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Heraclitus (535 B.C.-484 B.C.)Heraclitus of Ephesus was a pre-Socratic philosopher of Greek origin who was part of a family of royal lineage. He was also known as the Dark One because of his mysterious style of expressing his ideas, as can be seen in some parts of his writings. Because of his strong temperament, his discreet way of being, his individuality and sarcasm, and the antipathy to the democratic of the time, he ended up withdrawing from the world to focus solely on thought. Heraclitus affirmed that the human being alone could be the reason for everything that happened around him, his knowledge being based on the change of things. In his main works, he focused on finding the beginning of everything, and what was that which constituted all things as a material element. So, the knowledge and philosophical contributions of Heraclitus would be of great help to give birth to metaphysics and discussion or argumentation. Heraclitus also established a couple of doctrines which are: The logos where nature is directed by a law and would allow it to have a relationship with the soul. The fire that is never extinguished as a fundamental element allowing to be in certain harmony with the completely natural residual movement of the cosmos, considered as the reason and the reality of things. The mobility of the present Universe where natural phenomena were supposed to be part of the alteration of movement and constant change of nature. Duality and opposition where everything is formed by its counterpart as for example life that allows death.

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Heraclitus (535 B.C.-484 B.C.)Heraclitus of Ephesus was a pre-Socratic philosopher of Greek origin who was part of a family of royal lineage. He was also known as the Dark One because of his mysterious style of expressing his ideas, as can be seen in some parts of his writings. Because of his strong temperament, his discreet way of being, his individuality and sarcasm, and the antipathy to the democratic of the time, he ended up withdrawing from the world to focus solely on thought. Heraclitus affirmed that the human being alone could be the reason for everything that happened around him, his knowledge being based on the change of things. In his main works, he focused on finding the beginning of everything, and what was that which constituted all things as a material element. So, the knowledge and philosophical contributions of Heraclitus would be of great help to give birth to metaphysics and discussion or argumentation. Heraclitus also established a couple of doctrines which are: The logos where nature is directed by a law and would allow it to have a relationship with the soul. The fire that is never extinguished as a fundamental element allowing to be in certain harmony with the completely natural residual movement of the cosmos, considered as the reason and the reality of things. The mobility of the present Universe where natural phenomena were supposed to be part of the alteration of movement and constant change of nature. Duality and opposition where everything is formed by its counterpart as for example life that allows death.

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On nature (Heraclitus)

This work was divided into three parts of discourses which were one on cosmology, one on politics/ethics, and the other on theology, but later they were distributed separately, as in short narratives and references, in quotations, and in illustrations of other authors. The philosopher Diogenes claims that Heraclitus first wrote his book on papyrus. These fragments separately offer a very complete knowledge having a form to such a degree that it seems to be said by a divine being. Likewise, the assumption was created that perhaps Heraclitus did not write any book as such, but that all the lessons he taught were given orally but not in writing, where his continuators dedicated themselves to group the most important information. The works of Heraclitus in general are considered as aphoristic, where everything that is manifested there tries to have a concrete and congruent principle. Thus, coming from the Ionian Greek philosophical school. In other works of Heraclitus, he was quite meticulous about the religious rites that took place in those years. He also said that fire made everything possible, and that everything is subject to a beginning and therefore to an end. To conclude Heraclitus was remembered by civilization as a true pioneer of all this science, since he was the first to propose the constant change of nature where he wanted to explain that everything in this vast universe and the human mind is always exposed to change depending on the circumstance. The discipline of Logos was coined by the Stoics and Nietzsche came to admire Heraclitus.

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Epicurus (341 B.C.-270 B.C.)Epicurus of Samos was a Greek philosopher who founded the school of Epicureanism which is called a philosophical movement and system, linking aspects of atomism and rational materialism. It embraces the search for a truly happy life through the pursuit of pleasures as long as they do not lead to pain in the future, where for Epicurus pleasure was the absence of pain, his philosophy focused in some part on measurement. Epicurus also anticipated the modern ideology of nature's choice in biology. Stating that the ideal species to develop or adapt to the environment and reproduce have survived. The main skills of the Epicurean system are honesty, justice and prudence. Preferring friendship or love, a simple life and peace of mind. In the same way, he said that to achieve tranquility it was necessary to do away with fear, that is why Epicureanism recommended four conclusions called pharmaceutical Tetra which were: Do not fear the gods, do not fear death, the pleasant and the pleasurable is easy to achieve and finally, the painful is easy to tolerate. Everything in the universe was considered to be made of tiny particles called atoms, among them the void and the soul, so that at the moment of death the atoms of the soul fall apart, causing us to cease to exist.

