission form of govt: Govt power of city invested in professional commissioners chosen for their skills → based on merit, not patronage/spoils system
City Manager: Galveston plan: commision form of govt w/ city-manager

City-manager = head of commission

Goals: decrease power of political machines, govt owned utilities

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settlement worker = new profession for the era

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settlement worker = new profession for the era

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Settlement houses... Jane Addams Hull House in Chi

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Settlement houses... Jane Addams Hull House in Chi

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took in immigrants
taught them white mid class values

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christian churches' responsibility to take care of social ills

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social gospel
settlement houses
good govt
municipal socialism

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Lincoln Steffens: political corruption w/ Shame of the Cities
Ida Tarbell: trustbusting w/ The Histroy of Standard Oil
Upton Sinclair: expose immigrant slums and poor working conditions in Chi stockyards, expose gross meat packing industry w/ The Jungle
Jacob Riis: exposed extreme poverty and slums of immigrants w/ How the Other Half Lives photos
Thomas Nast: exposed big business and corrupt govts w/ political cartoons

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Taylorism
John Dewey - edu about how environment affects human thoughts
John B Watson: bahviroism
Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. - need to focus on situtation at hand with reason and not always rely on old precedents for court
Sociological Jurisprudence: use old and new social context to interpret law --> Brandeis

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wanted social, political, and economic equality
women were equal to men in all subjects
argued against moral purity
Kate Chopin, Charlotte Gilman

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main goal = suffrage
moral purity argument
equal access to jobs and edu
AWSA
Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth cady stanton

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overall women's movement: CONSERVATIVE WING

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overall women's movement: CONSERVATIVE WING

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protect the family w/ the right to vote
child labor laws
consumer protection
prohibition (WCTU)

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first states to give women's suffrage were in the WEST

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first states to give women's suffrage were in the WEST

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not really separate spheres there
Wyoming  = 1st state

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Carrie Chapman Catt

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women's war efforts won them sympahty in drive for suffrage
used wilson's argument for joining ww1 (fighting for democracy) against him to fight for woen's full democracy at home

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women were pure so their cult of true womanhood would be great in the political realm to bring purity to the corrput govt
accepted gender lines in order to get the vote

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Women's Christian Temperance Union, WCTU

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Women's Christian Temperance Union, WCTU

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wanted suffrage in order to prohibit alcohol... prohibition

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aka congressional union
radical
alice paul
picketed the white house
hunger strikes
used Wilson's words against him (democracy... WW1)

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combo of AWSA and NWSA to create the largest and most effective
Alice Paul and Lucy Burns
fought for women’s rights and especially right to vote at state and national level, largest of the three, most important in history, won the 19th amendment

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focused on women's rights across the board
suffrage and equality everywhere
more radical
changes to national constitution

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just focused on the right to vote
changes to state constitutions

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seneca falls convention 1848
elizabeth cady stanton
susan b anthony
declaration of sentiments
wanted equality in jobs really
anthony amendment at very beginning of new movement, 1878

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women's movement resurged after civil war and reconstruction

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women's movement resurged after civil war and reconstruction

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want to break cult of domesticity and separate spheres

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laissez faire govt
pro-business govt
court order injunctions to stop strikes
yellow dog contracts to make sure workers dont join unions
public opinion was very antiunion
blacklists, strikebreakers, lockouts,

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Pullman Palace Car Co., Pullman - company town near Chi
company cut wages
American Railway Union led by Eugene Debs --> strike and boycott the rialways
prez cleveland intervenes w/ federal troops because the strike could be affecting MAIL UM OKAY
debs jailed

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US Steel (Carnegie), Anthractie coal miners, Amalgamated steel Workers Union
Frick puts lockout up on company
workers strike --> battle like strike between union men and Pinkerton detectives sent by company
PEOPLE DIED):
Union won the battle but didn't get their wants in the end

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Knights of Labor @ McCormick Reaper factory rally
police show up... violence... someone throws a bomb
union lost
DOWNFALL OF KNIGHTS OF LABOR

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1st naitonwide strike
company cut wages by 20%, workers on strike for higher wages and shorter hours
prez Hayes intervened
union lost

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IWW, wobblies, Eugene Debs (socialist), very violent and many strikes
Molly Maguires, Washing Society, Railroad Brotherhood
American Railway Union
Socialist Party of America, wanted to dist wealth, many strikes

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focus on immediate economic issues that affected workers
wages
hours
working conditions
NOT social issues and social reform
AFL used this

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American Federation of Labor (AFL), craft union, 1886

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American Federation of Labor (AFL), craft union, 1886

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skilled only, independent trade unions separated by skills
Gompers
Higher pay, benefits, better working conditions, 8hr day

COLLECTIVE BARGAINING (unions negotiate directly w/ employers), no violence, strike only in good times

→ highly successful

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skilled and unskilled, men and women, whites and blacks
Terence Powderly
Wanted higher pay, safety and better working conditions

arbitration

Downfall because of skilled and unskilled and b/c Haymarket Square bombing blamed on them (too RADICAL, too violent)

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1st unions were around civil war, CRAFT UNIONS

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1st unions were around civil war, CRAFT UNIONS

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National Labor union, 1866 = the first national one
8hr work day, naitonal political action

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Populists disappear bc their platform absorbed by dems and PROGRESSIVES

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Populists disappear bc their platform absorbed by dems and PROGRESSIVES

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child labor
women's labor laws
urban slums... extreme poverty
political corruption
actual democracy
reason and scientific methods to solve social problems

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mid class phenomenon
against concentrations of wealth and power, upset w/ lack of govt intervention
want govt to reg industry and improve society

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govt bought more silver

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limited silver coinage

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reversed Munn v. Illinois
states cannot control interstate commerce
led to Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) --> still weak though.., gotta wait til later

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Illinois could regulate private property like RR if intended for public use

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populists war cry
crime of 1873: congress stopped coining silver OH NO
populists wanted silver backed money bc they wanted more $ in circulation... needed loans (farmers)

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combo of Farmers alliance and Knights of labor
William Jennings Bryan = Dem who ran w/ populist ideals
Cross of Gold speech --> pro silver
bryan ran in 1896 but repub McKinley won

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affected everyone in US
voters went to Populist ticket
govt still didnt help

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Coxey's Army = populists that marched on Washington, wanted fed. intervention

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Coxey's Army = populists that marched on Washington, wanted fed. intervention

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Shorter work hours, more finance help for farmers, initiative and referendum, secret ballot, RR/telephone/telegraph regulated by govt

Low tariffs, no national banks, regulated RR, free coinage of silver, federal graduated income tax, popular election of senators

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Low tariffs, no national banks, regulated RR, free coinage of silver, federal graduated income tax, popular election of senators

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started w/ farmers and grange movement
farmers and laborers

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Patrons of Husbandry
farmers come together to defeat isolation and to pool $ together to fight against high RR rates and high grain elevator prices

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Northern
Southern
Colored

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overproduction form mechanization = low prices ):
hurt by tariff
high RR rates, pricey grain elevators, hard to get loans from banks
wanted silver
didnt want laissez faire govt

1. wanted reg. tariff, reg. immigration, reg. business, regulated currency (SILVER)