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1403-St. Mary of Bethlehem Hospital: A Mental Institution of the Late Middle Age

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1403-St. Mary of Bethlehem Hospital: A Mental Institution of the Late Middle Age

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As technology progressed through this time period, more disabilities and diseases were being discovered. This hospital was one of the first in history to fully support those patients who came in will mental illnesses.

Though this hospital originally opened its doors in 1247 as a normal hospital, it was not until 1403 that a majority of the patients were mentally ill.

This hospital was originally rooted in London and stayed that way for 400 years. It was not until 1676 when the hospital moved to Moorfields. I attached an image of the hospital that was used after 1676.

St. Mary of Bethlehem Hospital did not have the best reputation of its time. The values of those who worked there were religion and punishment. Aside from the cruel treatment for these patients, there is a bigger picture. For years this hospital predominately housed mentally ill patients, so St. Mary of Bethlehem is so important because it has paved the way for specialized long-term care facilities.
I wanted to include this video that was listed on the website, because I really think that this shows how the culture around any disability has changed, from extreme punishment back then, to celebrating and informing others about these disabilities.
Sources:
1.)From Bethlehem to BEDLAM - England's first mental institution. (2021). Retrieved March 20, 2021, from https://historicengland.org.uk/research/inclusive-heritage/disability-history/1050-1485/from-bethlehem-to-bedlam/
2.)https://youtu.be/KDy7kG7gAOE

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Disability History - From Bethlehem to Bedlam

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1410- The Hospital de los Inocentes: the First Founded Psychiatric Hospital

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1410- The Hospital de los Inocentes: the First Founded Psychiatric Hospital

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Hospitals of this time started to mold to new findings in medicine. In supporting those with mental illnesses, other hospitals before the Hospital de los Inocentes paved the way for Psychiatric care in this time. So much that, the Hospital de los Inocentes was the first founded hospital completely dedicated to mental illness.

This hospital was founded in 1410 in Spain by Gilaberto Jofré. His mission was to seek protection for those with mental illnesses.

This being the first founded psychiatric institution, there is already evident differences in care than the St. Mary of Bethlehem Hospital. These patients were provided ample care with focuses on hunger, cold, and mistreatment. Also different from St. Mary of Bethlehem, these patients were provided with occupational therapy, which in some cases is still used today for mental diseases and disorders. One thing that is event is that mental illness was not accepted during this time. One thing that the Hospital de los Inocentes did to get their patients was to pick them up from the city, without consent if those administrators saw fit.

This is a great example of how over time, growth and learning has created what we know today and psychiatric care.

Attached is a photo of the hospital in present day!
Sources:
1.) López-Ibor J. J. (2008). The founding of the first psychiatric hospital in the World in Valencia. Actas espanolas de psiquiatria, 36(1), 1–9.
2.)https://www.madeoftuscany.it/image/tour/034.jpg

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1751- Pennsylvania Hospital: A Stepping Stone to Universal Mental Health Care

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1751- Pennsylvania Hospital: A Stepping Stone to Universal Mental Health Care

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This hospital origanally opened its doors in 1751. At this time it was the nations first hospital. It was also to treat mental illness. This hospital is a great example of the advancements that needed to take place for acceptance of mental illness, and to denote the negative connotation that surrounds it.

The Pennsylvania Hospital was founded in Philadelphia with the main focus to educate people about mental illness and show that many of the diseases and disorders are treatable.

The Pennsylvania Hospital employees and founders continued their quest of understanding so much, that mentally ill patients took over more of the hospital than those with physical illnesses. This caused a chain reaction for change. In the early 1800s, the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane was opened. The original founders made the decision to expand to a second building to house these patients. This was beneficial for the patients because they received even better treatment at this new hospital. The accommodations were above average, there was even a railway that patients could ride for enjoyment.

This is relevant in the timeline that is being expressed because it shows how time shows change. This change has been fueled not only by different ideologies, but advancement in medicine to become more informed about mental illness.

Below is a drawing of the original hospital.
Sources:
1.)Pennsylvania hospital History: Historical timeline - the Institute of Pennsylvania Hospital. (2017). Retrieved March 20, 2021, from https://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/timeline/1801/tline13.html
2.)https://s.yimg.com/os/en-US/blogs/compass/PennsylvaniaHospitalWilliamStrickland.jpg

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1796-The Retreat: A Recovery Focused Establishment

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1796-The Retreat: A Recovery Focused Establishment

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The Retreat was founded in York, England in 1792 by William Tuke. His vision for this establishment was to provide a level of care that represented sympathy, respect, and dignity.