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Epicurus (341 B.C.-270 B.C.)Epicurus of Samos was a Greek philosopher who founded the school of Epicureanism which is called a philosophical movement and system, linking aspects of atomism and rational materialism. It embraces the search for a truly happy life through the pursuit of pleasures as long as they do not lead to pain in the future, where for Epicurus pleasure was the absence of pain, his philosophy focused in some part on measurement. Epicurus also anticipated the modern ideology of nature's choice in biology. Stating that the ideal species to develop or adapt to the environment and reproduce have survived. The main skills of the Epicurean system are honesty, justice and prudence. Preferring friendship or love, a simple life and peace of mind. In the same way, he said that to achieve tranquility it was necessary to do away with fear, that is why Epicureanism recommended four conclusions called pharmaceutical Tetra which were: Do not fear the gods, do not fear death, the pleasant and the pleasurable is easy to achieve and finally, the painful is easy to tolerate. Everything in the universe was considered to be made of tiny particles called atoms, among them the void and the soul, so that at the moment of death the atoms of the soul fall apart, causing us to cease to exist.

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Letter to Meneceus (Epicurus)

The Letter to Meneceus is the most famous writing of the Greek Epicurus originally written around the fourth century BC, among the pages that this letter contains the philosopher raises the main themes of his philosophy in relation to ethics, metaphysics, the meaning and pursuit of happiness, the etymology and nature of the gods, the fear of death, and the distribution of pleasures. It also highlights why it is necessary to philosophize to take care of the soul and be happy in certain aspects when we are young and in old age, therefore, we must study the ways to achieve happiness in a stage of life because when we lack it, we practically have everything, and when we do not have it, we do anything to achieve it. Therefore, it is good to meditate, take your own personal space, and think that life is beautiful. It is also necessary to understand that God is an eternal and blissful living being, be familiar with the fact that death does not represent anything bad for the human being, since good and evil only exist in the perception that our brain and senses create, and death is the absence of this perception. On the other hand, it is necessary to know that desires are divided between natural and superficial desires, the necessary desires serve to obtain happiness, others for serenity, and others for life itself. For this reason, pleasure and wisdom can be said to be the beginning and the end of the happy life through mental and bodily tranquility, which is known as ataraxia. Epicurus showed us that to reach the point of balance and happiness can be achieved even through devotion or good pain management. The lessons he left behind began to become more recognized by people in the 15th century, but in the 17th century these ideas were officially admitted. The influence this left was mostly in the period during and after the enlightenment contributing to the ideas of intellectuals like Thomas Jefferson, Karl Marx, John Locke etc.

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Plotinus: (205 B.C.-270 B.C.) He was a Hellenistic Greek philosopher and the most important representative of Neoplatonism, who was born in Egypt and educated in Alexandria through Ammonius Saccas. Whose main doctrine and thought were the theory of the existence of three substantial assumptions: The One, the Nous and the soul. For him happiness was the life represented in itself, which is part of the living beings, but also belongs in the most remarkable scale of the most complete and balanced life both physically and mentally through pure intelligence. Where beauty manifests itself as virtue being the magnificence of the object through matter. 

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Plotinus: (205 B.C.-270 B.C.) He was a Hellenistic Greek philosopher and the most important representative of Neoplatonism, who was born in Egypt and educated in Alexandria through Ammonius Saccas. Whose main doctrine and thought were the theory of the existence of three substantial assumptions: The One, the Nous and the soul. For him happiness was the life represented in itself, which is part of the living beings, but also belongs in the most remarkable scale of the most complete and balanced life both physically and mentally through pure intelligence. Where beauty manifests itself as virtue being the magnificence of the object through matter. 

