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The immediate cause (Introduction of the Enfield Rifles)

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The immediate cause (Introduction of the Enfield Rifles)

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The British introduced a new type of rifle called the Enfield rifle.
the catridges used were greased with fat of cows and pigs.
this hurt the sentiments of the both the Hindu's and the Muslims.

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1. The General Service Enlistment Act (1856) made it possible for the

soldiers of Bengal Army to be ready for service everywhere- inside

or outside India.

2. This created immediate alarm in the minds of the personnel of the

Bengal Army

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1. The first afghan war was a complete failure from the British viewpoint.
2. After an enormous waste of money and loss of human life, the British gained nothing.
3. This war exposed their weakness which helped the Indians to gain the courage to defeat them.

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Discontent and disaffection in the Bengal army

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Discontent and disaffection in the Bengal army

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1. the sepoys and the officers of bengal were of high caste.
2. during the Anglo-afghan war they had to cross the sindhu and go outside India.
3. they very much dislike it as they thought that sea-voyage was forbidden by their religion.

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Disproportion between Indian and British troops

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Disproportion between Indian and British troops

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when dalhousie left India, company's troops consisted of 2,33,000 Indians and 43,552 British soldiers.
This disproportion gave courage to Indian soldiers to take up arms against the British.

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Key places like Delhi and Allahabad had no British armies.

Further, at this point, England was engaged in several other battles like Persian, Chinese, Afghan, and Crimean War respectively.

The Indian soldiers realized that the British army was in difficulty and so they were determined to strike as there was a very suitable opportunity.

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1. Poor prospect of promotion: all the high ranks were for the British.
the highest rank for an Indian was Subedar
2. Low salary: the maximum pay of a subedar was equal to the minimum pay of an English recruit.
3. ill treatment or social distance between british officers and Indian soldiers: the british officers treated the experienced soldiers as menial servants.

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1. In 1852 an

Inam Commission was appointed to inquire into the title deeds of the owners of large estates

2. Many Zamindars were unable to produce their

title deeds on account of the passage of time.
3. the government did not accept the plea and confiscated some 20000 states.

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India reduced to an agricultural colony of the British

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India reduced to an agricultural colony of the British

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1.The manufacturers in England required other raw materials also such as cotton and oilseeds

for their industries so they tried to keep India mainly an agro-colony.
2. India was made to

accept readymade British goods

either duty-free or at nominal duty rates

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1. the craftsmen and the artisans were now left with jobs which had no stable source of income.
2. the use of Indian silk and goods was banned in England, and the tax rate on them was 70 - 80 percent. which left the workers broke.
3. silk were now abandoned.
thousands of people were affected and people were left with distrust and disappointment

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Inhuman treatment meted out to the indigo cultivators

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Inhuman treatment meted out to the indigo cultivators

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1. only indigo was planted in the selected fields of peasants in India by the british  since it was highly profitable.
2. crops grown other than Indigo were destroyed and the cattle of the peasants were taken as punishment.

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1. Land taxes were raised by the British government in India.
2. The traders and money lenders replaced the traditional zamindars.
3. They now became the owners of the land and did nothing to improve to quality of the land as they were only concerned with the collection of land revenues.
4. As a result, the condition of the Indian peasantry deteriorated.

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1. Export of cotton and silk of India was ceased and heavy taxes were implemented.
2. British goods were imported to India at nominal prices.
the art of spinning and weaving of Indian handicrafts became extinct.

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Introduction of western education was looked upon as another attempt to destroy Indian

culture by bringing in western culture.
Pandits and Maulvis saw it as an attempt to destroy and discourage Hindu and Islamic Studies

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One of the major reasons for the revolt was socio-religious policies of the British which included racial superiority and discrimination, missionary activities and deliberate efforts to subvert the religious beliefs of the people in India.

This created a kind of discontentment and distrust among the people against the British rule.

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3 introduction to railways and telegraph

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3 introduction to railways and telegraph

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(i) Telegraph poles were thought to be erected for the purpose of hanging people on them, who opposed the British rule in India.
(ii) In railways, Brahmins and untouchables were made to sit side by side which they thought would defy their religion.

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2 Laws that interfered with the religion and customs of the people

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2 Laws that interfered with the religion and customs of the people

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(i) The practice of Sati was made illegal and punishable by law.
(ii) Laws were made to forbid infanticide, allow re-marriage of widows and stop polygamy.
(iii) Government imposed tax on the property belonging to temples and mosques.

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1 Fears regarding to mass conversion to Christianity

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1 Fears regarding to mass conversion to Christianity

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Christian missionaries tempted Indians with favours to convert to Christianity.
This created a fear among the Indians(Both Hindus and Muslims) as they would be excluded from their communities if they converted to  a different religion.
Officials openly preached Christian doctrines in mosques and temples

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4) Unpopular Administration and vague rumours

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4) Unpopular Administration and vague rumours

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Indians fell out of place and british had no knowledge about customs and traditions.

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Nana saheb was an adopted son of peshwa baji rao 2
the adopted son though not allowed to rule the territory was given a certain amount of money as pension. After Peshwa baji's deathe nana saheb was denied pension. this angered him and he joined the revolt

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the mughal emperor  supported the revolt in many ways
the british in answer to this killed his two sons and sent him to rangoon, Burma.

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the king of Awadh Wazad Ali Shah, though a good administrator was reported by the british resident that he was insufficient. the reason is he used to give away a lot of money to the artists and spend a lot of time playing chess.
The English east India company annexed his territory as he had signed the subsidiary alliance with them. the people revolted because of this as they loved the nawab a lot.

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the doctrine means that when a ruler of a dependent state dies without a natural heir, the state passed back to the english company. the states that fell victim to this doctrine are Satara, Jhansi and Nagpur.

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lord wellesley;s subsidiary alliance implied the subordination of Indian princes to british company in their external relations.
Indian rulers who entered into a subsidiary alliance were required to keep the british army at the capitals of their states.
they were to give either money or some part of their territory to the company for the maintenance of the british troops .
they were to keep a british officer called resident at the capitals of their states.

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After the battle of plassey, the british expanded their terrtories in India by means of conquests and methods completely suspicious.