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https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1BXyw-A-TOJE2AqW_vTivy3Dwsf-G8M7pm2ItdYvjTuY/edit?usp=sharing

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https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1AV7-oZCxuDXbsMI_iuQDkBlkSlx9hX7xdGgRrCoHTlk/edit?usp=sharing

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https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1BjWkgs5mTWRaL3_A3tYudkwXqwz3KeN6TyOS2bHSmN4/edit?usp=sharing

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Occurs in 3 stages: pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros.
of thes stages, the pro and mesonephprons are regressive, with the metanephros forming the functional kidney.

the pronepheros forms 1st at 3 weekss fo gestation, with the mesonephrons, consists of filtering units, forming at the 4th week, caudal to the propherons, a simple tubule.

the proepherons devlopment begins in the cervical region of the embryo, segemted divions of imtermediate mesoderms form tubules known as nephrotones. there are 6 to 10 pairs of these. these tubules, join into the pronephric duct thats all.

the mesonepthrons ventually degenerate into the wolffian duct. from which the uretic bud forms.

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In normal developement, SHH facilitates the development of the L/R axis of the forebrain. This involves the formation of the telencephalic vesicles.
If the SHH gene is abnormal, the signalling for the development of the L/R axis will also be abnormal and the procencephelon will not develop into the 2 telenceophalic vesicles, resulting in holoprocencephaly.

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Lesdothis

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The blastocyst will develop further while it implants into the uterine wall:
The inner cell mass differentiates into epiblast and hypoblast cells to generate the bilaminar
embryo:
1. The epiblast will form the fetus,
2. The hypoblast is transiently present, and forms Heuser’s (exocoelomic)
membrane that will cover the internal surface of the blastocoel
The trophoblast will differentiate into:
1. Cytotrophoblast: continuous cellular layer that envelops the bilaminar embryo
and blastocoel/primitive yolk sac
2. Syncytiotrophoblast:
• Syncytium around the cytotrophoblast.
• Allows invasion of embryo into the endometrium through production
of proteolytic enzymes that break down the extracellular matrix.
• Produces human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG)

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Implantation of the blastocyst is completed during the 2nd week of embryonic development. At this time, the blastocyst undergoes morphological changes to produce a bilaminar embryonic disc.

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- occurs during week 2 after fertilisation
- blastocyst hatches from zona pellucida
- small window in time (endometrial receptivity window) where implantation will be successful

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Extraembryonic mesoderm forms chorionic cavity (embryonic)
Epiblast forms amniotic cavity (embryonic)
Blastocoel cavity becomes definitive yolk sac (embryonic)
Endometrium forms the decidua (maternal)