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Enneads (Plotinus): The Enneads is a philosophical work with an essence that differentiates it from others, making intellectuals come to consider it as a new change in the history of philosophy. This is a series of writings that began to be written in 253 B.C. that group the teachings that Plotinus shared in his school which begin explaining the philosophical system of Plotinus and these are divided into certain parts which are: Good and Evil, Motion and Matter, Providence, The Soul, The Intelligence, The One. These were structured and published by his Syrian pupil named Porphyry in 270 A.D. in the language of ancient Greek. His work through the writer, philosopher and theologian Augustine of Hippo who considers that ideas are the cause and guide of reality as the maximum exponent of understanding, where God offers us the perspective and the objective or point of view of what truth means. This was accompanied by subsequent Christian and Muslim intellectuals, who greatly influenced Western and Near Eastern thought. Plotinus and the Enneads influenced the knowledge of the philosophers who continued after him, also Julian the Apostate, in the development of Christian theology, Neoplatonism and the beliefs of Plotinus intervened in the evolution of Judaism and on the other hand in medieval Islam when they used Greek criteria in some of their texts.

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Aristotle: (384 BC - 322 BC) He was a philosopher of empiricism, scientist and scholar, born in Ancient Greece. He lacked a practical ideal and naturalistic ideal based on experimentation, while influencing the intellectual history of the West for hundreds of years. He was characterized as a person interested in the branches of medicine, science and the study of things surrounding the philosophical world. Aristotle was the founder of the Lyceum of Athens which was given this name because it was very close to the temple of Apollo Lycius. In this place he began to deepen, to further expand his knowledge of how he sees philosophy through announcements and observations of artistic works that had already been published. Generalizing it was he who was responsible for manifesting the sciences such as pure mathematics, physics or the study of what humanity knows as the creator of the universe, that is, theology.

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Aristotle: (384 BC - 322 BC) He was a philosopher of empiricism, scientist and scholar, born in Ancient Greece. He lacked a practical ideal and naturalistic ideal based on experimentation, while influencing the intellectual history of the West for hundreds of years. He was characterized as a person interested in the branches of medicine, science and the study of things surrounding the philosophical world. Aristotle was the founder of the Lyceum of Athens which was given this name because it was very close to the temple of Apollo Lycius. In this place he began to deepen, to further expand his knowledge of how he sees philosophy through announcements and observations of artistic works that had already been published. Generalizing it was he who was responsible for manifesting the sciences such as pure mathematics, physics or the study of what humanity knows as the creator of the universe, that is, theology.

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Metaphysics (Aristotle)

In this case I chose the book "Metaphysics" which belongs to the genre of treatise and having as original language the ancient Greek, is one of the main works of Aristotle about the branch of philosophy. In this we are presented as a series of treatises that try to discover the deepest truth of things and talk about the first philosophy as the science about the principles, causes and foundations of everything present in the existence itself, about the universal human being, the reality of the essence and the features that characterize it, unlike other sciences that focus on a specific being. Where it investigates what can be concluded about a being in the way it is and not necessarily to the special attributes it possesses.

Initially, in the case of Aristotle, metaphysics means and has a context beyond the material or physical and is a branch of philosophy that studies the most concurrent problems of philosophical thought, the first possible causes of reality, in terms of everything that exists, as well as its main purpose, nature, time, space, mind, being and nothingness, the principles of the intangible of being such as the soul and its corresponding essence. Just as it is based on the fact that everything is a form of pure matter, just as it seeks the origin of mathematical elements and a god. This theory influences the present, for example, can be seen, in the presence of everyday situations and in moral dilemmas where it is possible to analyze what to do or how to act appropriately in the face of a difficulty, metaphysics can also be reflected in life when we try to understand life and other people, also when we talk to our conscience mentally, which is also part of metaphysics, with something supernatural, when something strange happens that we do not understand, in the same way it is part of metaphysics, and last but not least, when we try to understand the link between the human being and the vast universe that surrounds us.

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Plato:(427 B.C.- 347 B.C.) He was a Greek idealist philosopher and disciple of Socrates who since childhood was a person who lacked several exceptional faculties and his attention was drawn to literature and art. Due to the death of Socrates and other causes he began to travel throughout Europe in search of more knowledge where he met the Pythagoreanism which would influence in some ways the theories of Plato. Plato also defended ethical collectivity, opposing relativism and skepticism. He later founded the Academy of Athens, which was dedicated to the teaching of research, debate and understanding of things. Which years later would prove to be the origin of other philosophical and scientific doctrines.