On the same path as the Pennsylvania Hospital, The Retreat took it a step further and verbally banned any type of punishment. This facility was also the first to implement safety precautions in the patients room such as leather around the door locks. The Retreat also used the approach of occupational therapy to treat their patients.

Samuel Tuke is another name associated with The Retreat, as family to the founder William Tuke, he published a book that influenced physicians of this time to change their ideology of mental illness. He used the term moral treatment throughout this book to explain that the mentally ill should be treated no differently than other patients.

The Retreat was a pivotal point in healthcare and changing the ideologies of the masses.

Attached is an image of the inside of The Retreat.
Sources:
1.)Quakers in the world. (2010). Retrieved March 20, 2021, from https://www.quakersintheworld.org/quakers-in-action/92/The-Retreat-York-England
2.)https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/chm/outreach/trade_in_lunacy/research/yorkretreat/claire_3.jpg?maxWidth=300

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This asylum has its first patient on October 6th, 1818. McLean Asylum was founded on February 25th, 1811 in Charlestown Massachusetts. McLean Asylum followed the teachings of William Tuke and provided moral treatment to their patients.

In 1892, McLean Asylum was renamed McLean Hospital to better represent their views on mental illness and their treatment style.

McLean Hospital has an impressive path. Its founders also opened the first psychiatric school of nursing, and it was also the first psychiatric hospital to use clinical studies to determine how mental illness is affected by biology.

McLean Hospital is a prime example of how the past can influence the future. McLean Hospital prided itself on the ideology of past founders.

The image below is of the original McLean Asylum.
Sources:
1.)History & progress. (2021). Retrieved March 20, 2021, from https://www.mcleanhospital.org/about/history-progress
2.)https://www.mcleanhospital.org/sites/default/files/shared/McLean_MGH_gallery.jpg

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21st Century- McLean Hospital: A Rising Innovator

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21st Century- McLean Hospital: A Rising Innovator

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McLean Hospital, still housed in Massachusetts is now a leading innovator in mental illness and neuroscience studies. From 1811 til now, McLean Hospital has accomplished many things, but in the 21st century they have done some extraordinary things.

In 2007, the investigators at McLean conducted a nation wide survey about eating disorders. They found information about eating disorders that will be able to help future research.

Another amazing achievement is by the Director of the Neuroregeneration Research Institute at McLean, Ole Isacson. He is a world expert on the use of stem cell therapy to treat neurodegenerative diseases.

McLean is a good example of change. This hospital started off on the right foot with its moral ideas, but has only grown and progressed since. Now McLean is a lead innovator in research for mental illnesses. McLean is still important to this day to the study of psychiatry and neuroscience.

Below is a current photo of one of the McLean Hospitals.
Sources:
1.)History & progress. (2021). Retrieved March 20, 2021, from https://www.mcleanhospital.org/about/history-progress
2.)https://patch.com/img/cdn/users/17889/2013/06/raw/62ecce3bbadb5de8c730aa51836cc244.jpg

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Dorthea Dix was a public figure that fought for equality. She lived from 1802-1887. She would be the perfect tour guide of this Mini Museum because she was an innovator during a time of big changes in the field of mental health.

Dorthea battled mental health issues of her own, so not only was she an ally, but she was fighting through her own personal struggles.

Her main argument in mental health care reform was cruel treatment. She did not believe in restraints and isolation in cruel ways such as cages or in some cases shackles.

Many people think that she was such a strong advocate for mental health during this time because of her own struggles.
In 1843 she even submitted what was called a memorial to state legislature about the mistreatment of the mentally ill. At this time this is how women participated in politics.

Dorthea was such an advocate and role model for those with mental illnesses and she would portray this timeline of stories with passion, and be able to provide stories of these trying times for herself and other mentally ill patients affected.

Below is a picture of the young Dorthea Dix.
Source:
1.)Parry, M. (2006, April). Dorothea Dix (1802–1887). Retrieved March 20, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1470530/
2.)https://post.medicalnewstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/02/317321_1100-800x825.jpg