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The focus of this theory is on the role social interaction and culture play on the development of higher-order thinking. This theory is primarily a developmental theory. It focuses on change in behavior over a period of time, specifically changes from infancy all the way to adulthood. The origin of this theory is most closely related to the work of Lev Vygotsky, who was a Russian Psychologist.

Allman, B. (2020). Socioculturalism. The Students’ Guide to Learning Design and Research. https://edtechbooks.org/studentguide/socioculturalism

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Psychobiology is the study of behavior from a physiological perspective. In particular, psychobiology focuses on hormones and the nervous system, or the relationship between body and mind. Methods such as electroencephalograms and brain scans have been used by psychobiologists in studies. It is a form of evolutionary psychology, focusing on nature over nurture. The case of Phineas Gage is important in the history of psychobiology, showing how damage to the brain can change behavior.

McLeod, S. A. (2017, Febuary 05). Biological psychology. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/biological-psychology.html

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A theoretical framework for understanding the mind. Gray, K. G. (n.d.). Cognitivism: Overview, and Practical Teaching Examples. Study.Com. Retrieved September 16, 2021, from https://lidtfoundations.pressbooks.com/chapter/behaviorism-cognitivism-constructivism/

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humanist psychology was based around the idea of "human potential" that each person is special and unique and an individual.
https://www.britannica.com/science/humanistic-psychology

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Humanistic psychology, a movement in psychology supporting the belief that humans, as individuals, are unique beings and should be recognized and treated as such by psychologists and psychiatrists. The movement grew in opposition to the two mainstream 20th-century trends in psychology, behaviourism and psychoanalysis. Humanistic principles attained application during the "human potential" movement, which became popular in the United States during the 1960s.

Humanistic psychologists believe that behaviourists are overconcerned with the scientific study and analysis of the actions of people as organisms (to the neglect of basic aspects of people as feeling, thinking individuals) and that too much effort is spent in laboratory research-a practice that quantifies and reduces human behaviour to its elements. Humanists also take issue with the deterministic orientation of psychoanalysis, which postulates that one's early experiences and drives determine one's behaviour. The humanist is concerned with the fullest growth of the individual in the areas of love, fulfillment, self-worth, and autonomy.

The American psychologist Abraham H. Maslow, considered one of the leading architects of humanistic psychology, proposed a hierarchy of needs or drives in order of decreasing priority or potency but increasing sophistication: physiological needs, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, and self-actualization. Only when the more primitive needs are met can the individual progress to higher levels in the hierarchy. People reaching self-actualization will have fully realized their potential.

The concept of the self is a central focal point for most humanistic psychologists. In the "personal construct" theory of American psychologist George Kelly and the "self-centred" theory of American psychotherapist Carl Rogers, individuals are said to perceive the world according to their own experiences. This perception affects their personality and leads them to direct their behaviour to satisfy the needs of the total self. Rogers stressed that, in the development of an individual's personality, the person strives for "self-actualization (to become oneself), self-maintenance (to keep on being oneself), and self-enhancement (to transcend the status quo)."

Courtesy of Carl Rogers

Following the writings of Jean-Paul Sartre and other existential philosophers, many humanistic psychologists adopted the existential view of the importance of being and the meaning of life. The various "modes" of being-in-the-world were described by Swiss psychiatrist and early leader of existential psychology Ludwig Binswanger. According to Binswanger, the single mode is the individual who chooses to live within himself, the loner. The dual mode occurs when two people unite in feeling for each other. Thus, "You" and "I" become "We." The plural mode occurs when an individual interacts with others. Finally, the mode of anonymity occurs when an individual loses himself in a crowd or disassociates his feelings from others. American existential psychologist Rollo May emphasized humans as beings who do the experiencing and to whom the experiences happen. To May, the awareness of one's own mortality makes vitality and passion possible.

Gestalt therapy-which bears little resemblance to the experimental school of Gestalt psychology of the early 20th century-represents another humanistic approach. It has emphasized a positive view of human beings and their potential to achieve real joy. Another influential therapy of the human potential movement is the technique known as transactional analysis, developed by Eric Berne. Its goal is to build a strong state of maturity by learning to recognize the "child" and "parent" aspects of personality in oneself and others.

The Association for Humanistic Psychology was founded in 1962.

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humanistic psychology | Definition, Characteristics, Examples, & Facts

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Humanistic psychology, a movement in psychology supporting the belief that humans, as individuals, are unique beings and should be recognized and treated as such by psychologists and psychiatrists. Learn more about the development and characteristics of humanistic psychology in this article.

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The behaviorist perspective is concerned with how the environment affect observable behavior. It proposes classical conditioning and operant conditioning. It believes in scientific methodology. It rejects the idea that people have free will.

McLeod, S. (2013). Psychology Perspectives. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/perspective.html

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The iceberg model of the id, ego, and superego

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Psychoanalysis, stemming from Sigmund Freud, is a psychological approach that focuses on the impact of the subconscious mind on behavior. According to Freud, the subconscious contained all kinds of things, like repressed memories and suppressed urges, the id, as well as parts of the ego and superego. Therapy and research methods used by psychoanalysts include spontaneous word association, dream analysis, and case studies.

Psychoanalysis. (n.d.). Psychology Today. Retrieved September 16, 2021, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/psychoanalysis

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The whole is different than the sum of its parts

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Gestalt is a German word that means "configuration". The core belief of Gestalt is that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Gestalt Psychology is a school of thought that studies the mind and behavior as a whole. It suggest we don't just focus on every small component, but instead we perceive objects as part of a greater whole. Max Wertheimer is the originator of Gestalt psychology, he formed it in response to the structuralism of Wilhelm Wundt.

Cherry, K. (2021, August 5). What Is the Gestalt Approach In Psychology? Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-gestalt-psychology-2795808

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Functionalism was built around a systematic approach to understand mental processes. William James developed functionalism to research for consciousness and behavior.
Khan, N. K. (2021, August 13). Pragmatism, Functionalism, And William James Psychology. Betterhelp. https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/psychologists/pragmatism-functionalism-and-william-james-psychology/

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Structuralism was established by psychologist William Wundt, and is considered the first school of thought in psychology. Structuralism examined the adult mind and analyzed them into their constituent elements. The main technique of structuralism is Introspection, which is the process by which a person looks inward to their on mental processes to gain insight into how they work.

Lopez-Garrido, G. (2021, January 7). Structuralism and Titchener. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/structuralism.html

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first study of human behavior (how did the greeks explain human behavior.)

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first study of human behavior (how did the greeks explain human behavior.)

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the ancient greeks lived their lives with a behavior of servitude as they worshipped the gods to bring them good fortune in life and constantly worried about what they do and if it will upset the gods.
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D1%3Asubsection%3D2