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Plato:(427 B.C.- 347 B.C.) He was a Greek idealist philosopher and disciple of Socrates who since childhood was a person who lacked several exceptional faculties and his attention was drawn to literature and art. Due to the death of Socrates and other causes he began to travel throughout Europe in search of more knowledge where he met the Pythagoreanism which would influence in some ways the theories of Plato. Plato also defended ethical collectivity, opposing relativism and skepticism. He later founded the Academy of Athens, which was dedicated to the teaching of research, debate and understanding of things. Which years later would prove to be the origin of other philosophical and scientific doctrines.

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Republic (Plato):

Plato wrote on various philosophical topics, mainly those dealing with ethics, politics, metaphysics and epistemology. Where he considers that each individual should occupy the place that corresponds to him. The grouping of Plato's most recognized works has been called Dialogues, given the dramatic organization of discussion between people involved in a dialogue as its name says. In this case one of his most important works at that time and to this day is the book Republic (Plato) which was published in 370 BC in the Greek language which can be said to be the compilation of the ideas that make up his philosophy and raises the political philosophy of a perfect or exemplary state, as well as discussing the term of what is justice. It begins with the dialogue between Socrates and other characters such as Cephalus, Polemarchus and Thrasymachus. In the case of the last dialogue Plato confirms his assumption that each person should do what he or she knows and nothing more, where if everyone does their job well and fulfills the purpose for which they were created, it would be an ideal city-state or simply a world in complete balance. Plato divides the population generally into classes which are the worker class at the bottom, the warrior class in the middle and the ruler class at the top. As a last point in the writing we can see the context in which it was developed where the theory of the virtues appears and that for a city to be just it had to comply with the reasonableness, courage, temperament, the reflection of justice in a society and how this is manifested in man which is constantly highlighted in the writing as it reinforces and makes necessary the practice of these activities being able to say that justice influences life in such a way that it is the mother of the virtue of order as we know it. Wanting, but at the same time failing in the attempt to create a republic of government led by philosophers.

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Democritus:(460 BC - 370 BC).He was a pre-Socratic philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, Greek scholar, apprentice of Leucippus of Miletus who was the first to develop the theory of atomism which states that the universe is composed of small imperceptible particles that cannot be divided by themselves, called atoms and the rest is just vacuum. Therefore, the properties that make up matter itself change according to the quantity, shape and organization of atoms. For this reason, he has been considered the father of avant-garde science, contributing greatly to chemistry. In spite of being partly contemporary of Aristotle, from a philosophical point of view his subject is grouped with the pre-Socratics.

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Democritus:(460 BC - 370 BC).He was a pre-Socratic philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, Greek scholar, apprentice of Leucippus of Miletus who was the first to develop the theory of atomism which states that the universe is composed of small imperceptible particles that cannot be divided by themselves, called atoms and the rest is just vacuum. Therefore, the properties that make up matter itself change according to the quantity, shape and organization of atoms. For this reason, he has been considered the father of avant-garde science, contributing greatly to chemistry. In spite of being partly contemporary of Aristotle, from a philosophical point of view his subject is grouped with the pre-Socratics.

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Presocratic Fragments: From Thales to Democritus

As its name indicates, this book has its context from Thales to Democritus and many other philosophers and mathematicians. Although there is no exact record of the original date on which it began to be written as it was passed from person to person over time and different editions can be seen, but there is the 1946 version created in Huelva being translated by Alberto Bernabé and later coined by the Alianza Editorial in its third edition of 2001 and 2006. Continuing with what has already been mentioned, these fragments deal with the fact that wisdom eliminates the evils of the soul, nature and education are related, we must accept that human life is not forever and in the course of life we will be presented with various difficulties for some reason, equality in noble everywhere maintaining a balance between the state and political life, we must supply the satisfaction of the human being with happiness stimulated by thought. As for the way in which the book was influential, Democritus himself and the Presocratic was that they created a uniform group that played an important role in philosophy, providing solutions to the problems that arose from the beginning. In the field of chemistry, it has boosted the evolution of society, helping the development of research into macroscopic physical properties, medicine, the industrial sector, and allows a better understanding of the cosmos and its components. Finally, the theory of the atomic vacuum prevailed in a more detailed explanation as in the case of Isaac Newton's theory of absolute space.